ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΘΡΗΚΔΤΜΑΣΩΝ ΔΙΓΙΚΗ ΤΠΗΡΔΙΑ ΓΙΑΥΔΙΡΙΗ ΔΠΙΥΔΙΡΗΙΑΚΟΤ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΣΟ ΔΚΠΑΙΓΔΤΗ & ΓΙΑ ΒΙΟΤ ΜΑΘΗΗ

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Ευδοξία Βιλαέτης
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ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΘΡΗΚΔΤΜΑΣΩΝ ΔΙΓΙΚΗ ΤΠΗΡΔΙΑ ΓΙΑΥΔΙΡΙΗ ΔΠΙΥΔΙΡΗΙΑΚΟΤ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΣΟ ΔΚΠΑΙΓΔΤΗ & ΓΙΑ ΒΙΟΤ ΜΑΘΗΗ «ΑΡΥΙΜΗΓΗ ΙΙΙ: ΔΝΙΥΤΗ ΔΡΔΤΝΗΣΙΚΩΝ ΟΜΑΓΩΝ ΣΑ ΣΔΙ» Φοπέαρ Τλοποίηζηρ: ΤΕΙ Θεζζαιίαο σολή:

1 ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΘΡΗΚΔΤΜΑΣΩΝ ΔΙΓΙΚΗ ΤΠΗΡΔΙΑ ΓΙΑΥΔΙΡΙΗ ΔΠΙΥΔΙΡΗΙΑΚΟΤ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΣΟ ΔΚΠΑΙΓΔΤΗ & ΓΙΑ ΒΙΟΤ ΜΑΘΗΗ «ΑΡΥΙΜΗΓΗ ΙΙΙ: ΔΝΙΥΤΗ ΔΡΔΤΝΗΣΙΚΩΝ ΟΜΑΓΩΝ ΣΑ ΣΔΙ» Φοπέαρ Τλοποίηζηρ: ΤΕΙ Θεζζαιίαο σολή: Τερλνινγηθώλ Εθαξκνγώλ Σμήμα: Σρεδηαζκνύ θαη Τερλνινγίαο Ξύινπ Επίπινπ Θέμα έπεςναρ: Αλάπηπμε θαηλνηόκνπ κεζόδνπ βειηίσζεο ησλ ηδηνηήησλ ηνπ μύινπ κεηά από εκπνηηζκό κε θπζηθά έιαηα. Εθαξκνγή ζε έπηπια εμσηεξηθνύ ρώξνπ. Πακέηο Δπγαζίαρ 3: Επηθαλεηαθόο εκπνηηζκόο ηνπ μύινπ κε βεξλίθηα. Πξνζδηνξηζκόο ησλ ηδηνηήησλ ηνπ μύινπ. Δύο δημοζιεύζειρ: 1) Ιδιόηηηερ ζςγκόλληζηρ (επικαλςμμένος με βεπνίκι) ηελικού πποϊόνηορ ξύλος. 2) Διαζηαζιακή ζηαθεπόηηηα και θςζική ανηοσή (διάπκεια) ηελικού πποϊόνηορ ξύλος. Δπιζηημονικόρ Τπεύθςνορ Δξ. Σσηήξηνο Καξαζηεξγίνπ Καζεγεηήο Καξδίηζα, Οθηώβξηνο 2014

2 H παπούζα έπεςνα έσει ζςγσπημαηοδοηηθεί από ηην Δςπωπαϊκή Ένωζη (Δςπωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο - ΔΚΤ) και από εθνικούρ πόποςρ μέζω ηος Δπισειπηζιακού Ππογπάμμαηορ «Δκπαίδεςζη και Για Βίος Μάθηζη» ηος Δθνικού Σηπαηηγικού Πλαιζίος Αναθοπάρ (ΔΣΠΑ) Δπεςνηηικό Χπημαηοδοηούμενο Έπγο: ΑΡΧΙΜΗΔΗΣ ΙΙΙ. Δπένδςζη ζηην κοινωνία ηηρ γνώζηρ μέζω ηος Δςπωπαϊκού Κοινωνικού Ταμείος. This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund. Παθέην Εξγαζίαο 3 Παπαδοηέο Μέλη κύπιαρ Δπεςνηηικήρ Ομάδαρ Δξ. Μηράιεο Σθαξβέιεο Δξ. Κσλ/λνο Καθάβαο Ομάδα Δξωηεπικών ςνεπγαηών Δξ. Γεώξγηνο Μαληάλεο Δξ. Δεκήηξηνο Μπηξκπίιεο MSc Θσκάο Τζηνύθαο MSc Ισάλλα Κνπηζνκύηε

