A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the impact of the Auto ID technology on supply chains

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1 A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the impact of the Auto ID technology on supply chains Evren Sahin To cite this version: Evren Sahin. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the impact of the Auto ID technology on supply chains. Sciences de l ingénieur [physics]. Ecole Centrale Paris, Français. <tel > HAL Id: tel Submitted on 31 Oct 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

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12 D : 2 σ A 5+B, D D : 3 σ5 5+, : 4, : σ5 5+,$ D D : A B A B σ5 5,$ : 7 σ5 5 µ A+GB,, :,2 D D : $A B A B σ5 5 µ,3 D D : %A B A B σ5 5,4 :, 7 µ 5 5A+GB 2 : 2 7 µ 5 5A+EB 2 : 3 2 D D : 4A B A B µ 5 5 2$ : 7 σ5 5 µ 2% : 7 µ 5 5 σ 2, D D : D D : A B A B : : " $ : "5 6 σ5 5 3$ : $"5 6 µ ε5 5 3% : %" % :,"5 6 σ5 5 3, : 2"5 6 µ ε : 3"5 6 σ : 4"5 6 σ : "5 6 σ : "

13 D D : A B4 A B σ D D : A B4 A B µ ε5 5 4 D D : $A B4 A B5 A+F2B 4 D D : %A B4 A B5 A+F%B 4 :,"5 6 σ 4 : 2"5 6 σ5 5 4 : 3"5 6 µ : 4"5 6 4 D D : A B4 A B σ5 5 4% : 6 σ5 5 µ 4% : σ5 5 µ 4, ) % $4 0 ' 3 " % = 7 5 $ = 5 $ "6 5 3

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21 6, + :

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32 -0& ' ; M,3=? 6M,3 ' 8 B, )$+, 4+& 8 & & -,3-0& )$+ < $ -0& -,3 / & & /&& - 0 & -0& 3 Collection of tracking and tracing data Collection of tracking and tracing data Data Processing Data Storage '$ /'$",%,,12&-%..2 $, +, +&? D 4 )$ & -0& ' 'B )$+ -0& ;

33 /,%.&7,-$ ",- G ) 8 4 8, E $ 0 N I >@4 0 ",, 4+ %, 4+ ' , + = 7 -+%$,+%%"+1"+8 & " 6 -. ' ' A A $ <

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35 +%++% -0& ' : $ 8 $ ''' /7 - L &, 4+, 4+ 5&, +, +? B I,>& OPQ, ' , + 1 I ', )$+, 4+ & / & & /&& -0& -0& $+, -0&. ' 5 "",%, + $ :

36 7 )$+ )$+ $.4 %<R 5) 0 : $, 4+ ',, + 4-0& 5, +.

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40 0.,.4 4 $.. "- / 5<5. K K K K "@5% : 5; 5<5. D D. 4 4, + 5<5= 4, + 5< / ;&$"%"-7 &$,- 6 9

41 '' /"%"$%,$"$% = 0 D D = ' '.. ' = ' A 'A ' A.A 0 = +=- /"-+"$+.-%",%"% +, 0 7 '= +=. A += A A + = A + = A /"- "$ %$,- " + +,-. %$"% /. :

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44 7T/ 4 C =>&.. 3 > &.?&B // %$ ",-,, + )$+ - 0 &, +, + = ) 0., + '. ' '= ' 4 >& 7T/ / 0 &.2 /$<%.5,+"- 7T/,

45 > ' = ' 4,-0&. 9<> 8-0& -0&. -0& '..,-0& -0& -0& -0& F., = 1..' :-. &+ 8 $ I, + 8

46 /"%"%,"5.++$"$% >, +. 8 )$+, + = > &. )$+. 9, >& 9 9" )$+ "< & <<&9% Automatic identification SKU Level identification Non Non automatic automatic manual) manual) identification identification SKU SKU Level Level identification identification B A R C O D E Manual identification Item Level identification A U T O - I D Automatic Automatic identification identification Item Item Level Level identification identification '$/.12".++$",% //.+%% 6 >& 4 4, %.+"% 7T/ > &

47 7T/ D %"+.+%,$ >& 7 1 )$+ + ',."%$ ",-&$,-"%%% >, +, +, + -,-."%$ +, + = 2, + 2, + "

48 1. Automatic 2. Item level 3. Shared Properties of Auto ID 1. Automatic 2. Item level 3. Shared Impact of Auto ID Reduction of supply chain uncertainties Reduction of direct operating cost uncertainty on entities uncertainty on processes uncertainty on demand uncertainty on Benefits of Auto ID Improved customer service level Reduced cost of: - inventory - delivery disputes - returned products - perished products, Reduced cost of: - labour - stolen goods - facilities, '$/,%%"-% 6, +., + = /+$","%+$%+"$ > 1 95 %<F:<R 1 $." +" -, $. R ' 8 99 ' %

49 /"",-%",,1%+$"%,, + 4, + %< F"< 4 9:) 4. 9;, 5% ;9% ": ;; :< 4, +, + 8 /+$"%%$% 3 ) 7 7 / $ R /7 HH4, >& -,7 -,7 &+ 6 = - -,7? B -,7. $." +" - ",-= 6, ,5, +" - ",-= 7, + 5

50 ,.K ', I ;;; %<R 4 :@8, + << 5< : /&5%%" 6>&.R 8, + 7 D 8 6, + 1 I 8$ : < <R $$% >, +, + ::" -. :" $ :.. ' 9

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57 > " 8 ) 4 8 :.,5, +" -=., , + 8 $ //@..%,%%5".,5, +" -= 0 D, + D 4 ' $, ""

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61 4 4., + B,",%.,-%. >, + $ 8 // +$"$"%%$,-"",%$"$ "+"++$-+,"%.5+"5%% / 8 E, + $, + ' $, +.2 >, +. $ ":

