(peat, marsh and water bryophyte) (dark conifer forest), - (Larix olgensis - bogs)

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1 8, 1, CHIN ESE BIODIV ERSIT Y 8 :50 59, February, 2000 Ξ (, ) ΞΞ (, ) ,32, (saxicolous bryophyte), ( saprophytic bryophyte) ( epiphytic bryophyte), (soil and humus bryophyte) (peat, marsh and water bryophyte) (dark conifer forest), - (Larix olgensis - bogs) ;, ( Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest),, A study on bryophytes diversity in the main ecosystems in Changbai Mountain/ CAO Tong 1), GUO Shui - Liang 2) Abstract There are 469 species of bryophytes (including 32 taxa under species) belonging to 179 genera and 65 families in Mt. Changhai. The species richness ranged from the highest to the lowest as saxicolous bryophytes, saprophytic bryophytes, epiphytic bryophytes, soil and humus bryophytes and peat, marsh and water bryophytes. For soil and humus bryophytes, the species richness is highest in dark conifer forest,shan2 non index is highest in L arix olgensis- bogs and dark conifer forest. The species richness and Shannon index for saprophytic bryophytes are highest in the dark conifer forest, and those for epiphtic bryophytes are highest in both the dark conifer forest and the transitive forest between Pinus koraiensis borad-leaved mixed forest and dark conifer forest. Qualitative analyses showed that altitude, canopy density, soil acidity, soil water content and richness of rotten wood in the forest could be the important environmental factors influencing the diversity of bryophytes. Among them, the humidity and canopy density rank the first. Key words bryophyte, diversity, Changbai Mountain Author s address 1) Institute of Applied Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang ) College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua ,, N, E, 2691 m, 196,456 hm Ξ Ξ Ξ ( KZ952-J1-022), ( ) Ξ Ξ : ; :

2 1 : 51,, (550 m) (2691 m) 4 (,1980 ;,1995a,b ; Yang & Wu,1998), - (,1981),, 80, (,,1981 ;,,1983 ;,1992 ;,1995a,b ;,,1999a ;,,1999b ;,1999c ;,1999d ; Koponen et al., 1983 ;Vitt et al., 1990),, (,1995 ; Koponen et al., 1983 ; Yang & Wu, 1998) Fig. 1 Distribution of 59 sites in Changbai Mountain , 20 m 20 m 59 ( 1), m, 2 m 50 cm 50 cm 50 cm 50 cm, cm 2. 5 cm,,, 51

3 Table 1 Environmental factors and seed plant communities in 59 sites ( %) Items Soil Site invest2 water igated ( %) ( 15cm (m) p H ) Altitude Canopy Shrub Soil Seed plant communities ( number of individual (m) dens2 cover p H with DBH > 15cm) ity % 1 F,E,S E,S E,S E,S E,S (7) (6) + (4) + (2) + (8) + (2) + + (5) + (6) + + (6) + (5) + (3) + (2) + 6 F,E,S (3) + (4) 7 E, (9) 8 F,E,S F,E,S F,E,S F,E,S F, E,S F, E,S F,E, (7) (12) + (7) + (4) + (5) + (3) + (2) + (2) (5) + (3) + (3) + (2) + + (6) + (5) + (2) + (3) + (12) + (2) (4) + (7) + (4) + 15 F, F, F, F, E,S (10) + (2) + (2) + (2) 19 F, ( ) 20 F,E, S E, F,E, (42) (7) + (4) + (4) + (4) + (3) + (6) + (5) + (4) + (2) + (2) + (5) + (4) + + (2) 24 F, F,

4 1 : 53 1 ( ) Table 1 (continued) ( 15cm ( %) (m) p H ) Items Soil Altitude Canopy Shrub Site Soil Seed plant communities ( number of individual invest2 water (m) dens2 cover p H with DBH > 15cm) igated ( %) ity % 26 F, F, F, F,E, (7) + (4) 30 F,E, (6) + (5) 31 F, (8) 32 F, F, F,E, (8) 35 F, F, F, F, , 39 F, F,E, F, E,S (10) + (7) + (3) + 42 F, E,S (3) F,E,S F, E,S (6) + (2) + + (8) + (3) (2) (2) 45 F,E,S (6) + (5) + (4) 46 F,E, (5) + (4) + (3) 47 F, F,E, (6) + (4) 49 F,E, (7) + (4) + (3) 50 F,E,S (3) + (3) + (3) + (2) S (4) + (4) + (3) + (2) 52 F,E, (18) 53 F,E, (8) 54 F,E, (6) 55 F, F,E, (8) 57 F,E, (11) 58 F, F, F :,E :,S : F : floor bryophytes investigated, E : epiphytic bryophytes investigated, S : saprophytic bryophytes investigated. : Pi nus koraiensis Fraxi nus mandshurica, Tilia am urensis, Quercus mon2 golica, Bet ula platyphylla, Popul us ussuriensis, A bies nephrolepis, Picea koraiensis, L ari x olgensis, Acer mono, Acer tegmentosum, Ledum pal ust re, V acci ni um uligi nosum, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica, Oxyt ropis anertii, Chrysanthem um zaw adskii f. alpi num, V ac2 ci ni um uligi nosum var. alpi num, Bet ula costata, Picea jezoensis var. komarovii Pinus densif lora var. sylvest rif ormis, Rhododendron chrysanthum, Rhododendron conf ertissi m um, Phyllodoce caerulea

