for #language_learning #conflict_resolution #peace_building #reconciliation

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1 for #language_learning #conflict_resolution #peace_building #reconciliation

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3 SharedWor!ds Shared words between Greek and Turkish Volume 1 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Nicosia 2013

4 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Youth Power, the United Nations or its Member States, UNDP or USAID. ISBN Copyright UNDP (2013) All rights reserved Produced in Cyprus ii

5 Table of Contents Disclaimer... ii Table of Contents... iii Önsöz... iv Πρόλογος... v Preface... vii Introduction Εισαγωγή Giriş Infographics Target languages Language terminology Usage of the Indexes Symbols used... 4 Appendix A - Some of the phonetic symbols used Vowels Consonants Other symbols Greek Index Turkish Index Nuri Sılay & Spyros Armosti (2013) SharedWor!ds. Nicosia: Youth Power.

6 iv Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Önsöz SharedWords projesi ve bu projenin sonucunda üretilen ve SharedWor!ds olarak isimlendirilen bu kitap ve on-line dil öğrenme oyunu; Türk ve Yunan kültürünün ortak karakteristik özellikleri ve ortak manevi değerleri sonucunda oluşan, Türkçe ve Yunancadaki ortak kelimeleri kullanarak, Kıbrıs daki iki toplumun birbiriyle daha etkili iletişim kurmasını, birbirini daha iyi anlamasını ve bunun sonucunda da kalıcı barışa ulaşabilmelerini amaçlamaktadır. SharedWords projesi özelde Kıbrıs da, genelde ise tüm dünyada konuşulan dillerin, sahip oldukları ortak kelimelerden yola çıkarak, bu dilleri konuşan toplumlar arasındaki mevcut anlaşmazlıkların, çıkar çatışmalarının ve problemlerin çözülmesine yönelik atılacak olan adımlarda, daha etkin sonuç alınması için, ortak kelimelerin kullanılması gerektiği farkındalığını, topluma yayma amacıyla hazırlanmıştır ve uygulanmaktadır. Birbirinden farklı dilleri konuşan toplumların, ortak karakteristik özelliklerinin sonucunda oluşan, ortak manevi ve ortak kültürel değerlerin vücut bulmasıdır ortak kelimeler. Bu kelimelerin günlük hayatta toplumlararası ilişkilerde kullanılması, ilişkileri güçlendireceği gibi birbirine karşı olan bakış açısını da olumlu yönde değiştirecektir.

7 SharedWor!ds Πρόλογος Αυτό το βιβλίο είναι το αποτέλεσμα έρευνας πάνω στις κοινές λέξεις ανάμεσα στα ελληνικά και τουρκικά, η οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε από το πρόγραμμα SharedWords. Στόχος αυτού του προγράμματος είναι να παράσχει εργαλεία που να χρησιμεύουν (αʹ) ως εκπαιδευτικά εργαλεία για εκμάθηση των δύο αυτών γλωσσών ως ξένων και (βʹ) ως εργαλεία για προώθηση της ειρήνης, της επαναπροσέγγισης και του διαλόγου. Ως ένα εκπαιδευτικό εργαλείο για την εκμάθηση ξένων γλωσσών έχει τη δυνατότητα να βοηθήσει σημαντικά τους μαθητές της ελληνικής και τουρκικής γλώσσας να επεκτείνουν το λεξιλόγιό τους στη γλώσσα που μαθαίνουν μέσω του λεξιλογίου της δικής τους γλώσσας. Η εκπληκτική διαπίστωση ότι οι μαθητές κατέχουν ήδη ένα σημαντικό μέρος του λεξιλογίου της γλώσσας που μαθαίνουν, μπορεί να βελτιώσει τις επικοινωνιακές τους ικανότητες σε αυτήν τη γλώσσα, να αυξήσει την εξοικείωση με τη γλώσσα και τους ομιλητές της, και να τονώσει την αυτοπεποίθησή τους κατά τη διαδικασία εκμάθησης της γλώσσας. Επιπλέον, η χρήση εικόνων για την παρουσίαση πληροφοριών (infographics) σε αυτό το βιβλίο, μπορεί να κάνει την εκμάθηση του λεξιλογίου αυτού μια ευχάριστη και ενδιαφέρουσα εμπειρία, ενώ το καινούργιο v