3 Διζαγωγή Με ην πξνηεηλόκελν εξεπλεηηθό έξγν πηνζεηείηαη κηα θαηλνηόκνο δηαδηθαζία πξνιεπηηθνύ ρεηξηζκνύ ησλ επίπισλ εμσηεξηθνύ ρώξνπ κε κίγκα θπζηθώλ ειαίσλ θαη ζπληεξεηηθώλ ζε πεξηβάιινλ θελνύ, παξάιιεια πξνο ηελ εθαξκνγή θαηάιιειεο κεζόδνπ ζπλαξκνιόγεζεο θαη ζπγθόιιεζεο ηεο μύιηλεο θαηαζθεπήο θαη εθαξκνγήο ηεο ηειηθήο επηθάιπςεο ηνπ επίπινπ. Σην 3 ν Παθέην εξγαζίαο («Δπιθανειακόρ εμποηιζμόρ ηος ξύλος με βεπνίκια. Πποζδιοπιζμόρ ηων ιδιοηήηων ηος ξύλος.») πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθε εκπνηηζκόο μπιείαο καύξεο πεύθεο θαη νμηάο κε θξακβέιαην ζύκθσλα κε ηε βέιηηζηε γηα θάζε είδνο κέζνδν όπσο πξνέθπςε από ηα απνηειέζκαηα ηνπ πξώηνπ θαη ηνπ δεύηεξνπ παθέηνπ εξγαζίαο. Ο εκπνηηζκόο πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθε ζε εηδηθό εξγαζηεξηαθό ζάιακν εκπνηηζκνύ πνπ δηαζέηεη ην Εξγαζηήξην Τερλνινγίαο Ξύινπ ηνπ Τκήκαηνο Σρεδηαζκνύ θαη Τερλνινγίαο Ξύινπ θαη Επίπινπ, ηνπ ΤΕΙ Θεζζαιίαο. Σηε ζπλέρεηα δηακνξθώζεθαλ εκπνηηζκέλα δνθίκηα μύινπ (θαη κάξηπξεο) θαη ζε θάπνηα από ηα εκπνηηζκέλα δνθίκηα μύινπ, πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθε επηθαλεηαθόο ρεηξηζκόο (θαζαξηζκόο) κε δηαιύηε θπζηθήο πξνέιεπζεο (ηεξεβηλζέιαην), κε ζθνπό ηελ απνκάθξπλζε ηνπ ειαίνπ ζε βάζνο 1-2 mm από ηελ επηθάλεηα ηνπ μύινπ. Έηζη ζπγθξνηήζεθαλ ηξεηο θαηεγνξίεο δεηγκάησλ (αλεκπόηηζηα, εκπνηηζκέλα, εκπνηηζκέλα κε επηθαλεηαθό ρεηξηζκό) ζηα νπνία έγηλαλ ζπζηεκαηηθέο κεηξήζεηο ηνπ ξπζκνύ πξνζξόθεζεο πγξαζίαο, ηεο δηαζηαζηαθήο ζηαζεξόηεηαο θαη ηεο ηθαλόηεηαο ζπγθόιιεζεο. Τα απνηειέζκαηα αμηνινγήζεθαλ θαη κέξνο απηώλ δεκνζηνπνηήζεθε ζε δύν εξεπλεηηθέο εξγαζίεο πνπ παξνπζηάζηεθαλ ζε δηεζλή επηζηεκνληθά ζπλέδξηα: 1 η Γημοζίεςζη: Birbilis, D., Karastergiou, S., Adamopoulos, S., Kakavas, K. and T. Tsioukas Properties of black pine (Pinus nigra) wood treated with hot rape oil. In Proceedings of: 25th RCCWS International Symposium: Wood structure, properties and quality, September 22-25, 2014, Moscow-Mytischi, Russia. Τα πξαθηηθά ηνπ παξαπάλσ ζπλεδξίνπ κε ηα πιήξε θείκελα ησλ εξγαζηώλ δελ έρνπλ εθδνζεί αθόκα. Έρεη εθδνζεί όκσο έληππν κε ηηο πεξηιήςεηο (abstracts) ησλ εξγαζηώλ, ην εμώθπιιν ηνπ νπνίνπ παξαηίζεηαη ζηε ζπλέρεηα θαη αθνινπζεί ε πεξίιεςε θαη ην πιήξεο θείκελν ηεο 1 εο δεκνζίεπζεο όπσο έγηλε απνδεθηή από ηελ επηηξνπή ηνπ ζπλεδξίνπ. 2 η Γημοζίεςζη: Birbilis, D., Karastergiou, S., Adamopoulos, S., Kakavas, K. and T. Tsioukas Properties of Pine (Pinus nigra) and Beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood impregnated with hot rape oil and surface treated with turpentine. In Proceedings of: 25th International Scientific Conference: New materials and technologies in the function of wooden products, October 17-19, 2014, Zagreb, Croatia. pp Τν πιήξεο θείκελν ηεο 2 εο δεκνζίεπζεο παξαηίζεηαη ζηε ζπλέρεηα, όπσο αθξηβώο βξίζθεηαη δεκνζηεπκέλν ζηα πξαθηηθά ηνπ ζπλεδξίνπ, καδί κε ην εμώθπιιν θαη ηα πεξηερόκελα.