5 cm cm, 20 cm 20 cm, 81, cm, 2 m 20 cm 20 cm 21, (, 1977 ;,,1981 ;,1994,1996 ; Pippo, 1990 ; Redfearn et al., 1996 ; Cao et al., 1998) 212,,, Patrick, Shannon (, 1995),, 3 311,, , , (,1977 ;,,1981 ;,,1983 ; Kopponen et al ;Vitt et al., 1990) ( ),, 2 (,1977 ;,, 1981 ;,,1983 ; Kopponen et al., 1983 ;Vitt et al., 1990) 2,,,,, Frankline,,, (Rambo et al.,1998) Rambo (1998),, , 95, 7 7 9, , ( 3)

6 1 : Table 2 Number of bryophyte species in five types of habitats in Changbai Mountain Habitat type Hepaticae Musci On peat, water, bog On soil, humus On boulder, gravel, lamellar soil on boulder Total On base, trunk, branch of tree On rotten stump, fallen rotten log Total number of species of bryophytes in Changbai Mountain Table 3 Diversity of floor bryophytes in eight ecosystems in Changbai Mountain Ecosystem Patrick Patrick Index Shannon Shannon Index Betula platyphylla forest Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest Pinus sylvest rif ormis forest L arix olgensis - bog forest Dark conif er forest Betula erm anii forest Alpine tundra Transitive forest between Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest and dark conifer forest ,,, - ( ),, -,,,,,,, ( S phagnum spp. ) ( Tomenthypnum nitens ) ( A ulacom nium pal ust re) ( Dicranum polyset um ) ( D. undulat um ) ( Polyt richum juni perinum ssp. S t rict um ) ( Polyt richum com m une),,,,, 90 %,,

7 56 8, ( Hylocl mium splendens ) ( Rhytidiadel phus t ri2 quet rus), , 16, , 5 15,, ,, ,, 4 15 Table 4 Diversity of epiphytic bryophytes of the 15 main phorophytes in Changbai Mountain Phorophytes Total number of epiphyte species Shannon Shannon Index Average Base Middle Upper Average Base Middle Upper Pinus koraiensis A bies nephrolepis L arix olgensis Betula erm anii Tilia am urensis Populus ussuriensis Quercus mongolica Acer mono Fraxinus m andshurica Betula platyphylla Betula castata Sorbus pohuashanensis Pinus sylvest rif ormis Picea koraiensis Picea jezoensis var. kom arovii ,,,, ( L eucodon sciuroides) ( Dicranum montanum ) ( Neckera pennata),,, 36,, -,,,

8 1 : 57, 5 Table 5 Diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in different forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain Ecosystem Patrick Shannon Average Base Middle Upper Average Base Middle Upper Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest Betula platyphylla forest L arix olgensis - bog Dark conifer forest Betula erm anii forest Pinus sylvest rif ormis forest Transitive forest be2 tween Pinus oraiensis broadleaved mixed forest and dark conifer forest ,,,,,,,,,,, -,,, , 18, ,,, 6 Table 6 Diversity of saprophytic bryophytes in four forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain Ecosystem Patrick Patrick Index Shannon Shannon Index Betula platyphylla forest Pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest dark conifer forest transitive forest between pinus koraiensis broad-leaved mixed forest and dark conifer forest

9 58 8,, 4,,,,,,,, 3 4, Costa,, (Lejeuneaceae) ( Sematophyllaceae), Peck ( Picea sitchensis) ( Tsuga heterophylla) ( Thuja plicata),, Rambo Muir (1998),,,, Vitt (1995),,, p H,, (,1989 ;,, 1992 ;,1994 ;,1997),,,,, : 1), , ; 2),,, -,,,,

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