8 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή λεξιλόγιο να αποθηκεύεται στη μνήμη σχεδόν χωρίς κόπο. Με το να προβάλλει τις κοινές λέξεις ως το κοινό έδαφος ανάμεσα σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες, το πρόγραμμα αυτό στοχεύει όχι μόνο να βοηθήσει την εκμάθηση γλωσσών, αλλά και να συμβάλει στην προώθηση της επαναπροσέγγισης και της ειρήνης. Συνήθως, σε περιπτώσεις σύγκρουσης ανάμεσα σε δύο λαούς, οι εμπλεκόμενοι λαοί τείνουν να επικεντρώνονται στις διαφορές τους και να αγνοούν τις ομοιότητές τους. Το κοινό λεξιλόγιο ανάμεσα στις γλώσσες των δύο λαών είναι ένα τέτοιο κοινό πολιτιστικό στοιχείο, η έκταση του οποίου δεν είναι πολύ γνωστή στον κόσμο. Η έρευνα πάνω στις κοινές λέξεις μπορεί να ωθήσει τους λαούς να επικεντρωθούν στις ομοιότητές τους που τους φέρνουν κοντά, παρά στις διαφορές τους που τους κρατούν μακριά. Για να επιτύχει τους στόχους του, το πρόγραμμα SharedWords έχει δημιουργήσει δύο εργαλεία: (αʹ) το διαδικτυακό παιχνίδι SharedWor!ds (χρηματοδοτημένο από το Peace It Together Network, Cyprus) και (βʹ) αυτό το βιβλίο (χρηματοδοτημένο από το Youth Power Cyprus). Το όνομα SharedWor!ds είναι ένας συμφυρμός των φράσεων shared words και shared worlds, αφού η φιλοσοφία αυτού του προγράμματος είναι ότι οι κοινές μας λέξεις μπορούν να ανοίξουν τα μάτια στους κοινούς μας κόσμους. vi

9 SharedWor!ds Preface This book is the result of the research on common words between Greek and Turkish conducted by the SharedWords project. The goals of the project are twofold: firstly, to be used as an educational tool for language learners; secondly, and more importantly, to function as a peace-building, reconciliation, and conflict resolution tool. As an educational language learning tool, it has the potential to greatly help language learners expand their vocabulary in their target language by means of the vocabulary of their own language. The surprising realisation that language learners already possess access to an important part of the target language s vocabulary will facilitate their communicative skills in that language, increase the sense of familiarity with the language and its speakers, and boost their confidence as language learners. Furthermore, the use of infographics in this book will make this vocabulary learning goal a fun experience, while the new vocabulary will be almost effortlessly stored in the learners memory. By promoting shared words as common ground between different languages, this project aims not only at assisting language learning, but also at promoting peace and rapprochement between the speakers of the languages. Often, in cases of conflict vii

10 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή between two peoples, they tend to focus on their differences and ignore their similarities. Shared vocabulary is a common cultural element, the extent of which is often not fully realised. This research can encourage people to focus on their similarities that bring them together, rather than on differences that bring them apart. To achieve its goals, SharedWords project has produced two educational and peace-building tools: (i) the SharedWor!ds online game (funded by the Peace It Together Network, Cyprus); and (ii) this book, entitled SharedWor!ds (funded by Youth Power Cyprus). The name SharedWor!ds is a portmanteau of the phrases shared words and shared worlds, as it is the project s philosophy that shared words have the potential to reveal the worlds that we share. Realising how much there is in common between the two people can be very surprising hence the use of the exclamation mark in the place of the letter l in the title. In a nutshell, the SharedWords project aims to open peoples eyes to the words they share and their minds to the worlds they share. viii

11 Introduction Εισαγωγή Giriş In the following sections, some essential information will be provided on the infographics presented, the conventions used in terminology and symbol usage, and finally on practical issues, such as index usage. 1. Infographics For each pair of common words between Greek and Turkish, their etymological relation is presented though the use of infographics. Infographics are pictures that contain information. Apart from the etymological path of the words, their written representation is also presented for each step of the way, along with their phonetic transcription (and their meaning if necessary). Finally, below each picture, a note for speakers of Turkish is included: as they are not familiar with either the Greek alphabet or the International Phonetic Alphabet, this note provides an approximate pronunciation of Greek words transcribed into the Turkish alphabet. Due to space limitations, the names of the languages featuring in the infographics, the meaning of the words, as well as the abovementioned notes, appear only in English. Nuri Sılay & Spyros Armosti (2013) SharedWor!ds. Nicosia: Youth Power.