62 Using Auto ID reduces the uncertainty on Inherent characteristics of processes, products, demand production/ distribution/ store/reverse logistics processes products components, semi finished and end products) demand Data pertaining to supply chain entities) used for decision making Nature of Benefit hard hard hard hard soft soft soft soft soft soft soft hard Benefit Description A reduction of labor cost due to the elimination of non value added control activities A reduction of the cost of delivery disputes A reduction of losses pertaining to returns A reduction of profit losses due to a faster detection of oos situations Improved reliability of production quantity and quality Improved efficiency of product recalls and enhanced consumer safety A better management of after sales service Improved efficiency in recycling products A better management of perishable items An enhanced control of counterfeited items An improved knowledge of consumer behavior An accurate data concerning supply chain entities semi finished or end products, containers, pallets, tools, spare parts, other means, employees) automatic identification hard Reduced data capture delays + + item level identification an infrastructure to share information across the SC hard An item level product data + + The benefit is enabled by soft soft A better management of the SC cost reduction-especially inventory holding cost- and improvement of service level) An increased visibility over the supply chain network Supply chain configuration soft Measurement of supply chain performance metrics + + Supply chain control structure soft soft Potential re-allocation of the roles employees perform An enhanced coordination and opportunity to redesign policies eliminate or reallocate processes) for improved effectiveness ,6&$..-%$",- ";

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68 %%

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78 8,' D <9 ' )0 ' <: <; ' U ;: K K' ) 8 < ' 4, K ' + 5%

79 ' '., ' 8 S.. E $ "8 8, + =. " 55

80 59

81 : && &&C & '7& +$" 6 "% = >& >,, ' 6 %.. 5:

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83 /.,1, =. 8 &. '. " =. 8. > =, + 8 > = >&, +K ' 4 1 9<

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90 " >& $ 7T/ ' D // "%+-%."%% =. // $++"% 8 6 > K. :R /7 << J: /7 J - W"", J, ;" 55 $ &.J"% $ /73 7 $ 9 99

91 )I. R $, $ ' ", = < %R %R < R ;; 5<<<7T/ "R 1 /5%.,1 - ' " =? B?2 ' B? 4 B 9:

92 =, 7T/, ± ± R $ ;; 9<<<< 7T/ 5%R K <R 5, 8 8 $ % 8.. ' 6 > &, ' = >& = >& // ',$%%..."","%%+%-%., >& = 4"+=$,- 9;

93 $ D4 >& 7 ' $ 5 ;:<4 F ' '. 71 "R 4 ;% R,3,, 3, 2 9R << 1 B + 4 > & $ :5 7 4%", ,3 /&& ' >& = 6. 1 ' ', ' F ' D 1 "4"+.. :<

94 >& I >& $ >&. $ - + 7T/ // ',$%%... "1 $. %$"% + +%-%. $ '. $ % 8, C 4%.+1+-% >. = 2 :

95 2 1+ >& 1+ 6 D 4D, >& +D 4%.+1"$, D, 7T/ >&.$ "4%.+12-$"+ - ' 1 $ ' ', >& ' D > :

96 /%=$"%5""$5-+ > 1 // ""%%%...5-""$"% 4""%% 6 D. =. 8 $ "+,%%%+$"% 3 0 = $ K 1 K $ 1. :

97 4 :9 "4++,5-,+"%% ++,5-,+"% +. ' $ 1 0"+%%$%,. ' 7 ' ' '' ' 7 ' // +""%%%...5-""$"% 4+"."% +, 5< 9. :"

98 ) K ' T & 8 7 & & 70& 4 :5 8 K 8 4,."% 1 % / %$",-%$,-"%, + $ &, + D D. &, + = $$$2 $ - &, + = + $ ' + :%

99 &, + 69$5 +,%5-&-%.%&$;"$%,.12 D, % : : ; = Supplier Wholesaler Distribution Center '$/ %$,-"$+%$+- Retailer Stores, 3? B = C 6 :5

100 M, ' 1 1, 1,3 M' 6 > D ' L ' 7 ' ' 3 ' = :9

101 3 2 M 8 = = = =, 3 = = = = = = + 1 ' = K K ' M -%",,16 ' 1 1 ' ::

102 6= X.,16 = > ' 1 1 ' = X ' '' = X = received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores recorded received quantity recorded shipped quantity Demand Information System inventory order Q Physical flow Information flow '$ / ".+, = :;

103 ' D ' ' ' &% = < =. Y < = ' < Y < = =. Y = ' Y = / +,D6.+,1$% < 3 Q received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores Q recorded received quantity Information System inventory recorded shipped quantity Demand order Q Physical flow Information flow '$/5-.+,%%"+1 +,D < = ;<

104 -%",=$-6 ' ' X & ' ' ' = X < = + =, 7 '' '<4 7 > 7.' '< = 2 =< / = <4, = = = 8 ' 8. /+, 6.+,1% ;

105 received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores recorded received quantity recorded shipped quantity Demand Information System inventory order Q Physical flow Information flow '$/5-.+,%%"+1+, = -%",=$-6 ' X ' & ' ' X ' = + =, 7 ' ' '<4 Z '< 4 ;

106 .' '< = 2 =< $ = <4 7 = < 4 8 ' 8. )=. % /:% +, 6 +,+ +, $ 7, = ;

107 // +, received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores recorded received quantity recorded shipped quantity Demand Information System inventory order Q Physical flow Information flow '$?/5-.+,%%"+1 +, = -%", =$-= ' ' U X & 5- += ' ' X 'U = + =, 7 '' '<4 Z '< 4 ;"

108 .' '< = 2 =< $ = <4 7 = < 4,= = = = + 8 ' '' ' 7 ' // +, received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores recorded received quantity recorded shipped quantity Demand Information System inventory order Q Physical flow Information flow '$@/5-.+,%%"+1 +, = ;%

109 -%", =$-= ' U X ' &5-+=7 X X = + =, 7 '' '<4 7 > 7.' '< = 2 =< $ = <4," 8 ' 8. ;5

110 // +, received quantity shipped quantity Supplier Available Physical Quantity Stores recorded received quantity Information System inventory recorded shipped quantity Demand order Q Physical flow Information flow '$A/5-.+,%%"+1 +, " = 4 -%", =$-6 ' X ' 4 & 5- +6, 7 ' '' X " = + =, 7 '' '<4 Z '<4 ;9

111 .' '< = 2 =< $ = <4 7 = <4 8 ' 8. /&-%%.+,% = Model 0 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Q PH Q Q Q A Q A Q A Q IS Q Q B Q A Q B Q '$E/&-%%+.+,% 8 < 3. Y < Y < <, < $ &%. 3 ;:

112 = = µ σ µ σ = %.% = = + X <% % 3. K % 8 8 ' %..+ + µ + σ + ) µ + σ + 6 µ + X<σ + [ ] % 0 µ σ % = " $%= & =.. ' =.. µ = σ = = = = )$%= ;;

