49 (6) :727 735, 2003 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 33 (, 710069, ) (, 4420094, ) (, 120551, ) (, 44-506, ) (10 16 1 E, 33 4 6 N), 015 20 (One2male unit, OMU) 2001 10 1 2002 4 22, 73 422, (Data recorded with verbal descriptions) (Data recorded with sketches), 2001 10 2002 2 63 : 26 13, OMU 719, 1 313 1 116 1 ; (3 4 ) OMU,, OMU, 45 : > > > > > > >, [ 49 (6) : 727 735, 2003 ] ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) Social structure of a group of Sichuan snub2nosed monkeys ( Rhi nopit hecus roxella na) in the Qinling Mountains of China 3 ZHAN G Peng L I Bao2Guo 33 Kazuo WADA Chia L. TAN Kunio WA TANABE ( Biology Depart ment, School of L if e Sciences, Northwest U niversity, Xi an 710069, Chi na) ( Wil dlif e Conservation Society, Inuyama 4420094, Japan) ( Center f or Reproduction of Endangered S pecies, The Zoological Society of S an Diego, P. O. Box 120551, S an Diego, CA 9211220551, USA ) ( Pri mate Research Instit ute, Kyoto U niversity, Inuyama 442506, Japan) Abstract On the basis of provisioning and identifying individuals of a group of Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithe2 cus roxellana) in the north slope of the Qinling Mountains in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi, China (10 16 1 E, 33 4 6 N), we were able to identify each individual and observe the behaviors displayed by these monkeys between 015 and 20 meters away. In the 422 recording hours of 73 observing days, Data recorded with verbal descriptions and sketches revealed that this group was consisted of one2male units (OMU) from October 2001 to February 2002, 63 individuals in total : adult males, 26 adult females, sub adult females, 13 juveniles, and infants. OMU size range from 7 to 12 individuals, the average number of unit s members was 719. Adult males adult females sub2adult females juveniles infants was 1 313 1 116 11 Due to mature individuals fixing and immature individuals immigrating, OMU s size was increased in the spring (March and April in 2002). A d libitum sampling was used to record the aggres2 sive behavior and submissive behavior. Dominance index analysis showed a linear dominance ranking order existing among these units : HT > HD > CM > TT > J ZT > DZ > ZZ > BZT. No leader male who leads andguards his group was 2003205215, 200320207 3 (No. 30370202) [ This research was funded by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No. 30370202), Zoological Society of San Diego, Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation, and Daiko Foundation of Japan ] 33 (Corresponding author). E2mail : baoguoli @nwu. edu. cn,, 25, : ν 2003 Acta Zoologica Sinica
2 7 49 founded in this group [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 49 (6) : 727-735, 2003 ]. Key words Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), Social structure, One2male unit (OMU), Individ2 ual identification, Food provisioning, Dominance index, et al., 1996), : (Monogamy group), OMU (One2male group Matri2 lineal2harem group) ( Kirkpatrick et al., 199b ; Fukuda et al., ( Polygamy ) ( Matrilineal2multi2 male group),? ( Patrilineal2multi2male group ) (, 2000 ;, 2002) (Davies et al., 1994),,, 5 20,,,,, ( Struh2, saker et al., 197 ; Davies et al., 1994 ; White2 head