12 2. Target languages Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή When learning Modern Greek or Turkish, the aim is to learn the official varieties of those languages, namely Standard Modern Greek and Standard Turkish respectively. Hence, the focus of this book is on the official languages, and not so much on non-standard varieties (i.e. dialects) of those languages. However, when special variants of words exist in Cypriot Greek or Cypriot Turkish, these are mentioned in the infographics. It should be noted that by illustrating the etymology of certain pairs of words in the infographics, no claim is made whatsoever as to whether there exist synonyms of the illustrated words in Greek or Turkish. For instance, in the case of the mahalle ~ «μαχαλάς» pair (p. 40), it is not claimed that neighbourhood is par excellence «μαχαλάς» in Greek; in reality the word «γειτονιά» is the standard word for neighbourhood, but, as it is not related to the illustrated words, it is not included. The infographics are merely the result of the observation that in each case there exist a pair of related words between the two languages: thus, the etymology, pronunciation, and meaning of just those two words (and of their Cypriot variants) is illustrated. 2

13 SharedWor!ds 2.1. Language terminology As mentioned above, the names of the languages appearing in the infographics are in English. The two languages are referred to as Turkish and Modern Greek. The official varieties of these two languages are called Standard Turkish and Standard Modern Greek respectively. Cypriot Greek is the non-official variety (i.e. dialect) of Modern Greek used in Cyprus. Similarly, Cypriot Turkish stands for the non-official variety of Turkish used in Cyprus. When a word is different between the official variety and the Cypriot variety of Modern Greek language, the terms Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek are used respectively. Whenever a word is the same between the two varieties, the generic term Modern Greek is used. 1 Similarly, if a word is the same between Standard Turkish and Cypriot Turkish, the generic term Turkish is used in order to refer to both varieties. It should be noted that these terms (e.g. Standard Modern Greek vs Cypriot Greek ) are not used in order to refer to different official 1 Even though, in actuality a language (e.g. Modern Greek), consists of its official varieties (Standard Modern Greek) and of all its non-official varieties (e.g. Cypriot Greek, Cretan Greek, Pontic Greek etc.). 3

14 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή languages, but to different varieties within the same language (in this case Modern Greek ). 3. Usage of the Indexes If the reader wishes to find a certain Greek or Turkish word in the book, they can look it up in the Greek (p.75) and Turkish Index (p. 76) respectively. These indexes provide all illustrated words in alphabetical order together with the number of the page in which they appear. 4. Symbols used In the infographics, several symbols are used with certain meaning: Arrows show the direction of derivation between two phases in the etymology of words: e.g. kazma κασμάς means that the Greek word «κασμάς» comes from Turkish kazma. Angle brackets are used to indicate the spelling in a given language: e.g. the word for tea is spelled as 茶 in Chinese, چای in Persian, чай in Russian, çay in Turkish, and τσάι in Standard Modern Greek. 4

15 SharedWor!ds [ ] Square brackets are used to indicate the pronunciation of a word, by the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet: e.g. the word for tea is pronounced as [ ] in Chinese, [ ːj] in Persian, [ ] in Russian, [ ɑj] in Turkish, and [ ] in Standard Modern Greek. Some notes on the phonetic alphabet can be found in Appendix A (p. 69). { } Curly brackets are used for the pronunciation note for the speakers of Turkish below each picture (see 1 above). * The asterisk indicates that the reported word has never been attested in any written source, but is rather a reconstructed form based on historical-comparative linguistics: e.g. the English word rose originates from the Proto-Indo-European word * wrdho. Finally, the names of the linguistic varieties that appear in the infographics are presented in bold typeface: e.g. Turkish, Standard Modern Greek, Cypriot Turkish, Persian, etc. The meanings of the words are presented in bold and italic typeface: e.g. tea, rose, acacia etc. 5

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17 Akasya Ακακία {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «ακακία» appro imately as agagıa.} Nuri Sılay & Spyros Armosti (2013) SharedWor!ds. Nicosia: Youth Power.

