ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΓΝΩΣΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΑΓΓΕΛΙΚΗ ΑΛΒΑΝΟΥΔΗ

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1 ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΑΓΓΕΛΙΚΗ ΑΛΒΑΝΟΥΔΗ Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΓΝΩΣΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΕΠΟΠΤΡΙΑ: Θ. ΠΑΥΛΙΔΟΥ ΜΕΛΗ: Σ. ΤΣΟΧΑΤΖΙΔΗΣ Δ. ΚΑΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ 2012

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3 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ ΣΕΛΙΔΕΣ 1. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ 1 2. ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ Το γένος Σηµασιακά συστήµατα γένους Φωνοµορφολογικά συστήµατα γένους Η συµφωνία του γένους Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ Γένος και φύλο Το γένος ως µέσο κατασκευής έµφυλων ταυτοτήτων Το γένος ως µέσο αναπαραγωγής του σεξισµού Η γενικευτική χρήση του αρσενικού γένους Η σηµασιακή υποβάθµιση των γυναικών To γένος ως µέσο κατασκευής της κυρίαρχης έµφυλης τάξης (φεµινιστικές προσεγγίσεις) Συµπεράσµατα Η ΓΝΩΣΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ Γένος και εννοιακή κατηγοριοποίηση Γένος και συνήθειες σκέψης από τη σκοπιά της γλωσσικής σχετικότητας Eνδείξεις για τον γνωσιακό ρόλο του γένους: εµπειρικές µελέτες Γένος και ερµηνεία του φύλου του προσώπου αναφοράς Γένος και σκέψη για τον άψυχο κόσµο ως αρσενικό ή θηλυκό Συµπεράσµατα ΤΟ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΟ ΕΡΩΤΗΜΑ: Η ΔΙΑΠΛΟΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΝΩΣΙΑΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΣΤΗ ΔΙΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ ΔΕΙΞΗ ΚΑΙ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΓΕΝΟΣ Η δεικτική λειτουργία του γένους Η δεικτική λειτουργία του γένους και η αναφορά σε πρόσωπο στη διεπίδραση 67 i

4 6.3 Η διαπλοκή της κοινωνικής και γνωσιακής διάστασης του γένους µέσα από τη δεικτική του λειτουργία ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΖΟΝΤΑΣ ΤΟ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΓΕΝΟΣ ΣΤΗ ΔΙΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ Η οπτική της ανάλυσης συνοµιλίας (Έµφυλες) κατηγορίες µέλους και γένος Η ΕΜΠΕΙΡΙΚΗ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΣΤΗ ΔΙΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ Η εξειδίκευση του ερευνητικού ερωτήµατος Γένος και αναφορά σε πρόσωπο Αυτοαναφορά Αναφορά στο συνοµιλούν άτοµο Αναφορά σε τρίτο/α πρόσωπο/α Γένος και προσανατολισµός των συµµετεχόντων στο φύλο Αναντιστοιχία γένους και φύλου Το γένος ως αντικείµενο διόρθωσης Οι πρακτικές διόρθωσης: αυτοδιόρθωση και ετεροδιόρθωση Το γένος ως αντικείµενο αυτοδιόρθωσης Το γένος ως αντικείµενο ετεροδιόρθωσης Συµπεράσµατα ΣΥΝΟΛΙΚΗ ΣΥΖΗΤΗΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ 176 ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ: ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΩΝ ΑΠΟΜΑΓΝΗΤΟΦΩΝΗΣΗΣ 185 ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ 188 ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ 210 ABSTRACT 211 ii