113 µ = σ = & = ' = ε = )$ε %= ε µ ε = ε σ ε = ε & ε = ε ε ' ε = ε ε /"% 6. = = + ε = + ε ε µ σ µ σ 7...= = + ε ε µ σ µ ε σε 8 7.., >.. = <<

114 /%.$,,"5 = µ σ µ = [ ] = [ ] σ = σ = ,5 <9 µ µ µ X 4 5,5 %.,-+%$+6- U. =4 4 U. $ µ. σ σ µ 0X <;;:9 σ µ %$.,-+%$+6 U 7 ' ' = µ σ = σ µ 3. σ σ. << / %++5 = + ε ε µ ε σε = + ε [ ] = µ ε + σ [ ] = σε U = ε U 8-8 <

115 4 9 ;4 4 5,5 µ ε µ ε µ ε X< 4 5,5 ε %.,-+%$+6 U 7. σε µ ε ' µ ε σε U 7 U6 = + µ ε σε < σ ε µ ε U 7 0X<;;:9 ε % $.,- +%$+= = + µ ε σε < σ ε µ ε / %.0 = = + ε σ = < ε <, = µ = [ ] = µ σ [ ] ε %.,-+%$+= µ + < σε < σ ε µ ε %$.,-+%$+= σ ε µ σ = ε. µ = µ µ ε σ = σ σ ε &$"%%+,".%$.% 7 = - - <

116 /,.12+$%,""% // %%$-%",,1 Shipment from supplier Receiving Unloading Put away Storage errors errors errors errors Q ordered = Q e s Q shipped e 1 e 2 Q received e 3 Q put away Q available The deviation in Q PH is due to e s The deviation in Q PH is due to e s e 1 The deviation in QPH is due to e s e 1 e 2 The deviation in QPH is due to e s e 1 e 2 e 3 '$D/,%$-%",,1 ' ' <

117 C ' U //.",".%$. + Shipment from supplier Receiving Unloading Put away Storage errors errors errors errors Q ordered = Q e s Q PH shipped e 1 e 2 Q PH received e 3 Q PH put away Q PH available errors s s Q IS shipped errors s 1 M 1 M 2 M 3 errors s 2 " errors s 3 Q IS received Q IS put away Q IS available The deviation in Q IS is due to s 1 The deviation in Q IS is due to s 2 The deviation in Q IS is due to s 3 '$/"%.%$.% 7 8 <"

118 Shipment from supplier Receiving Unloading Put away Storage Demand errors errors errors errors e s Q shipped e 1 e 2 Q received e 3 Q put away Q PH available Q ordered = Q No Measurement '$/&5-+$++%+++ Q IS available = Q ordered -. = /&.%","%%, > =,, Supplier Wholesaler Warehouse Demand errors errors Q ordered = Q e s Q shipped e d Q available The deviation in Q PH is due to e s '$ /%$-%",,1 The deviation in Q PH is due to e s e d <%

119 // % 6 % " 5% -%",,1%.,-. %$,-%-% Supplier Wholesaler Warehouse Demand errors Q ordered = Q e s Q PH shipped Q available The deviation in Q PH is due to e s Supplier Wholesaler Warehouse Demand errors Q ordered = Q e s Q PH shipped Q available errors s 1 Q IS shipped Measurement at receiving The deviation in Q IS is due to s 1 '$/-%",+.,1%%%"+1"% 8 = U = +. X <5

120 + U = + = + = '.=.<.< = > + < ', = 4 + =.<.< U $ + = 2 X 7 + = " ' <9

121 // %6%."-%",,1, ' 10 Supplier Wholesaler Warehouse Demand errors Q ordered = Q Q PH shipped e d Q PH available errors s 1 Q IS available Measurement before commitment The deviation in Q IS is due to s 1 '$/-%",+.,1%%%"+1"% 8 = U 1 X '' U + = '.< + <:

122 1 X 7 + =.2 " '. '. =,, '. 1 // % 6%."-%",,1%..%$,+, +"% =. <;

123 Supplier Wholesaler Warehouse Demand errors errors Q ordered = Q e s Q PH shipped e d Q PH available errors Measurement before commitment s 3 The deviation in Q IS is due to s 3 '$?/-%",+.,1%%%"+1"% Q IS available 8.2 $ ' 7 ' ' ' 8 %%%%."% 6. Y < Y < <

124 Y < = - Y Y < < < Y < = ' < 6. Y < Y < < ) D 6, = &U & U & < U < Y U Y U '$@/%%%%"+1 +,1%+ +,1$% /.5."-2""$,-%1 + 8 Y Y < ' Y Y Y <

125 - Y Y < = Y Y < < < 8 /.5."-2"% = )4 8 / / / $ = -,7 1 ', + C 7 >& 8 ' ' 7 Y Y < < - Y Y < < Y Y < < < - = =

126 $",-%,5.".5., + =.".,1= + ' = " < ' 7.."-%",,1=, +, + ' <, + = Model 3 Model 1 " " " " Model 2 Model 0 " Model 4 '$A/."%$",-

127 ? 9$-%5%%%"+1$%$, < $ >& ' = +, + &, < ' [ + A\, 7 < = & < ' [ A\$; & < ' [ A\$; Model 3 Model 1 Impact on physical flow Impact of Auto ID on physical and information flow Impact on physical flow Model 2 Model 0 '$E/".%,. Impact on information flow "

128 . =. < =. +. <. < +. <.... < < < =.. <. <.<. < +. < ",$% 2 6 >&.' , + %

129 " $%&$' " $ % ) ) = = " $ & % +, ) = & % ", -,.." / / '0

130 '%))"+ ) 2, 2,,, 3,, ', )"- ',', ).-% $, ' 4 ',/, )" 0 $ 5 2 0,.6 ) 2 0, "&$ & 7, :, :, , ;, 1

131 )-0 1 " " $ % -)',))" 0 $ ',2, + ), =,,, ',3, )). ',3,',+), = 8 µ = 4 ).- 3 $ $' 2 +, Demande Q IS 5, + $ & )-0-, 2 >,0.). 8>>?, ;? <

132 $/ 2 +,?, Demande Q IS $ 5, +, )-0-.). &, 2 A,06,0?, ;? 66?, $/- Demande Q IS 5, +, $ )-0-.). &, 2 A,0 A,0?, >>?, ;B, C ) -4