18 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Alfabe Αλφάβητο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «αλφάβητο» appro imately as alfávido.} 8

19 SharedWor!ds Amnezi Αμνησία {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «αμνησία» appro imately as amnisıa.} 9

20 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Ansiklopedi Εγκυκλοπαίδεια {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «εγκυκλοπαίδεια» appro imately as engiglopédia.} 10

21 SharedWor!ds Ayaz Αγιάζι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «αγιάζι» appro imately as ayázi, and Cypriot Greek «αγιάζιν» as ayázzin.} 11

22 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Ayran Αριάνι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «αριάνι» appro imately as aryáni, and Cypriot Greek «αϊράνιν» as airánin.} 12

23 SharedWor!ds Baklava Μπακλαβάς {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «μπακλαβάς» appro imately as baklavás, and Cypriot Greek «ππακλαβάς» as paklavás.} 13

24 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Barbunya Μπαρμπούνι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «μπαρμπούνι» appro imately as barbúni, and Cypriot Greek «παρπούνιν» as barbúnin.} 14

25 SharedWor!ds Çanta Τσάντα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «τσάντα» appro imately as tsánda, Cypriot Greek «τσέντα» as tsénda, and Limassol Cypriot Greek «τσ άντα» as çánda.} 15

26 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Çay Τσάι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «τσάι» appro imately as tsái, and Cypriot Greek «τσ άιν» as çáin.} 16

27 SharedWor!ds Çember Τσεμπέρι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «τσεμπέρι» appro imately as tsembéri, and Cypriot Greek «τσ εμπέριν» as çembérin.} 17

28 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Davacı Νταβατζής {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «νταβατζής» appro imately as davadzıs. } 18

29 SharedWor!ds Domates Ντομάτα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «ντομάτα» / «τομάτα» appro imately as domáda, while Cypriot Greek «τομάτα» and «ντομάτα» as domáda and ndomáda respectively.} 19

30 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Empati Εμπάθεια {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «εμπάθεια» appro imately as embátia. } 20

31 SharedWor!ds Fanila Φανέλα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «φανέλα» appro imately as fanéla, while Cypriot Greek «φανέλλα» as fanélla.} 21

32 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Flamingo Φλαμίνγκο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «φλαμίνγκο» / «φλαμίγκο» appro imately as flamıngo.} 22

33 SharedWor!ds Formül Φόρμουλα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «φόρμουλα» appro imately as fórmula.} 23

34 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Fotosentez Φωτοσύνθεση {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «φωτοσύνθεση» appro imately as fodosıntesi.} 24

35 SharedWor!ds Harita Χάρτης {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «χάρτης» appro imately as hárdis.} 25

36 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Helikopter Ελικόπτερο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «ελικόπτερο» appro imately as eligóbdero.} 26

37 SharedWor!ds İklim Κλίμα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «κλίμα» appro imately as glıma.} 27

38 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή İnat Γινάτι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «γινάτι» appro imately as yinádi.} 28

39 SharedWor!ds Ispanak Σπανάκι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «σπανάκι» appro imately as sbanági, while Cypriot Greek «σπανα σ ιν» as sbanáşin, and Cypriot Standard Modern Greek «σπανάχι» as sbanáhin.} 29

40 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Kafe Καφέ {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «καφέ» appro imately as gafé, while Cypriot Greek «κκαφέ» as kafé.} 30

41 SharedWor!ds Kahve Καφές {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «καφές» appro imately as gafés, while Cypriot Greek «καβές» and «καφές» as gavés and gafés respectively.} 31

42 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Kalıp Καλούπι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «καλούπι» appro imately as galúbi.} 32

43 SharedWor!ds Karagöz Καραγκιόζης {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «καραγκιόζης» appro imately as garagyózis, while Cypriot Greek «καρακιόζης» as garagyózzis.} 33