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11 !"#$%$&' 2 (,(-+.$-$ )"/',( <*' (761&$#' $2*8 >$ 7=7*10'2µ7 *$ ;$3$(*+3#0*#(1 *+, /3$µµ$*#(), ($*+/'39$, *'2 /5-'2,. C#' 02/(7(3#µ5-$, >$ $-$673>'4µ7 0*$ 0+µ$0#$(1 ($# 6.-'µ'36'&'/#(1 020*)µ$*$ *'2 /5-'2, "#$/&.00#(1 ($# 07 A+*)µ$*$ 02µ6.-9$, *'2 /5-'2,. Q$ 7=7*10'2µ7 %?, %3$/µ$*?-7*$# *' /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', 7#"#(8*73$ 0*+- 7&&+-#() /&?00$ !' (gender) $%'*7&79, ($*1 *'- Corbett (1991), µ#$ 04->7*+ /3$µµ$*#() ($*+/'39$ + '%'9$ 79-$# "40('&' -$ %73#/3$679 ($# -$ ($*$-'+>79. C38(7#*$# /#$ 5-$ $%8 *$ "#$6'37*#(1 020*)µ$*$ *$=#-8µ+0+, *.- '20#$0*#(?- (Hellinger & Bussmann 2001: 4). 1 <4µ6.-$ µ7 *'- Hockett (0*' Corbett 1991: 1), *$ /5-+ '39A'-*$#., *1=7#, '20#$0*#(?- %'2 $-*$-$(&?-*$# 0*+ 02µ%73#6'31 *.- &5=7.- '# '%'97, 02-"5'-*$# µ7 *$ '20#$0*#(1. K# /&?007, 5;'2- "4' ) %73#008*73$ /5-+ *$ '%'9$ $-*#0*'#;'4-02-)>., 0*+ "#1(3#0+ *'2 64&'2. K 83', /5-', %3'53;7*$# 7*2µ'&'/#(1 $%8 *' &$*#-#(8 genus %'2 0+µ$9-7# 79"',/($*+/'39$ ($# $-$6537*$# *80' 0*#, *1=7#, *.- '20#$0*#(?- (%.;. µ#$ /&?00$ 5;7# $307-#(8, >+&2(8 ($# '2"5*73' /5-',) 80' ($# 0*+- 8&+ ($*+/'39$ (%.;. µ#$ /&?00$ 5;7# *+- ($*+/'39$ *'2 /5-'2,) (Corbett 1991: 1). B#"#(8*73$, *' 3("µµ"%),4 3+.!' (grammatical gender) $%'*7&79 7//7-) #"#8*+*$ *'2 '20#$0*#('4, + '%'9$ 7&5/;7# *+ /3$µµ$*#() 02µ6.-9$ µ7*$=4 '20#$0*#('4, 13>3'2, 7%#>5*'2, $-*.-2µ9$,, 3)µ$*', ) $3#>µ+*#('4, µ7 1&&$ &8/#$ 7&5/;7# *+- 7-$3µ8-#0+ * *+, %38*$0+, µ7 *+- ($*+/'39$ *'2 /5-', (1>7 '20#$0*#('4 5;7# 02-)>., µ8-' µ9$ *#µ), 2 + '%'9$ ($>'39A7*$# $%8 6.-'&'/#('4,, µ'36'&'/#('4, ($# 0+µ$0#$('4, ($-8-7,. O$µ:1-'-*$, 2%8D+ $2*'4, *'2, ($-8-7,, ' Corbett (1991) "#$(39-7# *$ 020*)µ$*$ *'2 /5-'2, 07 0+µ$0#$(1 ($# 6.-'µ'36'&'/#(1. 1 N-$ 1&&' 040*+µ$ *$=#-8µ+0+, *.- '20#$0*#(?- 79-$# /#$ %$31"7#/µ$ '# $3#>µ+*#('9 *$=#-'µ+*5, (%.;. #$%.-#(), #-"'-+0#$(), Hellinger & Bussmann 2001: 4-5). 2 F'&'-8*# 07 (1>7 '20#$0*#(8 $-*#0*'#;79 /7-#(1 µ9$ *#µ) *'2 /5-'2,, 2%13;'2- '3#0µ5-$ '20#$0*#(1 µ7 "#%&8 ) %'&&$%&8 ) $&&#?, ('#-8 /5-', (nouns of common gender) (Corbett 1991: 181). M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, '3#0µ5-$ "1-7#$ '20#$0*#(1, 8%., *' interview %'2 79-$# "1-7#' 0*+ /$&&#() $%8 *+- $//&#(), µ%'379 -$ "#$*+3'4- "4' /5-+ 0*' $3;#(8 0*1"#' *'2 "$-7#0µ'4. 7