et al., 2000),, al., 2002) ( Rhinopithecus roxellana),,, 2001,,,,,,, (Jablonski, 199 ; Kirkpatrick, 199a ;, 2000 ; Whitehead et al., 2000), 111, (199), (10 14 10 1 E, 33 45 33 50 N),,,, ( 1 400 2 200 1 3 5 3 m) ( 2 200 2 600 m), (2000) (2 600 m ) 2, 90,, 110, (One2male unit, OMU), 112, (All2male unit, AMU), 1 646 m, 15 m 30 m, (10 16 1 E, 33 4 6 N), (Matrilin2 ( 1 3 1), 011 013 eal or female2bonded societies) ( Srivastava AMU, 2002) OMU OMU (, 2000 ; Fukuda et 1 kg/, 9 : 00 12 : 00 14 : 00
6 : 729 2001 11 10 12 2002 1 10 2 6 2002 3 6 4 22, 73, 422 113 6 7915 %) 2), 5 m ( ( 7 ) : 61 %) ( 33 %) ;, ;,, 15 m,, ( 6 %) ( ( ) ; ; 5 %) 9 % 61 %, ( 5 ) : 90 % 67 %,, ; 6 % 59 %, 90 %,, 63 %, 7 % 5 %,,,, 7 % 59 %,, 90 % 64 %,, ; 91 % 72 % 3) ;, 4) ( 3 4 ) :,,, ; 5),, ; 2 m 1 min,, 2 ( 1 3 ) : m 6) (, 7) ), ;, ( ),,,, ; ( 015 1 ) : 116, (Verbal ; ; descriptions) ( Sketches),, 10 : 00 14 : 00 OMU /, ( ) : 9 : 00 12 : 00 14 : 00 ;,, ;, ;, ;, OMU, 3 ( A d libit um sampling) 114 115 1) ( OMU OMU 015 OMU 20 m,, (, ; ) ( ),
30 7 49 ( % OMU ), OMU 50 %,,, ( 2), OMU 212 OMU, 3 4 OMU, OMU OMU ( ),, 73 45, 7 / OMU, 20, 1 OMU 117 (Dominant index), OMU,, 2002 3 23 (Zumpe et al., 196 ;, 1990) : 1), 2002 3 16,, ; 2) 2001 11 11 2002 4 12,, 73 ; 3), OMU, > >, > > > > > ( 5) ; 4), 2 211 ( Presbytis potenziani ) 2001 10 2002 2, OMU, 10, 7 (Newton et al., 1994),, 719 13 : 1 4 3 Kanha ( Sem nopithecus entell us) 3 2 1, 11 34, 4 OMU, 63 ( 26 ( T rachypithecus pileat us) 5 13 13 ),, 2 5 (Stanford, 1991) OMU = 1 313 1 116 1,,, 3 311, ( Procolobus badius) 15 (Newton, 197), Madhupur, 2 OMU ( One2male unit ), Kawai ( 30 %) ( 2), (1979) ( Theropithecus gelada ) 2, OMU ( ) 50 %, 62 %,,, OMU
6 : 731 1 2001 10 1 2002 2 6 Table 1 Composition of the provisioned group from Oct. 1, 2001 to Feb. 06, 2002 ( ) Adult male Adult female Subadult female J uvenile Infant Total (excluding new born) ( Heitou) ( Yuanlian) (Baidian) ( Yizuomao) 7 (Xiaokeng) (2 unnamed) (Jingzitou) (Duanweihou) (Jiguan) (Xiaoheiwei) ( Zhaibanhou) (1 unnamed) ( Kuanbanhou) ( Hongxinmei) ( Hongdian) ( Faqia) (Baibei) ( Heipigu) 10 (Baitou Nuxia) ( Xiaojinmao) (2 unnamed) (Aoxian) ( Wuxian) ( Tutou) (Shuanghang) (Shangba) 7 ( Heixian) (1 unnamed) (Banheixian) ( Pianfen) (Duanzhi) (Zamao (Luanwei) (Shuwei) ( Heidian) (1 unnamed) ( Guogaitou) ( Huaxin) (Changmao) ( Heiwei) (Qianqian) (Shuangxuan) ( Tiemao) (Danheimao) (1 unnamed) (Baixian) (Bazitou) ( Xiangchang) ( Hongtoupa) (Naizui) (Zhamao) (Xiaobai) (Beitou) ( Xiaochazi) (Zhongzhi) (Citutou) ( Xiaohuishu) (Zuobai) 7 (Baixuan) ( Erdaomao) (Xiaoban) : 2001 10 2002 2 (Composition of the provisioned group from October 2001 to February 2002) 2 2001 10 2002 2 ( A) 2002 3 4 ( B) Table 2 Individual number change in the age2sex classes of the provisioned group between Oct. 2001 - Feb. 2002 ( A) and Mar. - Apr. 2002 ( B) Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Total (Adult male) (Adult female) (Sub2adult female) A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 26 26 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 12 (J uvenile) ( Infant) ( Total) 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 3 2 4 3 3 2 2 13 21 2 0 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 0 3 0 2 15 7 7 10 10 14 7 7 12 12 11 7 9 63 2 : 2002 1 10 2 6 ( Hongdian and Duanzhi units were disappeared temporally from January 10 to February 6 2002)