44 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Kart Κάρτα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «κάρτα» appro imately as gárda.} 34

45 SharedWor!ds Kazma Κασμάς {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «κασμάς» appro imately as gazmás, while Cypriot Greek «κούσπος» as gúsbos.} 35

46 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Keyif Κέφι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «κέφι» appro imately as géfi, while Cypriot Greek «κκέφιν» as kéfin.} 36

47 SharedWor!ds Köfte Κεφτές {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «κεφτές» appro imately as gefdés, while Cypriot Greek «κκιοφτές» and «κκεφτές» as kyofdés and kefdés respectively.} 37

48 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Lamba Λάμπα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «λάμπα» appro imately as lámba.} 38

49 SharedWor!ds Liman Λιμάνι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «λιμάνι» appro imately as limáni.} 39

50 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Mahalle Μαχαλάς {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «μαχαλάς» appro imately as mahalás, while Cypriot Greek «μαχαλλάς» as mahallás.} 40

51 SharedWor!ds Melankoli Μελαγχολία {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «μελαγχολία» appro imately as melanholıa.} 41

52 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Mısırlı Μισιρλού {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «Μισιρλής» and «Μισιρλού» appro imately as misirlıs and misirlú respectively.} 42

53 SharedWor!ds Muhallebi Μουχαλεμπί {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «μουχαλεμπί» appro imately as muhalebı, while Cypriot Greek «μαχαλλεπίν» as mahallebın.} 43

54 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Müzikal Μιούζικαλ {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «μιούζικαλ» appro imately as mnyúzigal, while Cypriot Greek «μιούζικκαλ» and «μιούζικαλ» as mnyúzzikkal and mnyúzzigal respectively.} 44

55 SharedWor!ds Nostalji Νοσταλγία {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «νοσταλγία» appro imately as nostalyıa.} 45

56 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Okka Οκά {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «οκά» appro imately as ogá, while Cypriot Greek «οκκά» as okká.} 46

57 SharedWor!ds Okyanus Ωκεανός {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «ωκεανός» appro imately as ogeanós.} 47

58 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Ötanazi Ευθανασία {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «ευθανασία» appro imately as eftanasıa.} 48

59 SharedWor!ds Panayır Πανηγύρι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «πανηγύρι» appro imately as baniyıri, while Cypriot Greek «παναΰριν» as banaırin respectively.} 49

60 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Parazit Παράσιτο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «παράσιτο» appro imately as barásido.} 50

61 SharedWor!ds Patates Πατάτα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «πατάτα» and «πατάτες» appro imately as badáda and badádes respectively.} 51

62 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Pelikan Πελεκάνος {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «πελεκάνος» appro imately as belegános, while Cypriot Greek «πελεκάνος» and «πελλεκάνος» as belegános and bellegános respectively.} 52

63 SharedWor!ds Penaltı Πέναλτι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «πέναλτι» appro imately as bénaldi, while Cypriot Greek «ππέναρτιν» as pénardin.} 53

64 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Pilot Πιλότος {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «πιλότος» appro imately as bilódos, while Cypriot Greek «πιλόττος» as bilóttos.} 54

65 SharedWor!ds Rahat Ραχάτι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «ραχάτι» appro imately as rahádi, while Cypriot Greek «ραχάττιν» as raháttin respectively.} 55

66 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Rum Ρωμιός {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «Ρωμιός» appro imately as romnyós.} 56

67 SharedWor!ds Sigara Τσιγάρο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «τσιγάρο» appro imately as tsiğáro, while Cypriot Greek «τσιάρον» and «τσιάρος» as tsiáron and tsiáros respectively.} 57

68 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Silindir Κύλινδρος {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «κύλινδρος» appro imately as gılindros.} 58

69 SharedWor!ds Şov Σόου {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «σόου» appro imately as sóu, while Cypriot Greek «σ όου» as şóu.} 59

70 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Taksici Ταξιτζής {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «ταξιτζής» appro imately as daksidzıs, while Cypriot Greek «ταξιτζ ής» as daksicı s.} 60

71 SharedWor!ds Tavla Τάβλι {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «τάβλι» appro imately as dávli and Cypriot Greek «ττάβλιν» as távlin.} 61