12 2.2 (5µ67869: 7;7<=µ6<6 1230;4 <*$ 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$ *'2 /5-'2, + ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?- /9-7*$# µ7 :10+ *+ 0+µ$09$ *'2 '20#$0*#('4. K Corbett (1991: 8-9) *$ "#$(39-7# 07 $µ#/?, 0+µ$0#$(1 ($# 07 ($*1 :10+ 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$. <*$ $µ#/?, 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$, ) 020*)µ$*$ *'2 620#('4 /5-'2, 8%., $%'($&'4-*$#, + 0+µ$09$ *'2 '20#$0*#('4 ($>'39A7# *+- *#µ) *'2 /5-'2, *'2 '20#$0*#('4, 7-? $%8 *' /5-', *'2 '20#$0*#('4 µ%'3'4- -$ 02-$;>'4- %&+3'6'397, /#$ *+ 0+µ$09$ *'2 '20#$0*#('4 (Corbett 1991: 8). 3 M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, 0*#, /&?007, Kolami, 4 Parji ($# Ollari *+, P-"9$, *$ '20#$0*#(1 %'2 $-$653'-*$# 07 $307-#(8 %380.%' 79-$# $307-#('4 /5-'2, ($# *$ '20#$0*#(1 %'2 $-$653'-*$# 07 >+&2(8 %380.%' ) '%'#'")%'*7 1&&' $-*#(79µ7-' %73#/316'-*$#., µ+ $307-#('4 /5-'2, (Corbett 1991: 10). B%90+,, + /&?00$ Diyari *+, E20*3$&9$, "#$>5*7# "4' /5-+, 7( *.- '%'9.- *' 5-$ $-*#0*'#; &$ *$ 5µD2;$ >+&2(1 (%.;. /2-$9(7,, ('39*0#$, >+&2(8 ($-/('238, (.&%.) ($# *' 1&&' $-*#0*'#; &$ *$ 2%8&'#%$ 8-*$, "+&$") 5µD2;$ $307-#(1 8%., ($# 07 8&$ *$ 1D2;$ (Corbett 1991: 11). <*$ ($*1 :10+ 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$ *'2 /5-'2, + ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?- /9-7*$# µ7-04µ6.-$ µ7 0+µ$0#$('4, ($-8-7, '# '%'9'# 7%#*35%'2-8µ., %'&&5, 7=$#3507#, (Corbett 1991: 13). F#$ /&?00$ µ7 ($*1 :10+ 0+µ$0#$(8 040*+µ$ /5-'2, 79-$# + Dyirbal *.- E:'39/#-.- *+, E20*3$&9$, (Dixon 0*' Corbett 1991: 15-16).! Dyirbal "#$>5*7# *50073#, *1=7#, '20#$0*#(?-: $) *' /5-', bayi %'2 $-*#0*'#;79 07 '20#$0*#(1 µ7 $-$6'31 07 %380.%$ $307-#('4 64&'2, 0*$ ($/('238, 0*$ %73#008*73$ 69"#$, 0*$ %73#008*73$ D13#$, 07 (1%'#$ %'2&#1, 0*$ %73#008*73$ 5-*'µ$, 0*' 67//13#, 0*#, ($*$#/9"7, ($# 0*' '231-#' *8=', :) *' /5-', balan %'2 $-*#0*'#;79 07 '20#$0*#(1 µ7 $-$6'31 07 %380.%$ >+&2('4 64&'2, 0*' -738 ($# 0*+ 6.*#1 ($# 07 8,*# 02-"57*$# µ7 $2*1, 0*+ µ1;+, 0*$ 0(2&#1, 0*+- 5;#"-$, 07 '3#0µ5-$ 69"#$ ($# D13#$, 0*$ %73#008*73$ %'2&#1, 07 0('3%#'4,, 07 (1%'#$ "5-*3$, 0*'- )&#' 3 <*$ 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$ *' /5-', µ%'379 -$ 0+µ$"747*$# µ50. *.- $-*.-2µ#?-, %.;. he/she 0*+- $//&#(), ) 1&&.- /&.00#(?- 0*'#;79.-, %.;. "79(*7, '20#$0*#(?- (noun markers) 0*+ Dyirbal %'2 02-'"74'2- *$ '20#$0*#(1 ($# 02µ6.-'4- µ7 $2*1., %3', *+- %*?0+ (Corbett 1991). 4 B%7#") "7- /-.39A'2µ7 *+- $(3#:) %3'6'31 *.- /&.00?- 0*+- 7&&+-#(), ;3+0#µ'%'#'4µ7 *'2, 83'2, %'2 02-$-*)0$µ7 0*+- $//&#() :#:&#'/3$69$. 8

13 ($# 0*$ $0*53#$, /) *' /5-', balam %'2 $-*#0*'#;79 07 '20#$0*#(1 µ7 $-$6' $/+*8 %&+- *'2 (35$*', (%.;. 63'4*$, &$;$-#(1, µ5&#) ($# ") *' /5-', bala %'2 $-*#0*'#; &$ *$ 2%8&'#%$ '20#$0*#(1 %'2 "+&?-'2- %.;. *$ µ53+ *'2 0?µ$*',, *' (35$,, *#, µ5&#007,, *'- 1-7µ', *$ %73#008*73$ "5-*3$, *' ;'3*13#, *#, %5*37,, *+ /&?00$ ) >'34:'2,. K Dixon (0*' Corbett 1991: 16) 02-'D9A7# *'2, 0+µ$0#$('4, ($-8-7, 0*+- ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?- 0*+- Dyirbal., 7=),: $) *' /5-', bayi $-*#0*'#;79 07 $307-#(1 %380.