4 1 η Γημοζίεςζη

5 PROPERTIES OF BLACK PINE (Pinus nigra Arn.) WOOD TREATED WITH HOT RAPE OIL * Dimitrios Birbilis 1, Sotirios Karastergiou¹, Stergios Adamopoulos¹, Konstantinos Kakavas 1, Thomas Tsioukas 1 1 Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, School of Technological Applications, Dept. of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology, 43100, Karditsa, Greece. s: dmbirmbi@teilar.gr, karaso@teilar.gr, adamopoulos@teilar.gr, kakavas@teilar.gr, tsioukas@teilar.gr ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine oil-retention, swelling, adsorption, static bending properties and tensile strength of lap joints of black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) wood treated with hot rape oil. Wood specimens were impregnated in a steel vessel using the empty cell process (Lowry method). Rape oil retention of black pine specimens ranged between 122 and 193 kg/m 3. Total swelling of specimens was not affected by the impregnation but the rate of swelling was decreased. The impregnated specimens had an adsorption of 21%, while the untreated 75%. The oil heat-treatment process was found to affect the tensile strength of lap joints. The impregnated specimens showed a lower tensile strength of about 10% than the untreated. The treatment did not affect the static bending strength of black pine wood as determined by the modulus of rupture (MOR) values. However, wood elasticity was affected with impregnated specimens showing higher modulus of elasticity (MOE) values than the untreated. Keywords: black pine wood, impregnation, rape oil, swelling, static bending, tensile strength. Introduction Pinewood is an excellent material for various technical uses especially when it is treated to become more durable and stable. The effects of impregnation with natural oils have been investigated during the last decade according to an ecological approach of wooden products manufacture. Heat treatment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood with rapeseed oil led to some reduction of properties such us adsorption, swelling (radial and tangential), MOR and MOE (Tjeerdsma et al 2005). Impregnation of Scots pine wood was also carried out by Kaps et al (2012a and 2012b). Heat treatment ( C) of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) wood in a vegetable (linseed) oil for 3 hours led to some reduction of swelling and * This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.

