Community structures and species composition of oak f orests in mountain2 ous area of Beijing

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1 2004, 12 (1) : Ξ Biodiversity Science (,,, ) : ( Quercus liaotungensis) ( Q. dentata) - ( Q. acutissim a) 43, TWINSPAN CCA, :, TWINSPAN, 7 CCA, ;,,, :, TWINSPAN,CCA, : Q948 : A : (2004) Community structures and species composition of oak f orests in mountain2 ous area of Beijing WU Xiao2Pu, WAN G Zhi2Heng, CU I Hai2Ting and FAN G Jing2Yun Depart ment of Ecology, College of Envi ron mental Sciences, Center f or Ecological Research & Edu2 cation, and Key L aboratory f or Earth S urf ace Processes of the M inist ry of Education, Peking U ni2 versity, Beiji ng Abstract : Using TWINSPAN and CCA, we analyzed species composition and community structure of Q uercus liaot ungensis and Q. dentata2q. acutissi m a mixed forests based on 43 plots from Mt. Dongling, Mt. Dahaituo and Labagoumen regions, Beijing area. Community structures of all the oak forest s were simple but varied greatly in different communities. The result s of TWINSPAN classifica2 tion indicated that these 43 plots were clustered into 7 groups based on the flora composition of canopy layer. CCA ordination demonst rated a significant relationship between Axis 1 and altit ude, indicating t he importance of temperat ure in determining community composition. On t he ot her hand, Axis 2 showed significant correlation wit h aspect, which suggested humidity may play a key role in communi2 ty assembly. The consistent result s of classification and ordination emp hasized t he importance of envi2 ronmental factors in shaping community st ruct ure and species composition. The species richness of these communities was low, which likely resulted from the intensive human disturbance in this area. Key words : CCA ordination, environmental factors, species diversity, TWINSPAN classification, (, 1985 ;, hm 2, 1980) ( Q uercus %, %(, liaot ungensis) 3 ( Q. variabilis),1991) ; ( Q. dentata),, Ξ : ( ) : ; : :,,1977,, E2mail : edu. cn 3 Wu & Raven (1999), Quercus liaot ungensis, Q. w utanshanica Q. mongolica,

156 Biodiversity Science 12,,,, 12, 0 4500-4600 500 m,, (,1994 ; 0 3900-4500 ; 500 m,1995 ;,2001),, 3800 (,1985

2 156 Biodiversity Science 12,,,, 12, m,, (,1994 ; ; 500 m,1995 ;,2001),, 3800 (,1985 ;,,1998) ,, 2 1,, 2, 0 2 (,1990),,,, ;, ( 1) -,, 43 1 Fig. 1 The location and topography of the study area

3 1 : Fig. 2 Climate diagrams of selected stations in the study area 30 %,, ( Ixeris sonchif olia ) ( A rtemisia gmelinii) ( L espedez a f loribunda), ( L ysi m achia barystachys ) ( A rundinella 1000 m hi rta) ( Cleistogenes caespoitosa),1000 m ( S podiopogon sibi ricus) 30 % - 90 %, 2 ( Fraxinus rhynchophylla), ( A cer mono) ( Tilia mongolica), 211 ( Bet ula dahurica) ( Popul us davidiana) ( Tilia m andshurica) 40 %, ( L espedez a 20 m 20 m, bicolor) ( S pi raea pubescens) ( S pi raea t rilobata), 10 m 10 m, 30 %, ( S aussurea 3 1 m 1 m mongolica) ( S aussurea nivea) ( Carex humilis var. nana ) ( Carex ; lanceolata) ( S anguisorba of f icinalis) ; ( Thalict rum minus var. hypoleucum ) ( Calam agrostis arundinacea ) ( A t ractylodes lancea) ( B upleurum chinense) - (Area) (Lat. ) 400 m, ( Alt. ) ( Slope) ( Aspect ), ( H max ) (D max ) (BA), 6-7 m, (N) ( 1) 0. 4, ( Koel reuteria paniculata), ( Pinus tabulaef ormis) Wiener ( H ) Pielou ( E) 45 %, ( V itex negundo var. heterophylla) ( Grew ia biloba) ( Prunus sibi rica) ( Rham nus globosa ), Shannon2 (2004)

4 158 Biodiversity Science 12

5 1 : 159

6 160 Biodiversity Science m, ( TWINSPAN) 20 m, cm, ( Hill, 1979) 24, < 0. 01, , ( CCA) ( Ter Braak, 1986) 27 ; (17 ) (16 ) (11 ) (10 ) (8 ), TWINSPAN PC2ORD,,, CCA CANOCO , 312, PC2ORD ( S ), Pielou ( E), Shan2 non2wiener ( H ) Simpson ( D) ), + (, : ), + + IV t = /, + +, +, + : CCA IV s = ( + + ) / 3 (Alatalo, 1981) , 7746 / hm 2, 692 / hm 2, (, 1999) 3000 / hm 2 7, (BA) ; / hm 2, ( r = , P > 0. 05),, , 48 ; TWINSPAN 3, 7, : ( + CCA,, 3 TWINSPAN Fig. 3 TWINSPAN diagram of the plots, The numbers in the figure are plot numbers, as in Table 1.,