133 " )" 74 0,,, + = B, =?? = B, =,,, + " =, = D =, = D,,, + $ = B, = D %? D =, = = B, = D,,,? =, = 8 ) -)/,)" 0 $' -. D = B, = 8,,,,,, 8 = =,,,,,,, ',,,,, 4-4 = = = = + " = : + " σ " σ $ " σ 4 + ) ), / 8 >, =, 8

134 4 9+ ),,,,,3 / ) ) ) 74 ) ), '4 ) ) ), D ) = / = ) ), ',3,/,:)9)+ )+$ + 4 +$+ ), ) 4 0, ),,, 5 8 ), ) ' 5, ' ) ) / ; ; ;;" ;

135 ) = ;$.))) " D + D ) 5 5 ) E D 2 ', '" )+$ µ D D D σ 2 µ, '$' $,, µ + + µ = / = 8 ',3,2,$)+ ),,F8 F F8?, G,F?, F,, )

136 9 78 H8 σ 788% σ 78"?, ?, & & $',, 5, '%, 2 σ ', I 2 0A >.6 " 2 0 2A.6 0 = = C ' "

137 8 = = = 5 ), 8 ) C ' / ) 25 '1 5 σ 8, ) 5 '< σ ''1 '< $

138 >?, H?, ', = / = / = / = 8/ = 8/ σ = 8$ $/,.) )"-)) %

139 B.$ $"' $"/ = = = = = = 54

140 ',,. C / $,., ', = / = / = / µ = 8/ σ = "/ σ = $2,.) )"

141 ' 1+ $"' C σ " + σ " C + σ " 8 σ " σ " + σ + σ " 5 + σ " σ " 1+.$ σ " + σ " σ " + σ " 5 + σ " 8 σ " σ " 5 + σ " '@ <

142 1+ $"/ σ " σ " 5 8 σ " σ " σ " 5 σ " ) C σ " 8 σ " ' σ. /, )"- C,, /,',

143 = + = = + + = = = = = = = = + = = 8,9J 0 9 K 0,7 LK 0 9J 9 K 7 LK,, 0 ) = / = / = / µ = 8/ σ = "/ µ = / σ = 8" $3,.) )"-)). /,/, :)++ ) % ), "8

144 = + ε = = + + ε ε = 8 = + + ε = 8 = + ε ε = = + ε = 8 = 8 + ε = = 8 2 7J :M,7 LK ε ε,9j 0 9 K 0 0 ε ε. J 7 M9J M 9 K M M7 LKM, ', 0 ) = / = / = / µ = 8/ σ = "/ µ ε = 8/ σ = $,.) )"-.7'4 "

145 - = / = / = / µ = 8/ σ = 8%/ µ ε = 8/ σ = $<,.) )"-.7/4 /,2, +, JM 78, M 9 K M M7 LK ', = / = / = / µ = 8/ σ = "/ µ = 8@/ σ = M "

146 $=,.) )"-+ C, µ µ < - µ < FG "$%$%&$'$%)% +$ ) %$%$$% $%/'/@@N ""

147 " $ % & $ '$ ) µ ε = " = )$ ) = + σ + σ = σ + =,-. / = $% - / $%.

148 ,- / 1. $ ) σ = + " $ ) = σ = = + + µ ε σ µ ε = µ ε = µ ε > σ +, σ- /+.. µ ε2)$ -/ - / -/ / -/ - 3. & - &/ µ ε -/ - - / / -/ ' -/ -/ 4 $ - / 5 - > / µ ε < ) = + σ µ ε 6 + σ -'/ µ ε µ ε7 74 ' ) 0

149 & σ, µ ε2 σ + σ - / + > -/,- /+. µ ε < -/ -/ = + + σ µ ε -/ µ ε = σ. % & = + + σ µ ε 4 & σ, µ ε2 σ -/ -/,- / µ ε < ) σ µ ε < µ ε % & 24 -/ $ µ ε. µ ε - /σ - + / σ µ ε = - / ' µ ε % & % & 54 µ ε > )&. 4 -/ % & % & 54 < 8

150 , 4 $ =,-.5/ µ ε < ) σ > µ ε µ ε.2, µ ε - /σ - /. - + / % &. 4 µ ε - /σ = & % & - + / + =.2.5 = µ ε + σ + = - / µ ε7 µ ε = σ - + / µ ε µ ε7 = µ ε + σ + = µ ε - / µ ε = σ - + / ' µ ε & $ µ ε = $ µ ε σ " : 9

151 $% ' σ % % ' - : / -/. σ $ % % / % % $ $ $ ) = $ $ ' 0 8 $ % &, -. µ σ / σ σ σ σ ' ;

152 = ) σ - / ->? / $ 08 B σ % + σ A σ = σ 0 σ = σ0 σ = σ0 8 σ = σ8 σ = σ σ = σ8 ' σ ) σ = σ0 80 σ = σ80 σ = σ σ = σ 0 σ = σ0 <

153 σ = B σ % + σ A σ B σ % + σ A > σ = σ σ B % + σ A B σ A % + σ σ B '&)$% A % + σ ' < '0 6. σ$ σ -:/ σ σ + $ σ -'8/ % " $ $ ''.5 σ '9

154 ),,,,-,.,/ + ) $ ),,,,-,.,/ σ + σ + σ '; '; + %0 σ $ -/ C -/ )

155 @ D. % & - ε /+ - / % $>? % & - ε ε/ % σ -'</ $ $. σ, - / σ D. % : $ ) E E - % / - %/$ σ σ -'</$ 6 σ ) σ % & % & 24 - σ $. % : σ % & 24

156 0 / σ F σ ) µ = + σ = + = + = 0+ = 9 + = + = 0+ = σ '- σ$1%,.70 σ ) σ σ < < σ 9 -; σ / = + + = + - σ + σ / σ = + $ 7 ' + $% $ $ µ = + σ = + = 9+ = + = + = 0 µ = + σ = + = 0 + = + = + = σ '. σ 15 σ

157 3 & 6, µ = + σ = + = σ = E E - / - / ' 1. σ - 9/, σ = - / = 8 - / G $ D. mu alpha 1 sigmadem 3 mu eps 0 m Max de Q1 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 '/ σ sigmae σ k 0,5 0,7 1 2, =