%$ ($# µ+ $->3?%#-$ 5µD2;$, :) *' /5-', balan 07 >+&2(1 %380.%$, 0*' -738, 0*+ 6.*#1 ($# 0*+ µ1;+, /) *' /5-', balam 0*' 6$/+*8 %&+- *'2 (35$*', ($# ") *' /5-', bala 07 8&$ *$ 2%8&'#%$. K# $%'(&907#, $%8 *'2, %$3$%1-. ($-8-7, '3/$-?-'-*$# /43. $%8 *#, 7=), $3;5,: $) *+, µ2>'&'/#(), 04-"70+,, :) *+, 7--'#$(), 04-"70+, ($# /) *'2 0+µ$"5µ$*', µ#$, 0+µ$-*#(), #"#8*+*$,.! $3;) *+, µ2>'&'/#(), 04-"70+, %3':&5%7# 8*# *$ %73#008*73$ %'2&#1 $-)('2-0*' /5-', balan ($# 8;# bayi, 7%7#") *$ %'2&#1 0*+ µ2>'&'/9$ *+, ('#-8*+*$, Dyirbal >7.3'4-*$# %-74µ$*$ -7(3?- /2-$#(?-, ) 8*# *' 67//13# $-)(7# 0*' /5-', bayi 7%7#") 0*+ µ2>'&'/9$ >7.379*$# ' 04A2/', *'2 )&#'2 (/5-', balan).! $3;) *+, 7--'#$(), 04-"70+, %3':&5%7# 8*# *' ($µ1(# *'2 D$35µ$*', $-)(7# 0*' /5-', bayi ($# 8;# bala 7%7#") *' ($µ1(# 0;7*9A7*$# 7--'#$(1 µ7 *$ D13#$ *$ '%'9$ $-)('2-0*' /5-', bayi, ) 8*# *' 6., ($# *$ $0*53#$ $-)('2-0*' /5-', balan ($# 8;# bala 7%7#") 0;7*9A'-*$# 7--'#$(1 µ7 *+ 6.*#1 %'2 $-)(7# 0*' /5-', + $3;) *'2 0+µ$"5µ$*', µ#$, 0+µ$-*#(), #"#8*+*$, %3':&5%7# 8*# *' /5-', balan $-*#0*'#;79 07 "4' 79"+ 7%#(9-"2-.- D$3#?- ($-*9 /#$ *' /5-', bayi), 7%7#") + #"#8*+*$ *+, 7%#(#-"2-8*+*$, 0;7*9A7*$# 7--'#$(1 µ7 *+ 6.*#1 ($# *+ µ1;+ %'2 $-)('2-0*' /5-', balan. I%., %3'(4%*7# $%8 *+ "#$/&.00#() µ7&5*+ *.- 0+µ$0#$(?- 020*+µ1*.-, *$ /5-+ '3/$-?-'-*$# /43. $%8 :$0#(5, 0+µ$0#$(5, "#$(3907#, 8%., $->3?%#-'/µ+ $->3?%#-', 5µD2;'/1D2;', $307-#(8/>+&2(8, '# '%'97, 02-'D9A'-*$# 0*+ "#1(3#0+ $307-#(8 $->3?%#-'/1&&'. K# "#$(3907#, $2*5, 07 ($µ9$ %739%*.0+ "7-7=$-*&'4- *+- %'#(#&9$ %'2 %$3$*+379*$# "#$/&.00#(1 (Corbett 1991: 30). M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, + "#1&7(*', Rikvani *+, /&?00$, Andi 5;7# /5-', /#$ *$ 5-*'µ$, + /&?00$ Ngangikurrungrurr *+, :837#$, E20*3$&9$, /#$ *$ (2-+/+*#(1 8%&$ ($# + Anindilyakwa *+, E20*3$&9$, "#$(39-7# $-*#(79µ7-$ µ7 /2$&#0*73) 7%#61-7#$ %'2 $-*$-$(&1 6., ($# 8&$ *$ 2%8&'#%$. 9

14 2.3 7;7<=µ6<6 1230;4 <7 $-*9>70+ µ7 *$ 0+µ$0#$(1 020*)µ$*$ 8%'2 + ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?- /9-7*$# µ7 :10+ *+ 0+µ$09$ *'2,, 0*$ 6.-'µ'36'&'/#(1 020*)µ$*$ + ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ /9-7*$# 02-)>., µ7 :10+ µ'36'&'/#('4, (µ'36'&'/#(1 040*+µ$*$ *'2 /5-'2,) ($# 6.-'&'/#('4, ($-8-7, (6.-'&'/#(1 020*)µ$*$ *'2 µ'36'&'/#(1 ($# 6.-'&'/#(1 020*)µ$*$ '3/$-?-'-*$# /43. $%8 5-$- 0+µ$0#$(8 %23)-$ ($# 76$3µ8A'2- *'2, µ'36'&'/#('4, ($# 6.-'&'/#('4, ($-8-7, 0*$ '20#$0*#(1 %'2 $-)('2-0*' &7/8µ7-' 0+µ$0#$(8 2%8&7#µµ$ (Corbett 1991: 34). M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, + 3.0#() /&?00$ "#$>5*7# *39$ /5-+: $307-#(8, >+&2(8 ($# '2"5*73'.! ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?- µ7 $-$6'31 07 %380.%' /9-7*$# µ7 :10+ 0+µ$0#$('4, ($-8-7, %'2 %3':&5%'2-8*# *$ '20#$0*#(1 µ7 $307-#(8 %380.%' $-$6'31, (otec %$*53$,, djadja >79', ) $-)('2-0*' $307-#(8 /5-', ($# *$ '20#$0*#(1 µ7 >+&2(8 %380.