72 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Telefon Τηλέφωνο {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «τηλέφωνο» appro imately as diléfono.} 62

73 SharedWor!ds Telepati Τηλεπάθεια {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «τηλεπάθεια» appro imately as dilebátia.} 63

74 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Türk Τούρκος {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «Τούρκος» appro imately as dúrgos.} 64

75 SharedWor!ds Valiz Βαλίτσα {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «βαλίτσα» appro imately as valıtsa.} 65

76 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Vazgeçmek Βαριεστίζω {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Standard Modern Greek «βαριεστίζω» and «βαριεστώ» appro imately as varyesdızo and varyesdó respectively.} 66

77 SharedWor!ds Yahni Γιαχνί {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «γιαχνί» as yahnı.} 67

78 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Yasemin Γιασεμί {Speakers of Turkish can pronounce Modern Greek «γιασεμί» appro imately as yasemı.} 68

79 SharedWor!ds Appendix A - Some of the phonetic symbols used It is quite difficult to know how to pronounce a word written in a given language, if the writing system of that language in not known. For instance, someone who knows only the writing system of English may have no idea how to pronounce the, چای word for tea in Chinese 茶, Persian Russian чай, Turkish çay, or Standard Modern Greek τσάι. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) solves this problem by providing symbols that correspond to sounds in a way that each symbol represents only one sound and each sound is represented by only one symbol. The use of the IPA can shed light on the pronunciation of words even within the same language. For instance, in Turkish the words for snow and profit are nowadays written the same: kar ; however, the former is pronounced as [k ɑ ], while the latter as [c ] (which used to be written as kâr in the past). In Greek, the word λόγια can be pronounced as either [ ] (meaning words ) or [ ] (meaning learned - FEMININE). Similarly, in English the verb read may be read as [ɹ ːd] (present tense) or [ɹed] (past tense). 69

80 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή For these reasons, the use of the IPA is extremely useful especially in this book, wherein many languages (each one with its own writing system) are illustrated. However, the reader may need to become familiar with the symbols of IPA in order to be able to read it. Therefore, the most usual IPA symbols that come up in this book will be presented in this appendix. In each case, the characteristics of the sound will be given, along with examples in a couple of languages. For the examples used, the following abbreviations will be employed: ST = Standard Turkish; CyTr = Cypriot Turkish; SMG = Standard Modern Greek; CyGr = Cypriot Greek; DE = German; EN = English (Received Pronunciation); FR = French (France). Vowels [ɑ] Open back unrounded vowel: EN car = [k ɑː(ɹ)]; ST kar snow = [k ɑ ]. [ ] Near-open central vowel: SMG Μαρία Mary = [m ]; DE oder or = [ ːd ]. [a] Open front unrounded vowel: ST kâr profit = [c ]. [æ] Near-open front unrounded vowel: ST ben I = [bæn]; EN cat = [k æ ]. [ɛ] Open-mid front unrounded vowel: ST ile with = [ ʎɛ]; FR fait does = [fɛ]. [œ] Open front rounded vowel: ST banliyö suberb = [b nʎ œ]; FR jeune young = [ʒœn]. 70

81 SharedWor!ds [e] (Close-)mid front unrounded vowel: SMG Έλενα Helen = [ e en ]; ST el hand = [eʎ]; FR fée fairy = [fe]. [ø] (Close-)mid front rounded vowel: CyTr dönmek return = [d n mec ]; FR jeûne fast! = [ʒ ːn]. [ɪ] Near-close near-front unrounded vowel: ST eski old = [e c ɪ]; EN bit = [bɪ ]. [ʏ] Near-close near-front rounded vowel: ST kötü bad = [c ʏ]; DE schützen protect = [ ʏ n ]. [i] Close front unrounded vowel: ST/CyTr iş job = [ ] SMG τύχη luck = [ ç ]; EN beat = [b ː ]. [y] Close front rounded vowel: CyTr kötü bad = [c ]; ST/CyTr gül rose = [ɟ ʎ]; FR tu you = [ty]; DE über above = [ ÿːb ]. [u] Close back rounded vowel: ST/CyTr uçak aeroplane = [ ɑk ]; SMG/CyGr ακούω I hear = [ k ]; EN fool = [f ːɫ]. [ɯ] Close back unrounded vowel: ST/CyTr ırgat worker = [ɯ ɡɑ ]. [ʊ] Near-close near-back vowel: ST bu this = [bʊ]; EN full = [fʊɫ]. [o] (Close-)mid back rounded vowel: DE oder or = [ ːd ]; ST oda room = [ dɑ]; SMG/CyGr πονώ I am in pain = [ n ]; FR rauque hoarse = [ʀ ːk]. [ɔ] Open-mid back rounded vowel: ST banyo bathroom = [ bɑn ɔ]; FR roc rock = [ʀɔk]. Consonants [m] Bilabial nasal: SMG μόνος alone = [ m n ]; ST ama but = [ɑ mɑ]. 71