158 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 eps 0 m / - / k Données 0,5 - Max de cout1q1 0,5 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q0 5 - Max de cout1q1 5 - Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 σ sigmae '2- / - / σ " µ ε µ ε = µ ε ) σ7 $ µ ε % 1-7 / σ7 7 C µ ε µ ε2 µ ε 7 % : 7 &, σ σ µ ε2.) µ µ ε. ε -/ -/ σ.. $..-.2/ µ ε2+ 0

159 σ, µ ε µ µ ε σ ε σ µ ε σ σ ) $%, σ7. µ ε $ :-4H% : / -/ $%, σ % & % & 2. -/ $ -/ -/ % &I% : I4% & I4I% : σ, σ σ -/ - µ ε7cσ7 / µ ε. σ, µ ε σ % &, σ.% & 2 σ $.2 $ σ σ- µ ε/ -/ -/ σ..,. µ ε -2/ σ 7 µ ε + σ %- µ ε7cσ7 / 8

160 µ = + σ = + = + = 9 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 m 1 k 0,7 12,5 Max de Q , ,5 10 µ ε mu eps ,5 9 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 '3 σ µ ε $4%,5- / σ sigma e µ ε. % & 2 ). σ µ ε >. ', µ ε- / σ.) σ -/ -/ -/ σ -/ -/ -/ ' µ ε $ - / C - / µ ε) µ ε -/ - / C - / >? 9

161 µ = + σ = + = + = 9 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 k 0,7 m / - / 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 σ sigmae µ mueps Données '6 - / - / σ µ ε ε -3 - Max de cout0q0-3 - Max de cout1q1-2 - Max de cout0q0-2 - Max de cout1q1-1 - Max de cout0q0-1 - Max de cout1q1 0 - Max de cout0q0 0 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 2 - Max de cout0q0 2 - Max de cout1q1 3 - Max de cout0q0 3 - Max de cout1q1 + σ7 7 C µ ε µ ε, µ ε > σ7. % & % : $ σ7 $ C,., µ ε-2/ σ % & % : σ.. ' / σ. 7 µ ε + σ %, - / µ ε σ -/, σ µ ε. - / σ - σ / σ - σ / ), σ7 ;

162 :-4H% : / -/, σ % & % : ). 4I% : I% & $ - / $, σ :-4H% : /, % & % & 2% : % & I% : I4% & I4I% : $ - / - / µ ε. σ$ σ, - / µ ε / ).79 σ- Max de Q1 eps m sigma e ,5 11,32 11,32 11,32 10,33 10,34 10,37 9,53 10,26 11,27 9,34 12,01 13,68 9,33 12,89 14, ,3 11,33 11,38 10,38 10,68 11,13 9,71 11,01 12,32 9,41 12,05 13,65 9,34 12,81 14,34 1,5 11,31 11,52 11,82 10,49 11,21 12,06 9,89 11,54 12,89 9,54 12,18 13,7 9,39 12,74 14, ,35 11,83 12,41 10,6 11,68 12,7 10,05 11,92 13,24 9,68 12,33 13,78 9,48 12,73 14,2 2,5 11,39 12,15 12,91 10,71 12,05 13,13 10,19 12,2 13,49 9,82 12,46 13,86 9,59 12,75 14,18, - / - / σ -.79/, 70 µ ε = - / σ µ ε = - / σ ) µ ε """ $% <

163 - / - / Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 k 0,7 eps m Données 1 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q0 1 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 k 0,7 eps 2 - /- / σ sigmae ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 m Données 1 - Max d e cout1q1 1 - Max d e cout0 Q Max de cout 1Q Max de cout 0Q Ma x de cou t1q Ma x de cou t0q Ma x de cou t1q Ma x de cou t0q Ma x de cou t1q Ma x de cou t0q0 sigmae '7 - / - / σ & ) : µ ε σ $ µ ε σ. & - / σ σ 0

164 % µ ε 1 µ ε µ ε 7 - / 7 - /,7 µ ε µ ε. & -7/ 1 µ ε ' - / µ ε, µ ε - / µ ε µ ε µ µ ε ε $ ) % &.- µ ε / D = + µ ε -% /$ - /, 70 µ ε = ε - / = 0+ µ = 0 µ = + σ = + = 9+ σ = 0 - / = ;8 <G 0

165 Alpha 1 k 0,7 sigmadem 3 sigmae 0, m Données 1 - Max de Q0 1 - Max de Q1 5 - Max de Q0 5 - Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q ,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 sigmae 0, / - / µ ε eps k m Données 0,7-1 - Max de cout0q0 0,7-1 - Max de cout1q1 0, Max de cout0q0 0, Max de cout1q1 0, Max de cout0q0 0, Max de cout1q1 0, Max de cout0q0 0, Max de cout1q ,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 eps ' µ ε 9 ' µ. ) ε µ $ µ. µ ε < - µ ε = 0 7 / ε ε 0

166 ε $ µ σ.. " -/ -/ σ, µ ε -/ -/ + µ ε -/ -/ $ -/ 10 µ ε σ σ. 4 -/ µ ε σ& & " -/ µ = + σ = + = 0+ = Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 m 100 k 5 - / Max de cout1q σ sigmae 0,5 1 1,5 2 2, ,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 k 15 m 3 12 µ = + σ = + = 0+ = - / Max de cout1q1 eps µ ε σ sigmae 0,5 1 1,5 2 2, ,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 ' µ ε eps µ ε 0

167 8 ' " $ ) % " )$ ) -J./ -J./ 4 % C8-CJKJ.K/LJ-J./-KJL/ C8-CJKJ.K/LJ-J./-KJL/ B % 74 & % & $ ' % & µ = $ µ ' σ = = µ µ $ = µ < + + = µ µ +, σ, µ < = + σ 6 µ 4). 4 0

168 & σ µ = ;+ = + = + = + = 0+ = + = ' σ, µ,5 µ - '/ σ 4 % : 4 σ -/ & % &,5 σ. σ -/ -/ E -/ σ, -/ &@ - :/) %- / %- - / / σ %. % - / - / σ 00

169 $ σ. -/ % % 4 $ σ -/, µ > σ = -/ = ' µ σ 24 = + µ + µ σ + + µ + σ = / - 54/ 8- / - /- / %, µ 2 µ -/ $ -' / σ = 0+ = + = ; + = + = 0+ = '- µ,.7;+ µ 00 = + 00 µ µ > 89 = µ - + / 89 = µ + µ /σ /-µ + σ / 08