32 7 49 3 OMU Table 3 Matrices of aggressive behavior among one2male units ( OMUs) A / R Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Sum ( Heitou) 19 2 1 6 10 36 29 120 (Jingzitou) 0 1 5 2 14 25 55 ( Hongdian) 2 4 11 14 4 17 6 5 ( Tutou) 0 5 0 3 5 19 9 41 (Duanzhi) 0 0 0 0 0 15 12 27 (Changmao) 3 11 3 9 9 29 1 2 (Bazitou) 0 10 0 9 0 17 13 49 ( Zhongzhi) 0 10 0 4 6 13 20 53 (Sum) 5 59 6 59 43 51 150 112 45 A : (A : Actor of aggressive behavior) R : ( R : Receiver of aggressive behavior) 4 OMU Table 1 Matrices of submissive behavior among ( OMUs) R / A Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Sum ( Heitou) 4 1 12 4 4 2 19 72 (Jingzitou) 0 0 2 6 0 17 15 40 ( Hongdian) 0 2 5 11 1 12 2 33 ( Tutou) 0 3 0 1 1 19 11 35 (Duanzhi) 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 29 (Changmao) 0 5 1 4 6 27 13 56 (Bazitou) 0 4 0 2 0 2 10 1 ( Zhongzhi) 0 3 0 1 3 3 15 25 (Sum) 0 22 2 26 31 11 136 0 30 A : (A : Actor of submissive behavior) R : ( R : Receiver of submissive behavior) 5 OMU ( M S E) Table 5 The dominance index of OMUs of the band ( M S E) Heitou Hongdian Changmao Tutou Jingzitou Duanzhi Zhongzhi Bazitou (Dominance index) ( Ranking order) 0195 0104 0179 0111 0167 0111 0147 0115 0145 0114 0126 0116 0121 010 0116 0106 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 6 51 59 59 43 112 150 ( Times aggrieved by other units) ( Times of receiving submissive behavior from other units) 0 2 11 26 22 31 0 136 M ( M : Dominance index),, OMU :
6 : 733 OMU OMU 50 %,, OMU ;,, 26 13, 313 OMU 313 1, (1990), 30 % 57 %,, 1 313 1 116 1 OMU,, OMU ( R. bieti) ( OMU 14 ) ( R. av uncul us) (, 1512 ), ( R. brelichi) ( 611 ) ( Kirkpatrick et al., 199b ; Boonratana et al., 199 ; Bleisch et al., 1993 ) OMU ( 313 1) ( ) (311 1), (212 1) OMU, (11 1) ( Wu, 1993 ; Bleisch et al., 1993 ; Boon2 ratana et al., 199) OMU,,, (, 2000 ; Li et al., 2000), OMU,, ( 719 ) ( 1, ), (313 1),, (6196 1), 6, OMU (, 2000),, 312 OMU 2001 10 2002 2 OMU, 2002 3 4 OMU,, OMU, > OMU, 63 > > > > > > 2 ( 30 %) ( 5) OMU ( Kawai, OMU, 1979), 2001 2002 OMU,, 2002 3 31 1 OMU,, 2002 2 23, 719, 10, 7 ( 5), OMU OMU,,, OMU ( 2 m),,,,, OMU, 7, 13,, 5,,, OMU OMU, OMU ( 50 %) (, 62 %) ( %), OMU,,
34 7 49,, nosed Monkeys.,, OMU,, OMU OMU OMU, OMU, OMU OMU Fukuda, F., D. Wada and B. OMU 314, OMU, (, 199 ;, 2000), 1),, ; 2) OMU, OMU OMU,, OMU ( ),,, ; 3), OMU, OMU Fumio Fukuda, ( References) Bleisch, W., A. S. Cheng, X. D. Ren and J. H. Xie 1993 Pre2 liminary result from a field study of wild Guizhou snub2nosed mon2 keys ( Rhi nopithecus brelichi). Folia Pri matol. 60 : 72 2. Boonratana, R. and X. C. Le 199 Preliminary observations of the ecology and behavior of the Tonkin snub2nosed monkey [ ( Rhi no2 pithecus ( Presbytiscus) avunculus) ] in northern Vietnam. In : Jablonski, N. G. ed. The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub2 314. Chen, F. G., Z. L. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 207 Min, S. Y. Luo and W. Z. Xie 199 An ob2 servation on the behavior and some ecological habits of the golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in Qinling Mountains. In : Chen, F. G. ed. Progress in the Study of Golden Monkey. Xi an : Northwest University Press, 237 242. [,,, 199 ( Rhi nopithecus rox2 ellana). :.. :, 237 242 ]. Davies, A. G 1994 Colobine populations. In : Davies, A. G. and J. F. Oates ed. Colobine Monkeys : Their Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 25 310. G. Li 2002 Social organization of golden monkeys ( Rhinopithecus). A nthropological Science 110 :. Jablonski, N. G. 199 The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub2 nosed Monkeys. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 1 9. Kawai, M. 1979 Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Ba2 boons. Tokyo : Kodansha Ltd., 4 44. Kirkpatrick, R. C. 199a Ecology and behavior in snub2nosed and douc langurs. In : Jablonski, N. G. ed. The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub2nosed Monkeys. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 155 190. Kirkpatrick, R. C., Y. C. Long, T. Zhong and L. Xiao 199b Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey Rhi nopithecus bieti. Int. J. Pri matol. 19 : 13 49. Li, B. G., C. Chen, W. H. Ji and B. P. Ren 2000 Seasonal home range changes of the Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhi nopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Folia Pri matol. 71 : 375 36. Newton, P. N. 197 The social organization of forest Hanuman lan2 gurs ( Presbytis entell us). Int. J. Pri matol. : 199 232. Newton, P. N. and R. I. M. Dunbar 1994 Colobine monkey soci2 ety. In : Davies, A. G. and J. F. Oates ed. Colobine Monkeys : Their Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. University Press, 311 346. Cambridge : Cambridge Quan, G. Q. and J. H. Xie 2002 Research on the Golden Monkey. Shanghai : Shanghai Technology and Education Press, 103 15. [, 2002. :, 103 15. ] Ren, R. M., Y. J. Su,, K. H. Yan, H. J. Qi and W. Y. Bao 1990 Social relationships among golden monkeys in breeding case. Acta Psychol. Si n. 3 : 277 22. [,,,, 1990. 3 : 277 22. ] Ren, R. M., K. H. Yan, Y. J. Su, Y. Zhou, J. J. Li, Z. Q. Zhu, Z. L. Hu and Y. F. Hu 2000 The Society of Golden Monkey ( Rhi nopithecus roxellanae). Beijing : Beijing University Press, 14 16. [,,,,,,, 2000. :, 14 16. ]
6 : Srivastava, A. and R. I. M. Dunbar 1996 The mating system of Hanuman langurs : a problem in optimal foraging. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 39 : 219 226. Stanford, C. B. 1991 The capped langur in Bangladesh : behavioral ecology and reproductively tactics. In : Slazay, F. S. ed. Contri2 butions to Primatology, Vol. 26. New York : Karger, 1 179. Struhsaker, T. T. and L. Leland 197 Colobines : infanticide by adult males. In : Smuts, B. B., D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfar2 th, R. W. Wrangham and T. T. Struhsaker ed. Primate Soci2 eties. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 3 97. Whitehead, P. F. and C. Jolly 2000 Old World Monkeys. Cam2 bridge : Cambridge University Press, 496 521. Wu, B. Q. 1993 Patterns of spatial dispersion, locomotion and for2 aging behavior in three groups of Yunnan snub2nosed langur ( Rhi nopithecus bieti). Folia Pri matol. 60 : 63 71. Zumpe, D. and R. P. Michael 196 Dominance index : a simple measure of relative dominance status in primates. A m. J. tol. 10 (4) : 291 301. 735 Pri ma2