82 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή [n] Alveolar nasal: SMG μόνος alone = [ m n ]; ST ne what = [nɛ]. [ɲ] (Alveolo-)palatal nasal: SMG μπάνιο bathroom = [ b ɲ ] (but ST banyo bathroom = [ bɑn ɔ]). [ŋ] Velar nasal: SMG άγχος anxiety = [ ŋ ]; ST banka bank = [ bɑŋk ɑ]; EN doing = [ d ːɪŋ]. [p] Voiceless bilabial stop: SMG πόνος pain = [ n ]; ST iplik thread = [ ʎ c ]. [b] Voiced bilabial stop: SMG μπαίνω I enter = [ ben ]; ST bu this = [bʊ]. [t] Voiceless alveolar stop: SMG τόνος tone = [ n ]; ST etnik ethnic = [e n c ]. [d] Voiced alveolar stop: SMG ντους shower = [d ]; ST dil language = [d ʎ]. [k] Voiceless velar stop: SMG κώνος cone = [ k n ]; ST bakla broad beans = [bɑk ɫɑ]. [ɡ] Voiced velar stop: SMG γκάζι gas = [ ɡ ]; ST gaz gas = [ɡɑ ]. [c] Voiceless palatal stop: SMG και and = [ce]; ST eksi minus = [ec ɪ]. [ɟ] Voiced palatal stop: SMG γκέτο ghetto = [ ɟe ]; ST gün day = [ɟ n]. [ ] Voiceless alveolar affricate: SMG τσάντα bag = [ nd ]; DE zehn ten = [ eːn]. [d ] Voiced alveolar affricate: SMG τζαζ jazz = [ d ]. [ ] Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate: CyGr τζ αι and = [ e ]; ST içmek to drink = [ mec ]. [dʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar affricate: CyGr ντζ ίζω I touch = [ ndʒ ː ]; ST caz jazz = [dʒɑ ]. [s] Voiceless alveolar sibilant: SMG σώζω I save = [ ]; ST su water = [ ʊ]. 72

83 SharedWor!ds [z] Voiced alveolar sibilant: SMG ζόρι force = [ ]; ST zor difficult = [ ]. [ ] Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant: CyGr σ όου show = [ ]; ST şu that = [ ʊ]. [ʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant: CyGr μαχαζ ιά shops = [m ʒː ]; ST garaj garage = [ɡɑ ɑʒ]. [f] Voiceless labiodental fricative: SMG φόνος murder = [ f n ]; ST lif fibre = [ʎ f]. [v] Voiced labiodental fricative: SMG βάζο vase = [ ]; ST cetvel ruler = [dʒe æʎ]. [ʋ] Labiodental approximant: ST valiz luggage = [ʋ ʎ ]. [θ] Voiceless interdental fricative: SMG θεός god = [θe ]; EN thin = [θɪn]. [ð] Voiced interdental fricative: SMG δώρο gift = [ ]; EN they = [ eɪ ]. [x] Voiceless velar fricative: SMG χωνί sieve = [ n ]; DE Buch book = [b ː ]. [ç] Voiceless palatal fricative: SMG χιόνι snow = [ ç n ]; DE ich I = [ɪç]. [h] Voiceless glottal fricative: ST hava weather = [hɑ ʋɑ]; EN horse = [hɔːs]. [ɣ] Voiced velar fricative: SMG γάτα cat = [ ɣ ]. [ ] Voiced palatal fricative: SMG αγιάζι dry cold = [ ]. [j] Palatal approximant: ST ayaz dry cold = [ɑ ɑ ]; EN yes = [jes]; FR yeux eyes = [jø]. [ ] Alveolar tap: ST renk colour = [ eɲc ]; SMG ρωτώ I ask = [ ]. [r] Alveolar trill: ST hürriyet freedom = [h rː e ]; CyGr καρρόττον carrot = [k rː ː n]. 73