170 & $ µ = = 3 µ = µ σ $ : $ % ) - /, - : / % " 7 ) 1 σ = =, σ ). < σ / σ/ = - + /- + - σ / σ / ) 6-7/ ) / σ / = σ /σ + -σ - + σ / - + σ /// -,.- / < σ / > - σ / σ / σ,.-.> </ ' 09

171 = 0+ = 9+ = + = + = = =9 =0 = = σ '. σ$ % $ )..- / σ )% & -/ -/ %&. -/, σ % & + % : % & - = /, -/ $ -/ - / % - / %- / σ % % &. $ :-45 / -/ 7, % -/ ='9:=0 0;

172 $ σ -/ -/ -/ -/..- / = -/ -/ %, -/ -. / σ -/ -/ -/ $, σ )% -/ %%5 % -/ %% -/ -/ +%5 -/ -/ % - %/ + % -/ ' σ = + = + σ = = -%/ '/ -.></ % % , σ = =, σ -/. -/ -/ 0 σ -/ ),%A -/ -/ -/ -/ -/ -/, σ %- / % &. % 0<

173 , σ % & % & 2A % σ % -/ -'8 :/ 0 σ -/ ), σ -/ % = σ % = -' 9/' σ -/ -/ σ σ -/ = < ; + = + = + = 0 + = ; = + σ = / / -/ -/ -/ 5 σ '2 σ$ % ' %. σ %. σ = σ7 = 74+ σ % -/ - 2%24/ σ -/ 8

174 0 ) -.2/ σ, σ σ ' + & '. ' σ.. $ Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 m 1 µ = + σ = + µ = + = Données k Min de Q0-0,5 Min de Q0-1 Min de Q0-3 Min de Q0-5 Min de Q0-10 Min de Q1-0,5 Min de Q1-1 Min de Q1-3 Min de Q1-5 Min de Q ,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 sigmae σ '3 ) σ 0 0 σ 0 % & - 0=/ 8

175 . -7/. σ, -/ -/, -/ ) -/ %- / % - /- :/ σ % -/. % $ -/. + - /. $ 7$ σ" σ -/ -/ 1 7 8

176 µ = + σ = + σ = + = 0+ = µ = + σ = + σ = + = 0+ = = -%/ ' % , - /. σ % σ = - / 7 - '$ -/ 8 - / ) /- - /// / - / σ = / /σ // σ/ ',,.70 = < - / = 0 E σ = 0 = 80 - / = / ;G & -/ -/ -/ -/ = -%/ % 8 ':=0 8

177 µ = + σ = + = + µ = Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 m 3 - / Max de cout1q k 0, ,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 sigmae σ '7+ σ µ = + σ = + = + µ = Alpha 1 sigmadem 3 k / - / Données m Max de cout1q1-1 Max de cout1q1-3 Max de cout1q1-5 Max de cout1q1-10 Min de cout0q0-1 Min de cout0q0-3 Min de cout0q0-5 Min de cout0q ,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 σ sigmae '- / - / σ " $ µ % σ + 1 ),-.2/ 8

178 σ = µ < µ -/ -/ -/. -/ < < µ µ..) - / 7- µ = + σ = + = 0 µ = 80/ 2 - µ = 9/ $ µ + C σ =, µ > 7 σ, σ µ. $ µ. -/ σ. σ µ.5 µ +% -/ -/ % - / -/ -/ %%7 σ %. -/ $ σ $ µ., µ σ. σ < µ = - σ / σ = - σ/ µ. -9 / 80

179 -/ -/ 6 µ % % %7 µ σ σ µ σ µ ), σ σ % & % & 2., σ -/ -/ ' µ = + σ = + = 9+ = + sigmadem 3 k 0,7 m 1 Max de Q1 10,5 10,3 10,1 9,9 9,7 9,5 9,3 9,1 8,9 8,7 mu alpha 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 8,5 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 sigmae σ '+ ) σ µ $4%, -/ -/ -/ σ µ 88

180 0, µ.. - / - / -/ %%7 4 -/ -/ - / µ = + σ = + = 0+ = + µ = 9+ σ = = -%/ ' %, µ -/ 7 $. -/ % $ σ,. σ µ - / +, - / - / σ µ 7 $.79.0, σ µ = + σ = + = 9+ = + -/ -/ -/ 89

181 - / - / k 0,7 sigmadem 3 m 1 6,5 5,5 4,5 3,5 2,5 µ Alpha Données 0,7 - Max de cout1q1 0,7 - Max de cout0q0 0,8 - Max de cout1q1 0,8 - Max de cout0q0 0,9 - Max de cout1q1 0,9 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q0 1,1 - Max de cout1q1 1,1 - Max de cout0q0 1,2 - Max de cout1q1 1,2 - Max de cout0q0 1,3 - Max de cout1q1 1,3 - Max de cout0q0 1,5 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 µ = + σ = + = 0+ = + k 5 sigmadem 3 m 1 - / - / σ sigmae 13,5 11,5 9,5 7,5 5,5 µ Alpha Données 0,7 - Max de cout1q1 0,7 - Max de cout0q0 0,8 - Max de cout1q1 0,8 - Max de cout0q0 0,9 - Max de cout1q1 0,9 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q0 1,1 - Max de cout1q1 1,1 - Max de cout0q0 1,2 - Max de cout1q1 1,2 - Max de cout0q0 1,3 - Max de cout1q1 1,3 - Max de cout0q0 3,5 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 sigmae σ '- - / - / σ µ, µ > - / σ σ σ- / σ -.70 µ = / 8;

182 k 5 sigmadem 3 Alpha 1,1 11,5 - / - / 10,5 9,5 8,5 7,5 6,5 5,5 m Données 1 - Max de cout1q1 1 - Max de cout0q0 3 - Max de cout1q1 3 - Max de cout0q0 5 - Max de cout1q1 5 - Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q0 4,5 3,5 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 sigmae σ '. - / - / σ % µ + ) - / µ 1, µ, σ7. < 2 µ,.-.5/ M µ -/ - / $ - -/ /.- σ µ $ ),. µ -/ -/ $ µ % & - µ % & 8<

183 / -/ µ 6 % &, µ % &. $ - / µ -/,. σ ) σ, µ σ % & $ σ σ ' µ µ - µ / σ % & $ σ µ sigmadem 3 k 0,7 m 1 µ = + σ = + = 9+ = ,5 10 9,5 9 8,5 Min de Q1 σ sigmae 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 8 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 µ Alpha '/+ ) µ σ$4%.-.5/ %, σ.. 9