%' $-$6'31, 0*' >+&2(8 /5-', (mat5 µ+*53$, tetja >79$ ). I&$ *$ 2%8&'#%$ '20#$0*#(1 ($*$-5µ'-*$# ($# 0*#, *37#, ($*+/'397, *'2 /5-'2, µ7 :10+ µ'36'&'/#('4, ($-8-7,, '# '%'9'# %3':&5%'2-8*# *$ '20#$0*#(1 *+, %3?*+, (&90+, 79-$# $307-#(1 (zakon -8µ', ), *+, "74*73+, (6kola 0;'&79' ) ($# *+, *39*+, (kost5 (8($&' ) (&90+, >+&2(1 ($# *+, *5*$3*+, (vino (3$09) '2"5*73$ (Corbett 1991: 36). K# µ'36'&'/#('9 ($-8-7, 2%';.3'4-8µ., 5-$-*# *.- 0+µ$0#$(?- ($ M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, 7-? *' '20#$0*#(8 djadja >79', $-)(7# 0*+ "74*73+ (&90+ ($# µ7 :10+ *'2, µ'36&'/#('4, ($-8-7, >$ 5%37%7 -$ 79-$# /5-'2, >+&2('4, 79-$# /5-'2, $307-#('4 7%7#") "+&?-7# $307-#(8 %380.%'. <7 '3#0µ5-7, /&?007, (23#$3;'4- '# 6.-'&'/#('9 ($-8-7, 0*+- ($*+/'3#'%'9+0+ *.- '20#$0*#(?-, 8%., 0*+ /$&&#() 8%'2 *$ '20#$0*#(1 %'2 &)/'2-07 m 79-$# 02-)>., /5-'2, $307-#('4. <*$ 6.-'µ'36'&'/#(1 020*)µ$*$ *' /5-', $%'*7&79 µ#$ 3+*1 0+µ$"7µ5-+ /3$µµ$*#('%'#+µ5-+ ($*+/'39$. <4µ6.-$ µ7 *#,!ellinger & Bussmann (2001: 5), 0*#, /&?007, µ7 /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', ) 0*#, /&?007, µ7 /5-', 0*$ '20#$0*#(1 µ7 $-$6'31 07 %380.%'/5µD2;' %$3$*+379*$# $-*#0*'#;9$ $-1µ70$ 0*' $307-#(8 ($# >+&2(8 /5-', ($# 0*' &7=#(8 0+µ1"7µ$ *'2 '20#$0*#('4., $307-#('4 ) >+&2('4. 5 B(*8, $%8 *+ 5 K# Hellinger & Bussmann (2001: 5-6), $('&'2>?-*$, *'- Craig (0*' Hellinger & Bussmann 2001), "#$6'3'%'#'4-*$# $%8 *'- Corbett (1991) ($# 7#01/'2- *+ "#1(3#0+ $-1µ70$ 07 /&?007, µ7 (/3$µµ$*#(8) /5-', (gender languages) ($# 07 /&?007, µ7 *1=7#, '20#$0*#(?- (noun class languages). 10

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17 "+&?-7# *' /2-$#(79' 64&' 07 %'0'0*8 94.1% ($# *' $307-#(8 /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', "+&?-7# *' $-*3#(8 64&' 07 %'0'0*8 94.2% ;µ@>3B6 <0; 1230;4 E%$3$9*+*+ 02->)(+ /#$ *'- ($>'3#0µ8 *'2 /5-'2, ($# *'2 $3#>µ'4 *.- /7-?- 07 µ#$ /&?00$ $%'*7&79 *' 6$#-8µ7-' *+, 02µ6.-9$, *'2 /5-'2, (Corbett 1991: 105).! 02µ6.-9$ '39A7*$# $%8 *#, Hellinger & Bussmann (2001: 13)., µ#$ 02-*$(*#() 0;50+ $-1µ70$ 0*' "'326'3#(8 0*'#;79' 7-8, '20#$0*#('4 (%.;. 7%9>7*', 13>3', $3#>µ+*#(8, $-*.-2µ9$, µ7*';) ) 3)µ$), ($# 0*' /5-', *'2 '20#$0*#('4. 8 M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, 0*+ 3.0#() *' /5-', *'2 7%#>5*'2 02µ6.-79 µ7 *' /5-', *'2 '20#$0*#('4 %'2 %3'0"#'39A7# (nov-yj Aurnal -5'-ET< %73#'"#(8-ET<, nov-aja kniga -5'-Q!O :#:&9'-Q!O, nov-oe pis5mo -5'-KUS /31µµ$-KUS ) ($# *' 9"#' 02µ:$9-7# µ7 *' /5-', *+, µ7*';), (Aurnal, leaa6b-ij na stole %73#'"#(8-ET< %'2 (79*7*$#-ET< 0*' *3$%5A#, kniga, leaa6b-"j" na stole :#:&9'-Q!O %'2 (79*7*$#-Q!O 0*' *3$%5A#, pis5mo, leaa6b-ee na stole /31µµ$-KUS %'2 (79*7*$#-KUS 0*' *3$%5A# ) ($# *+, %3'0.%#(), $-*.-2µ9$, (Ivan kupil knig-u i poslal ee Vladimir-u K P:1- $/83$07 5-$ :#:&9'-Q!O ($# *'-Q!O 50*7#&7 0*'- J&$"9µ+3' ) (Corbett 1991: ). B%90+,, 0*+ 3.0#() *' 3)µ$ 07 %$37&>'-*#(8 ;38-' µ%'379 -$ 02µ6.