7 1 : CCA Table 2 The correlation coefficients between CCA ordination axes and environmental factors AX1 AX2 AX3 Total inertia Cumulative ratio ( %) Altitude Slope Aspect Eigenvalues P < CCA ( a, 1) Fig. 4 CCA ordinations of main community types and canopy layer species ( The numbers in Fig. 4a are plot numbers, as in Table 1) QueLia ; Quercus liaotungensis ; QueAcu, Q. acutissim a ; QueDen, Q. dentata ; QueVar, Q. variabilis ; AceMon, Acer mono ; AmyDav, Prunus davidiana ; ArmSib, Prunus sibirica ; BetDah, Betula dahurica ; Bet Pla, B. platyphylla ; Car Tur, Carpinus turcz aninow ii ; FraRhy, Fraxinus rhynchophylla ; J ugman, J uglans m andshurica ; KoePan, Koel reuteria paniculata ; LarPri, L arix principis2rupprechtii ; Pin Tab, Pinus tabulaef ormis ; PopDav, Populus davidiana ; PryBet, Pryus betulaef olia ; PryBre, P. bretschneideri ; PryUss, P. ussuriensis ; RobPse, Robinia pseudoacacia ; SyrPub, Syringa pubescens ; TilMon, Tilia mongoli2 ca ; UlmDav, Ul m us davidiana ; UlmMac, U. m acrocarpa, 2, CCA : -, -,, ; : % , 4a 43 ;,,,, TWINSPAN,, ; ( 4b), ;, :

8 162 Biodiversity Science 12,, ;,, ; (2) TWINSPAN TWINSPAN 7, m 1, ; ;,,, 1-12, ;,, (3) CCA TWINSPAN 1,, 6,, H D E ;,, H D E 2,, 0, 2, (4), ( 13 14), ( 15-17),,,,, Alatalo,R. V Problems in the measurement of evenness, Chen, L. Z. ( ), Bao, X. C. ( ) and Chen, Q.,,, area. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica ( ), 9 (2) : (in Chinese),, Chen, L. Z. ( ), Bao, X. C. ( ), Chen, Q. L. ; ( ), Hu, Y. H. ( ), Kong, F. Z. (,,, tion ecology in Tianjin and Beijing region. In : Institute of m, - in ecology. Oikos, 37 : L. ( ) Oak forest in Beijing mountainous ) and Miu, Y. G. ( ) Study on vegeta2 Botany and Institute of Zoology, CAS (eds. ), S tudy on the Biology and Ecology in Tianjin and Beijing Region ( ). Marine Press, Beijing, (in Chinese), : Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China (1 2 (1), ) / hm 2, V egetation of China ( ). Sci2, ence Press, Beijing., Fang, J. Y. ( ), Shen, Z. H. ( ), Tang, Z., Y. ( ) and Wang, Z. H. ( ) The

9 1 : 163 Protocol for the Survey Plan for Plant Species Diversity of China s Mountains. Biodiversity Science ( ), 12 : 5-9. Gao, X. M. ( ), Ma, K. P. ( ) and Chen, L. Z. ( ) Species diversity of some deciduous broad2leaved forests in the warm2temperate zone and its re2 lations to community stability. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica ( ), 25 (3) : (in Chinese) Gao, X. M. ( ) and Chen, L. Z. ( ) Studies on the species diversity of Quercus liaotungensis communities in Beijing mountains. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica ( ), 22 : (in Chinese) Hill, M. O T W INS PA N2A FOR T RA N Program f or A rranging M ultivariate Data in an Ordered Tw o2w ay Table by Classif ication of the Individuals and A tt ributes. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Jiang, H. ( ), Huang, J. H. ( ), Chen, L. Z. ( ), Yang, C. Y. ( ) and Yang, X. Q. ( ) DCA ordination, quantitative classifica2 tion and environmental interpretation of plant communities in Dongling Mountain. ), 36 (7) : (in Chinese) Acta Botanica Sinica ( Whittaker, R. H Evolution and measurement of species Ma, K. P. ( ), Huang, J. H. ( ), Yu, S. L. ( ) and Chen, L. Z. ( ) Plant com2 munity diversity in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, China, II, Species richness, evenness and species diversities. Acta Ecologica Sinica ( ), 15 ( 3) : (in Chinese) Meng, D. Z. ( ) and Hu, D. ( ) V egeta2 tion Types and Regional Program ming of Mountainous A rea in Beijing ( ). Agricul2 ture Regional Programming Office of Beijing, Department of Geography of Beijing Normal College, Beijing. (in Chi2 nese) Pielou, E. C Ecological Diversity and Its Measure2 ment. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Ter Braak, C. J. F Canonical correspondence analysis : a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology, 67 (5) : Wang, W. ( ), Liu, C. R. ( ), Ma, K. P. ( ) and Yu, S. L. ( ) Population struc2 ture and dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis in two broad2 leaved deciduous forests in Dongling Mountain, Northern China. Acta Botanica Sinica ( ), 42 (2) : (in Chinese) diversity. Taxon, 21 : Wu, Z. Y. ( ) and Raven, P. H Flora of Chi2 na (Vol. 4). Science Press, Beijing. ( : )

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