184 , σ 5 '.. µ,.. µ µ σ µ σ -$. $ µ. -.2/ σ.. -.5/ µ -/ < σ 18 ) µ 5 - / sigmadem 3 k 5 m 1 µ = + σ = + = 0+ = + Min de Q σ sigmae 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0, ,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 Alpha µ '2+ ) µ σ$%, µ > σ7 = µ > " &.. - / - / µ 5, σ- / 7 - / µ - 5/$ σ-./ 9

185 0,. σ7 µ 2% & % :, µ 5 µ, σ µ. µ, µ µ ) σ µ % & % & 2% :., 5 $ σ µ ' µ 9. = - / = µ $ -/ - / - / µ = + σ = + µ = 9+ σ = + = 0+ = µ = + σ = = -%/ = -%/ ' % % 9

186 + $ - / µ D &, 1 D % & % : $ ' - / µ - µ 2/$ )% -/ % & µ -/ & & = µ µ 2 ' - / µ µ $ )% µ %. µ µ ' 9

187 µ = + σ = + = 9+ σ = + sigmadem 3 k 0,7 sigmae 0, ,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 m Données 1 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 3 - Max de cout0q0 3 - Max de cout1q1 5 - Max de cout0q0 5 - Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q1 mu alpha µ '6 - / - / µ 8 " $ ) % $ σ ' 1 ), σ =, σ - / µ = µ ε = ). σ - /, µ σ µ µ ε '.. % & % : - µ σ /) % 9

188 , µ = 9.79 k 0,7 m 1 12, , ,5 10 9,5 9 - /.70 µ = + σ = + = 9+ = + 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 sigmae '7+ ) σ µ Alpha Données 0,7 - Max de Q1 0,7 - Max de Q0 0,8 - Max de Q1 0,8 - Max de Q0 0,9 - Max de Q1 0,9 - Max de Q0 1 - Max de Q1 1 - Max de Q0 1,1 - Max de Q1 1,1 - Max de Q0 1,2 - Max de Q1 1,2 - Max de Q0 1,3 - Max de Q1 1,3 - Max de Q0 '. σ - µ = 9+ σ = 0/ = - σ /M µ % $ ) - µ > /- µ < / σ - / σ µ ' 1 ), µ / σ µ, µ - / σ - / 90

189 , µ. σ ) - µ. /, σ. = σ µ %- σ 70 /6 σ7 µ µ = + σ = + = 9+ = + k 0,7 m , , ,5 10 9,5 9 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 mu alpha '+ ) µ σ µ σ sigmae Données 0,5 - Somme de Q1 0,5 - Somme de Q0 1 - Somme de Q1 1 - Somme de Q0 1,5 - Somme de Q1 1,5 - Somme de Q0 2 - Somme de Q1 2 - Somme de Q0 2,5 - Somme de Q1 2,5 - Somme de Q0 3 - Somme de Q1 3 - Somme de Q0,., µ µ µ, µ σ. - % & / $ µ σ $. $ µ = + σ = + = 9+ σ = + 98

190 k 0,7 sigmae m Données 1 - Max de Q1 1 - Max de Q0 3 - Max de Q1 3 - Max de Q0 5 - Max de Q1 5 - Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q Max de Q0 9 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 mu alpha ' µ k 0,7 sigmae - 1/ - / 7 µ m Données 1 - Max de cout0q0 1 - Max de cout1q1 3 - Max de cout0q0 3 - Max de cout1q1 5 - Max de cout0q0 5 - Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q Max de cout0q Max de cout1q1 0 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 µ Alpha ' - / - / µ -&. $ $ $ ' - / 99

191 , & ' > D? $ N D. 9;

192 " $ % % & ' & ) ) +, -. ) ) + / ) ) ) + + $ ) + = ) ) &'

193 ) ) ", - " ) ) + + = ) ) + + ) ) + + = ) ) + + " 6 " "- &'1" & 9 ) ) " : ; : 9 : - " ) + : : < " ) + ) + ) ) 9 < + + ) ) 9 < " - - " $ 5

194 " " " =" " " + > " ' % - 6'" <? < = - ' + = = = + + µ σ + = µ @< ) ) ) + = = + = A+ 5

195 ) = + + ) ) = µ + σ ) ) + = ' ) ) ) ) + = σ + = + + = &. ' ) $+ + σ = µ + + ) ) + = $+ + + σ + " ) ) ) ) ) ) + = + + = " ) ) + + < ) " '+ + = + = ) ) $ +": B 5

196 & ' & 2 / + µ ε = C $ > < k<1 k>1 ) & A = B ) D 6 ± & = ± + & σ = B% [ %5] $E 0 $: B > σ ± B ± ± ± $ 5$

197 µ = 7σ = B7 = 7 = 7 = $ µ = 7σ = B7 = 7 = B7 = $ $ $ standard dev R 3 %) σ & standard dev R 3 %) / 6 A - σ ' " 6 " ) ) σ + $ σ +-<' 90 Max de R m ,5 1 1,5 2 & σ σ 0 σ = B +< E / C $ σa $E 5%

198 C $ µ ε - ' µ Max de R3 100 σ σ = 7 = $7 = 7 = B -3-2,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 & µ ε m µ ε A< - µ ε + < ) ) ' ) A µ ) ) + = + A > ) ) + + µ ε µ ε µ ε σ σ µ εa & 6 & 5E+ < A µ ε σ ' Max de R3 µ = 7 σ = $7 = 7 = C $ sigmae ,5 1 σ 1,5 2 2,5 3 eps & µ ε 5B

199 & ' & F ' A " C " µ = 7σ = B7 = 7 = 7 = 7 = $7 = B 0.6 $ µ = 7σ = B7 = 7 = B7 = 7 = $ 7 = B $ σ standard dev. 0,288 0,577 1,154 1,732 standard dev. 0,288 0,577 1,154 1,732 m=1 2,98 5,87 11,37 16,51 m=1 1,54 3,19 6,71 10,48 m=3 5,24 9,99 18,21 25,09 m=3 3,79 7,23 13,19 18,17 m=5 7,4 13,76 24,06 32,08 m=5 5,93 10,95 18,83 24,65 σ,& σ C A $ + G - <- + G H & - & A. µ ε σ $ C $ - 5D