-79 µ7 *' /5-', *'2 '20#$0*#('4 *+, %38*$0+, (Cvan Bital-Ø o I:1- "#1:$A7-ET<, Irina Bital-a + P39-$ "#1:$A7-Q!O ) (Corbett 1991: 110, 126). <*+- 7&&+-#() *' /5-', *.- 7%#>5*.-, *.- $-*.-2µ#?- ($# *.- µ7*';?- 02µ6.-'4- µ7 *' /5-', *.- '20#$0*#(?- ($ /(";" 39.";,",! /(";!' 1.%("', $ /(";" 39.";," %$'!:!;"' %!. 1.%(" /-?3#07, ;*7, >$ 64/7# $43#', $ D!)%&%()" 79-$# %'&4,!9("2µ+.$) (Pavlidou 2003: ). G$*1 *+ W7#&1-F$3('%'4&'2 (2003: 147) + 02µ6.-9$ *'2 /5-'2, 0*+- 7&&+-#() "#$(39-7*$# *73#() ($# 7=.*73#(). V, 70.*73#() '39A7*$# + 02µ6.-9$ 7-*8, *+, '-'µ$*#(), 6310+, µ7 *' 8-'µ$., (76$&)/32>µ#0*) *+, 02µ6.-9$, ($# $%'"5(*7,/0*8;'2, 8&$ *$ %3'0"#'3#0*#(1 *'2 '-8µ$*', (%.;. -,-;." %" %+22-(" %" 0),1 µ!9 2D("3)2µ+." 3(1µµ"%" %"!:!;" :3)($ µ50$ 0*' 023*13#). V, 7=.*73#() '39A7*$# + 02µ6.-9$ '-8µ$*', 07 >50+ 2%'(7#µ5-'2 ) $-*#(7#µ5-'2 µ7 *+- 7%#>7*#() >50+ 8 K Corbett (1991: 151) '39A7# *' /5-', *'2 '20#$0*#('4., 7&7/(*) (controller gender) ($# *$ /5-+ *.- "'326'3#(?- /&.00#(?- 0*'#;79.-., 0*8;'2, (target genders). 13

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23 D2;'&'/#(?- 6$#-'µ5-.- %'2 02-"5'-*$# µ7 *' :#'&'/#(8 64&' (FcConnell-Ginet 1988: 76) ) $&&#?, 0*' 64&'., ('#-.-#() ($*$0(72) 374µ$ *'2 67µ#-#0*#('4 µ7*$µ'-*73-#0µ'4 (Harding 1991) %'2 $-$%*4;>+(7 0*' %&$90#' *+, 67µ#-#0*#(), >7.39$, 10(+07 (3#*#() 0*#, '&#0*#(5,, 0*$*#(5, ($# 'µ'#'/7-79, "#%'&#(5, ($*+/'397, MUREPGE/ER@TE< ($# 7#0)/$/7 *+ 0+µ$09$ *+, /&?00$,., %7"9'2 02/(38*+0+, *+, 0+µ$09$,, *+, 2%'(7#µ7-#(8*+*$, ($# *+, 7='209$, (Andermahr, Lovell & Wolkowitz 2000). E2*) + 7%#0*+µ'&'/#() 0*3'6) *+, 67µ#-#0*#(), >7.39$, 02µ%9%*7# ;3'-#(1 µ7 *+- 0*3'6) *+, ('#-.-#'/&.00'&'/9$, $%8 *+ µ7&5*+ *+, 0;50+, $-1µ70$ 0*' 64&' ($# 0*+ /&?00$., 040*+µ$ 0*+ µ7&5*+ *+, 0;50+, $-1µ70$ 0*' 64&' ($# 0*+ /&?00$., ;3)0+ ) $&&#?, 0*+ /&.00#() "#7%9"3$0+ (0*' 7=), "#7%9"3$0+) (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003: 4, Pavlidou 2011: 412).! 0*3'6) $2*) 02-*7&79*$# 2%8 *' :13', /7-#(8*73.- 7=7&9=7.- 0*#, ('#-.-#(5, 7%#0*)µ7, (%.;. 02µ:'&#(8, #-*73$(*#'-#0µ8,, 7>-'µ7>'"'&'/9$, ('#-.-#() $->3.%'&'/9$) (C$2&9"'2 2006: 30) ($# 5;7#., $%'*5&70µ$ *+- $-*#µ7*?%#0+ *'2 64&'2., %3'H8-*', *+, "#7%9"3$0+,. K# µ7&5*7, /#$ *+ 0;50+ /&?00$, ($# 64&'2 *3'6'"'*'4-*$# $%8 *' 374µ$ *'2 67µ#-#0*#('4 µ7*$µ'-*73-#0µ'4 ($# 7#"#(8*73$ $%8 *+ >7.39$ *+, Butler (1999) /#$ *+- 7%#*7&70*#(8*+*$ *'2 64&'2.! Jutler (1999) $%'"'µ79 *+ "#1(3#0+ :#'&'/#('4 ($# ('#-.-#('4 64&'2 (620#('4/%'&#*#0µ#('4) ($# 2%'0*+39A7# 8*# %38(7#*$# /#$ µ#$ *7;-+*) ($*$0(72) + '%'9$ 0*+39A7*$# 0*+ µ7*$620#() *+, '209$,, "+&$") 0*+- %90*+ 07 µ#$ %3'L%13;'20$ :#'&'/#() '209$ %'2 %3'+/79*$# *.- ('#-.-#(?- 0;507.- ($# *#, ($>'39A7#. <*+ :10+ $2*), *+, %7%'9>+0+, >7µ7&#?-7*$# + '#('-'µ9$ *+, 7%#:7:&+µ5-+, 7*73'62&'6#&9$,, "+&$") *' 04-'&' *.