84 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή [l] Alveolar lateral approximant: SMG λόγος reason = [ ɣ ]; EN light = [ ɪ ]. [ɫ] Velarized alveolar lateral approximant: ST olmak to be = [ ɫ mɑk ]; EN bell = [beɫ]; Thessaloniki Greek αλλά but = [ ɫ ]. [ʎ] Palatal lateral approximant: ST ile with = [ ʎɛ]; SMG ελιά olive = [e ʎ ]. Other symbols [ ] Stress mark: it shows the main tress in a word. It is placed before the stressed syllable: e.g. ST mısır maize = [mɯ ɯ ] vs ST Mısır Egypt = [ mɯ ɯ ]; SMG νόμος law = [ n m ] vs SMG νομός county = [n m ]. [ ] Tie bar: it shows that two sounds are pronounced as one. For example SMG κουτσή lame-fem = [k ] (consisting of 4 sounds and syllabified as [k ]) vs ST kutsi sacred = [k ɪ] (consisting of 5 sounds and syllabified as [k ɪ]). [ː] Long mark: it shows that the preceding sound is long. For example ST hukuken legally = [h k ːc æn] vs ST hukuk law = [h k k ]; ST elli fifty = [e ʎːɪ] vs ST eli his hand = [e ʎɪ]; CyGr πήσσω I coagulate = [ ː ] vs CyGr πίσω back = [ ]. [ ] Aspiration mark: it shows that the preceding sound is aspirated. For example ST iki two = [ c ɪ] vs ST eksi minus = [ec ɪ]; CyGr πίττα pita = [ ː ] vs CyGr πίτα spray! = [ ]; EN pot = [ ] vs EN spot = [ ]. 74

85 SharedWor!ds Greek Index αγιάζι ακακία... 7 αλφάβητο... 8 αμνησία... 9 αριάνι βαλίτσα βαριεστίζω γιασεμί γιαχνί γινάτι εγκυκλοπαίδεια ελικόπτερο εμπάθεια ευθανασία καλούπι καραγκιόζης κάρτα κασμάς καφέ καφές κέφι κεφτές κλίμα κύλινδρος λάμπα λιμάνι μαχαλάς μελαγχολία μιούζικαλ Μισιρλού μουχαλεμπί μπακλαβάς...13 μπαρμπούνι...14 νοσταλγία...45 νταβατζής...18 ντομάτα...19 οκά...46 πανηγύρι...49 παράσιτο...50 πατάτα...51 πελεκάνος...52 πέναλτι...53 πιλότος...54 ραχάτι...55 Ρωμιός...56 σόου...59 σπανάκι...29 τάβλι...61 ταξιτζής...60 τηλεπάθεια...63 τηλέφωνο...62 Τούρκος...64 τσάι...16 τσάντα...15 τσεμπέρι...17 τσιγάρο...57 φανέλα...21 φλαμίνγκο...22 φόρμουλα...23 φωτοσύνθεση...24 χάρτης...25 ωκεανός

86 Nuri Sılay & Σπύρος Αρμοστή Turkish Index akasya... 7 alfabe... 8 amnezi... 9 ansiklopedi ayaz ayran baklava barbunya çanta çay çember davacı domates empati fanila flamingo formül fotosentez harita helikopter ıspanak iklim inat kafe kahve kalıp karagöz kart kazma keyif köfte lamba liman mahalle melankoli Mısırlı muhallebi müzikal nostalji okka okyanus ötanazi panayır parazit patates pelikan penaltı pilot rahat Rum sigara silindir şov taksici tavla telefon telepati Türk valiz vazgeçmek yahni yasemin

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88 ISBN Copyright UNDP (2013) All rights reserved Produced in Cyprus