200 µ = 7 σ = $7 σ = 7 = $ σ =.& µ ε & -/ 2 & A ) & $E σ ) C H µ = 7σ = B7 = 7 = 7 = $7 = B σ 0& σ A C ' 5

201 µ = 7 σ = $7 µ ε = 7 = Alpha 1 eps 0 k 0,7 sigmadem 3 C Max de R m ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 σ sigmae 1& σ 2 / C σ σ σ C σ+ σ ) ) µ = 7σ = 7 = Alpha 1 k 0,7 C Max de R m ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 σ 3& σ µ ε σc ' 55

202 µ = 7 σ = $7 = 7 = $ k 0,7 sigmadem 3 Alpha 1 m 3 Max de R C sigmae ,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 eps µ & ε 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 σ & +- " +" " " A - <- ) ) H σ σ " 8 µ = 7 σ = $7 µ ε = 7 = mu alpha 1 mu epsilon 0 sigmadem 3 k 0,7 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 σ sigmae ) ) + + σ m Données 1 - Max de C1Q1-C0Q0 1 - Max de Q0tag 0,2) 1 - Max de Q0tag 0,1) 1 - Max de Q0tag 0,05) 5 - Max de C1Q1-C0Q0 5 - Max de Q0tag 0,2) 5 - Max de Q0tag 0,1) 5 - Max de Q0tag 0,05) 10 - Max de C1Q1-C0Q Max de Q0tag 0,2) 10 - Max de Q0tag 0,1) 10 - Max de Q0tag 0,05) 25 - Max de C1Q1-C0Q Max de Q0tag 0,2) 25 - Max de Q0tag 0,1) 25 - Max de Q0tag 0,05) 5

203 µ ε + µ ε < µ ε > " A < 6+ & ' µ ε < - µ ε > - " k µ 0,7 mu alpha 7 1 sigmadem$7 3 sigmae 1 = σ = σ = 7 = 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 m Données 1 - Min de C1Q1-C0Q0 1 - Min de Q0tag 0,2) 1 - Min de Q0tag 0,1) 1 - Min de Q0tag 0,05) 3 - Min de C1Q1-C0Q0 3 - Min de Q0tag 0,2) 3 - Min de Q0tag 0,1) 3 - Min de Q0tag 0,05) 5 - Min de C1Q1-C0Q0 5 - Min de Q0tag 0,2) 5 - Min de Q0tag 0,1) 5 - Min de Q0tag 0,05) 10 - Min de C1Q1-C0Q Min de Q0tag 0,2) 10 - Min de Q0tag 0,1) 10 - Min de Q0tag 0,05) ,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 µ mu epsilon ) ) + + µ ε ε, µ ε σ '

204 µ = 7 σ = $7 = $7 = k 0,7 Alpha 1 m 3 sigmadem 3 Max de C1Q1-C0Q0 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 ) ) + + sigmae 4, ,5 3, ,5 2, ,5 1, ,5 0, ,5 0 2,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 µ eps ε ) ) ,5 1,5 σ Max de C1Q1-C0Q0 µ = 7 σ = $7 = $7 = B 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 ) ) sigmae + + 4, ,5 3, ,5 2, ,5 1, ,5 0, ,5 0 2,5-3 -2,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 epsµ ε ) ) ,5 3 1,5 0,5 σ 7 & ' & 0 C $ $ = B = $ ' - ) D 6 ± BE & = + ± B +& σ = %%

205 [ ] $E ' = 7 = B7 = $7 µ = 7σ = B &, $ σ 6 -< > $& 6 σ <DB5%% ±E ±BE ±E ±BE ' = 7 = 7 = $7 µ = 7σ = B standard dev R 3 0,44% 0,89% 4,23% 8,27% 18.61% +$ µ = σ ' $ = 7 µ = Somme de R3 80 sigmadem 3 k 0,7 mu alpha 1 $ σ m ,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 σ sigmae. $ σ C $ σ 0 + σ <$ σ <B +<$ E

206 BE C $ µ ' sigmadem 3 k 0.7 sigmae 0.1 µ = 7 σ = $7 σ = 7 = $ Somme de R $ µ m µ A σ µ. "' - " " σ µ ' µ m 3 = 7 σ $7 $7 k 0,7 sigmadem = = = 3 Max de R C $ sigmae ,8 0,9 1 1,1 Alpha 0,15 0,1 1,2 0,05 1,3 0,25 0,2 1& µ σ $

207 & ' & ' = B = ' standard dev m=1 0,24% 0,50% 2,56% 5,43% 15,00% m=3 0,64% 1,29% 5,95% 11,20% 22,95% m=5 1,03% 2,07% 9,13% 16,31% 29,54% standard dev m=1 0,24% 0,49% 2,39% 4,80% 11,65% m=3 0,44% 0,89% 4,23% 8,27% 18,61% m=5 0,63% 1,28% 6,01% 11,49% 24,55% ) -C $ " & -2% " 8 ) ) ) ) : ". " 8. - " A ' A µ +H " σ" 8+ A µ +H σ ". A %

208 µ = 7 σ = $7 = $7 = 7 = σ [B] C BE+ σ ) ) ) ) " - µ A µ + I- " + - µ = 7 σ = $7 = 7 = $ k 3 sigm adem 3 m ,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,3 5 σ sigm ae ) ) σ µ Alp h a D on n ées 0,7 - M ax de C 1 Q 1 -C 0Q 0 0,7 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,2 ) 0,7 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,1 ) 0,7 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,0 5 ) 0,9 - M ax de C 1 Q 1 -C 0Q 0 0,9 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,2 ) 0,9 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,1 ) 0,9 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,0 5 ) 1,1 - M ax de C 1 Q 1 -C 0Q 0 1,1 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,2 ) 1,1 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,1 ) 1,1 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,0 5 ) 1,3 - M ax de C 1 Q 1 -C 0Q 0 1,3 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,2 ) 1,3 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,1 ) 1,3 - M ax de Q 0 tag 0,0 5 ) µ = 7 σ = $7 = 7 = $ C sigmadem 3 k 3 m Somme de oran pilotage µ Alpha 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 σ sigmae & σ µ A +. µ σ " - µ µ B

209 " σ F -+-<B ) ) + + σ µ < µ < µ <A µ <$ < +< < µ = 7 σ = $7 = σ 9 σ µ D

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