- 32>µ#0*#(?- %3$(*#(?- %'2 02-"5'2- *' :#'&'/#(8 ($# *' ('#-.-#(8 64&', *+ 07='2$&#() %3$(*#() ($# *+- 7%#>2µ9$ µ7 µ#$ 0;50+ $-$/($9$, ($# $"#133+(*+, 02-5;7#$, ($# %$31/'2-5-$ %&5/µ$ ($*1&&+&.- ($# $($*1&&+&.- *$2*'*)*.- (Butler 1999: 3-44).! Butler "#$6'3'%'#79*$# $%8 *+- '20#'(3$*#() $-*9&+D+ /#$ *' 64&'., #"#8*+*$ %'2 ($*5;'2- *$ 1*'µ$ ($# 2%'0*+39A7# 8*# %90. $%8 *#, 02µ:'&#(5, 7(63107#, *'2 64&'2 "7- %3'L%13;7# µ#$ 5µ62&+ *$2*8*+*$ $&&1 8*# «+ *$2*8*+*$ $2*) 02/(3'*79*$# 7%#*7&70*#(1 $%8 *#, 02µ:'&#(5, 7(63107#, %'2 19

24 >7.3'4-*$# $%'*7&50µ$*1 *+,» (Butler 1999: 33). 11 <4µ6.-$ µ7 *+- Jutler (1999), *' 64&' '39A7*$#., %31=+, 7#"#(8*73$., 04-'&' 7%$-$&$µ:$-8µ7-.- 7%#*7&70*#(?- %3$(*#(?- %'2 %$31/'2- *+- 2&#(8*+*$ *.- 0.µ1*.- µ50$ $%8 *+- %$31>70+ ($# $-$%$3$/./) *+, -83µ$, *+, (239$3;+, 5µ62&+, *1=+,. /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', 0*+- $-$6'31 07 %380.%' $%'*7&79 µ53', *.- 73/$&79.- %'2 *' /&.00#(8 040*+µ$ %$35;7# /#$ *+- ($*$0(72) *'2 64&'2 (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003: 60-79).! ($*+/'39$ *'2 /5-'2, (."#('%'#79 *+ :#'&'/#() "#$6'31 ($# %3'0"9"7# 64&' 0*' %380.%' $-$6'31, 2%';37.*#(1. G$*1 *+- Ochs (1992: 340), 7&1;#0*$ /&.00#(1 0*'#;79$ 0+µ$"74'2-/ "79;-'2- (index) *' 64&' 1µ70$ ($# $%'(&7#0*#(1 (*' A)*+µ$ *+, "79=+, >$ µ$, $%$0;'&)07# 7(*7-?, 0*' (761&$#' 6). 79-$# *$ 0*'#;79$ %'2 0+µ$"74'-*$# /3$µµ$*#(1 ) &7=#(1., %3', *' 64&' 0*+- $//&#(), 8%., he/she, Sir/Madam (Ochs 1992: ), ($# ($* 7%5(*$0+, >$ &5/$µ7, *$ 0*'#;79$ µ7 /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', 07 /&?007, 8%., + 7&&+-#() (79*7 %38(7#*$# /#$ *' '20#$0*#(8 79*7 /#$ *$ "'326'3#(1 *'2 0*'#;79$ %'2 7-$3µ'-9A'-*$# µ7 *' /5-', *'2). <4µ6.-$ µ7 *#, Hellinger & Bussmann (2001: 19), :$0#() &7#*'23/9$ *'2 /5-'2, 0*+- $-$6'31 07 %380.%' 79-$# + µ7*1"'0+ µ+-2µ1*.- 0;7*#(?- µ7 *' 64&' 0*+- 7%#('#-.-9$. I%., >$ "'4µ7 0*#, 7%8µ7-7, "4' 7-8*+*7,, $2*1 *$ µ+-4µ$*$ µ%'379 -$ $6'3'4- *+- ($*$0(72) 5µ62&.- *$2*'*)*.- ) *+- $-$%$3$/./) *'2 07=#0µ' >4 µ270 96<679F;=4 2µ@;A>3 <6;<0<=<>3! ;3)0+ *'2 /3$µµ$*#('4 /5-'2, $%8 'µ#&+*5,/*3#7, %'2 $%'(&9-'2- $%8 *+ -83µ$ *+, 7%#:7:&+µ5-+, 7*73'62&'6#&9$, $%'($&4%*7# *'- 38&' *+, 02/(7(3#µ5-+, 11 M#$ *+ "#$*4%.0+ $2*), *+, >50+, + Butler (1999) $-*&79 µ7*$=4 1&&.- 0*'#;79$ $%8 *+ >7.39$ *'2 Austin (1962) %739 7%#*7&70*#(?- ($# *+ >50+ *'2 R9*07 (0*' Butler 1999: 33) /#$ *+- $%'209$ "310*+ %90. $%8 *+ "310+ ($# *'- "310*+., $%833'#$ *+, "310+,. 12 G$*1 *+- Pavlidou (2011: ), 02//7-#() µ7 *+ >7.39$ *+, Butler /#$ *+- 7%#*7&70*#(8*+*$ *'2 64&'2 79-$# + 7>-'µ7>'"'&'/#() %3'05//#0+ *.- West & Zimmermann (1987) /#$ *' 64&'., µ7>'"#() ($# 7%$-$&$µ:$-8µ7-+ 7%9*72=+ 3'2*9-$, ($# %3'H8- ('#-.-#(?- "3$0*+3#8*+*.- (doing gender). 13 K# %73#008*737, /&.00#(5, 7(63107#,, ($*1 *+- Kchs (1992), "79;-'2- *' 64&' 5µµ70$. M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, '# 73.*)07#, %3'0>)(7, 0*+- $//&#() "79;-'2-5µµ70$ *' /2-$#(79' 64&', 7%7#") 7(631A'2- "#0*$(*#(8*+*$ + '%'9$ 02-"57*$# 0*737'*2%#(1 µ7 *+ /2-$#(79$ 02µ%73#6'31. 20