6 mechanical properties which was greater with increasing duration and temperature of the heat treatment (Dubey 2010). The purpose of this study was to determine some mechanical and physical properties of black pine (Pinus nigra) wood impregnated with hot rape oil. Materials and methods Wood specimens of various dimensions were prepared from black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) of Greek origin. The specimens were treated with hot rape oil (60 o C) in a steel vessel according to the empty-cell treatment (Lowry process): 1) raise of pressure to 3.5 bar for 45 minutes; 2) release of pressure-exit of oil; 3) final vacuum at 600 mbar for 40 minutes. Oil retention was determined for each specimen by the relation ΟR = (M 2 - M 1 )/V, where OR = Oil retention (Kg/m 3 ), M 2 = air-dried (20 o C, 65% RH) weight after impregnation (Kg), M 1 =air-dried weight before impregnation (Kg), V = volume of wood before impregnation (m 3 ). Adsorption and swelling were determined after successive measurements on specimens with dimensions cm, which remained in water for 28 days. Moduli of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE) in static bending were determined on specimens with dimensions cm according to DIN standard. Tensile strength of glued lap joints was determined according to ΕΝ 205standard. Initial specimens with dimensions cm were converted to appropriate final specimens measuring mm glued with polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives. Results Oil retention ranged from 122 to 193 kg/m 3 dimensions (Table 1). depending on specimen Table 1.Oil retention for each size of black pine wood specimens. Specimen dimensions, cm Oilretention, kg/m Volumetric swelling of untreated black pine specimens reached 5%, while the swelling of treated ones reached only 1% within 8 hoursfrom their storage in water. The maximum volumetric swelling * was achieved after two days for untreated specimens but for treated specimens max swelling was achieved after a period of 28 days (Figure 1). Water adsorption of untreated specimens reached 30% during the first two hours of their storage in water and gradually increased to 75% after 28 days. * about 6%, meaning from air-dry condition (i.e. around 12% moisture content) to fibre saturation point (i.e. around 30% moisture content)

7 Water adsorption, % Volumetric swelling, % Treated specimens adsorbed only 4% of their initial air-dry weight after 24 hours of their storage in water and 21% after 28 days (Figure 2). Untreated wood Treated wood 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Storage in water, h Figure 1. Volumetric swelling of black pinewood during 672 hours waterlogged. 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Untreated wood Treated wood Storage in water, h Figure 2.Water adsorption of black pinewood during 672 hours waterlogged. Bending strength was not affected by impregnation with hot rape oil (Figure 3). Modulus of rupture (MOR) was determined as N/mm 2 for untreated specimens and N/mm 2 for the treated. However, modulus of elasticity (MOE) slightly increased (about 10%) in treated specimens (9905N/mm 2 ) compared to untreated ones (8754 N/mm 2 ). The tensile strength of glued lap joints was determined about 10% lower for treated specimens than for untreated ones for both types of glue (PU or PVA). Tensile strength of untreated specimens averaged 4.85 N/mm 2 whenglued with PU and 4.79 N/mm 2 when glued with PVA. Tensile strength of treated specimens had a mean value of 4.34 N/mm 2 for both types of glue (Figure 3).

8 MOR, N/mm Untreated wood 4 Treated 6000wood Bending strength Bending strength MOE, N/mm 2 Tensile strength, N/mm 2 Figure 3. Bending and tensile (lap joints) strength of black pine wood. 6 Untreated wood Treated wood Untreated wood Treated wood PVAc PU PVAc PU Adhesion type Conclusions Rape oil retention of black pine wood specimens ranged between 122 and 193 kg/m 3. Total swelling of specimens was not affected by the impregnation but the rate of swelling was decreased. The impregnated specimens had an adsorption of 21%, while the untreated 75%. The oil heat-treatment process was found to affect the tensile strength of lap joints. The impregnated specimens showed a lower tensile strength of about 10% than the untreated. The treatment did not affect the static bending strength of black pine wood as determined by the MOR values. However, wood elasticity was affected as the impregnated specimens showed higher MOE values than the untreated. Literature Dubey, M.K., Improvements in stability, durability and mechanical properties of radiata pine wood after heat-treatment in a vegetable oil. Doctoral thesis in Forestry at the University of Canterbury, p. 191 Kaps, T., Reiska, R., Kallavus, U., Luga, Ü.,Kers, J., 2012a. Development of emulsion and impregnation technology for wood bioprotection. In: Proceedings (Ed. T.Otto) of the 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING April 2012, Tallinn, Estonia. pp Kaps, T., Reiska, R., Kallavus, U., Luga, Ü.,Koolme, M., Kers, J., 2012b. Effective protection of pinewood against fungal attack. Agronomy Research Biosystem Engineering Special Issue 1: Tjeerdsma, B.F., Swager, P., Horstman, B.J., Holleboom, B.W., Homan, W.J., Process development of treatment of wood with modified hot oil. In: Proceedings (Eds H. Militz, CAS Hill) of the Second European Conference on Wood Modification, 6-7 October 2005, Göttingen, Germany. pp

9 2 η Γημοζίεςζη

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