25 /3$µµ$*#(), ($*+/'39$, 0*+- ($*$0(72) 5µ62&.- *$2*'*)*.- (Hall & O Donovan 1996, Livia 1997, Kulick 1998, Borba & Ostermann 2007). I%., "79;-'2- '# Hall & O Donovan (1996), '# hijras *+, P-"9$, ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' $307-#(8 ($# >+&2(8 /5-', 0*+- #-"#() /#$ -$ 7(6310'2- "#16'37, ('#-.-#(5, 0+µ$097, ($# -$ ($*$0(7210'2-5µ62&7, *$2*8*+*7,. K# hijras $%'*7&'4- *' &7/8µ7-' *39*' 64&' 0*+- P-"9$, ($>?, /7--#'4-*$# $/83#$ $&&1 µ7/$&?-'2-., ('39*0#$ %'2 *3$/'2"'4- ($# ;'374'2-07 /1µ'2, ($# /#'3*5,. S7- $-*#&$µ:1-'-*$# *'- 7$2*8 *'2, $%'(&7#0*#(1., 1-*37, )., /2-$9(7,, "+&$") 5;'2- "+µ#'23/)07# µ#$ *$2*8*+*$ 5=. $%8 *' "9%'&' $307-#('4/>+&2('4 (Hall & O Donovan 1996: 228-9). <7 (1%'#$ 610+ *+, ('#-.-#('%'9+0), *'2,, '# hijras 7%#&5/'2- -$ ;3+0#µ'%'#)0'2- *' >+&2(8 /5-', $-*9 /#$ *' $307-#(8 8*$- $-$653'-*$# 0*'- 7$2*8 *'2,, ($>?, + ;3)0+ *'2 >+&2('4 /5-'2, $%'*7&79 µ9$ $%8 *#, %3$(*#(5, 02/(38*+0+, *+, '&'(&+3.µ5-+, hijra *$2*8*+*$, (µ$a9 µ7 *+- 7-"2µ$09$, *#, 7(63107#, *'2 %3'0?%'2 ($# *#, (#-)07#,) (Hall & O Donovan 1996: 240). <*+ 02-5;7#$ ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' $307-#(8 ) *' >+&2(8 /5-', $-1&'/$ µ7 *' 02µ63$0*#(8 %&$90#', *'- ('#-.-#(8 38&' %'2 >5&'2- -$ 7%#*7&50'2- ($# *+ 0;50+ µ7 *$ 02-'µ#&'4-*$ 1*'µ$. M7-#(1 0*+- *3#*'%380.%+ $-$6'31 07 hijras '# hijras ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' >+&2(8 /5-', /#$ -$ 7(6310'2-0;507#, $&&+&7//4+, ($# ('#-.-#(), 7//4*+*$, ($# *' $307-#(8 /5-', /#$ -$ 7(6310'2-0;507#, 7='209$, ($# $%80*$0+,. M#$ %$31"7#/µ$, ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' $307-#(8 /5-', 8*$- $-$653'-*$# 07 hijras %'2 :390('-*$# 07 ($*?*73+ ) $-?*73+ ('#-.-#() >50+ ) µ7/$&4*73+, +&#(9$,, /#$ -$ %3'0:1&&'2- ) -$ "+&?0'2- *+ "#$6'3'%'9+0) *'2, $%8 1&&7, hijras, 7-? ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' >+&2(8 /5-', 8*$- $-$653'-*$# 07-78*737, hijras ) /#$ -$ 7(6310'2- *+- $&&+&7//4+ *'2, µ7 1&&7, hijras (Hall & O Donovan 1996: ). B%#%&5'-, ;3+0#µ'%'#'4- *' $307-#(8 /5-', /#$ *'- 7$2*8 *'2, 8*$- $-$653'-*$# 0*+- %$#"#() *'2, +&#(9$ ($# 0*+ A.) *'2, 0$- $/83#$ %3#- $%8 *+- 5-*$=) *'2, 0*+- ('#-8*+*$ hijra, 7%90+, /#$ -$ 7(6310'2- >2µ8 ) -$ %3'0"?0'2-5µ6$0+ 07 $2*8 %'2 &5-7 (Hall & O Donovan 1996: ).! Livia (1997) 7=7*1A7# *+ ;3)0+ *'2 /3$µµ$*#('4 /5-'2, 0*+ /$&&#() $%8 'µ'62&86#&$ ($# *3$-05='2$& 1*'µ$ ($# 2%'0*+39A7# 8*# µ'&'-8*# *' /3$µµ$*#(8 /5-', %$/#"747# *$ 'µ#&'4-*$ 1*'µ$ 07 0*$*#(5, "#%'&#(5, ($*+/'397,, µ%'379 -$ ;3+0#µ'%'#+>79 "+µ#'23/#(1., µ50' /#$ *+ 02/(38*+0+ *$2*'*)*.- %'2 $%'(&9-'2- $%8 *+ -83µ$ *+, 7*73'62&'6#&9$,. <2/(7(3#µ5-$, $-$&47# *+ ;3)0+ *'2 /3$µµ$*#('4 21