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'4,E'),* 3"#$%&'()"&*%\%36* 4&3,H*,%-%,.*"&*6%'6*7",2* 3(6%L",/*."1&2(,/* 4&3,H*,%-%,.*"&*3"&6%]6*!"#$%&'()"&* &%(,* 3"&6%]6* +(,* 3"&6%]6* +(,*6%'6* &%(,*6%'6* <<* "+*Y=*
V"2%554&L*'4,E'),* <H!!"#$%&'()"&*+",*,%-%,.%,()"&J** N(6C4&'Z*'4,E'),*$(,(24L#* >H! V"2%554&L*'4,E'),* [H! A%&%,(54'4&L*6"*&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* YH! U%-%,.%,()"&*,".1'6*+,"&6E%&2*+",*8RU* <>*"+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),*,%-%,.%,()"&*(&2*2/&(#43*,(&L%*,%-%,.%,()"&*g55'*24$'*4&*6%#$",(5*%&-%5"$%* 3"#$%&'()"&*('*(*,%'6",()"&*"+*2/&(#43*,(&L%^* 2%3,H*2/&(#43*,(&L%*kl*4&3,H*#%(&*6"*$%(C*,()"*dVWUe* /(01'234) /(01'234) "#$!"%!!"#%!"#$!!"# $ $"# % %"# "#$!"%!!"#% &'()*+,)-.!"#$!!"# $ $"# % %"# &'()*+,)-. 567*8*!"9%*( :;6*8*!"$< 567*8*$!*( :;6*8*!"9% 5&*2(=>5?8@>5( E*54D5%*,%-%,.%,()"&* E!*5(,L%*2/&(#43*,(&L%* E*5"7*VWU*-(51%* A*2(=>5?8@>5( E*#",%*,%-%,.%,()"&* E*'#(55*2/&(#43*,(&L%* E*04L0*VWU*-(51%* <[* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* $"''4.5%*,"5%*"+*%\%,%&6*'/'6%#* %\%,%&6*'/'6%#*4#$5%#%&6%2*4&*3"&6,"5*"+* 2/&(#43*,(&L%* 3"#$%&'()"&*('*,%'6",()"&*"+*2/&(#43*,(&L%^* B385*5(,:;;C0+(K(,*T%(,P*>=dceP*`bfEc?=H* <Y* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* (1246",/*#"2%5* VWU*"+*'4#15(6%2*(1246",/*&%,-%*,%'$"&'%*!*,%-%,.%,()"&* '1##%2*(3,"''*.(&2'*d+,%_1%&3/*4&2%$%&2%&6e* stimulus OME DRNL ATT linear! nonlinear! hair! + STEP cell sir-stir! template! match afferent efferent MPR " f! D&22E(*5?(F&??89(,:;;G0+(a*83"1'6*R"3*8#P*<>>dceP*[`<fE[`>cH* H&&9)>5(*5?(H2>I5(,:;-;0+*m&6%,'$%%30P*$$*>Yc>E>Yc`H* <`* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* %\%,%&6*+%%2.(3C*5""$* 4&3,H*,%-%,.*kl*4&3,H*VWU*kl*4&3,H*8BB*kl*2%3,H*"16$16* +,"#*GUFO*kl*,(6%*31,-%*'04n'*6"*,4L06* kl*,%'$"&'%*6"*')#154*7460*5"7*'"1&2*5%-%5*+(55'*.%5"7*60,%'0"52** stimulus OME afferent DRNL ATT efferent linear! nonlinear! MPR hair! + STEP cell " f! sir-stir! template! match Firing rate (spikes/s) 150 100 50 ATT = 0 db ATT = 20 db 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tone level (db SPL) <c* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),*,%3"-%,4&L*24$'* 0%5$'*6"*,%3"-%,*60%*Q6Q* 982( 9@2( <=* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* #"2%5*%]$%,4#%&6*<* J&K&29&(9L&&=MJ*3"#$%&'()"&*$%,'4'6'* VWU*$,4",*6"*6%'6*7",2*4'*1&(56%,%2*./*'$%%30*24,%3)"&* forward speech forward reverberation reverse speech forward reverberation Category boundary 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 8 6 4 2 0 human near test human far test model near test model far test near Context distance far near Context distance far <b* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* #"2%5*%]$%,4#%&6*>* J&K&29&(2&K&2#&2*@>5J*3"#$%&'()"&*4'*(."54'0%2* VWU*$,4",*6"*6%'6*7",2*4'*,%213%2*4&*604'*3('%* forward speech reverse reverberation reverse speech reverse reverberation Category boundary 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 8 6 4 2 0 human near test human far test model near test model far test near far Context distance near Context distance far o#",%l* <f* "+*Y=*
74604&E30(&&%5*#"2%5* +,%_1%&3/*4#$",6(&3%*4H* &%7*2(6(*+,"#*N(6C4&'Z*5(.*1'4&L*bE.(&2*')#154*,%-%,.%,()"&*($$54%2*"&5/*"&*3%,6(4&*.(&2'* 04L0*+,%_H*.(&2'*#"'6*4#$",6(&6*4&*'4,E'),*24')&3)"&* 7*)'859(*)(*%+(,:;--0+(a*83"1'6*R"3*8#P*<[?d`eP*>===E>=bbH* >?* "+*Y=*
74604&E30(&&%5*#"2%5* +,%_1%&3/*4#$",6(&3%*44H* +,%_1%&3/*'%&'4)-46/*"+*%\%,%&6*'/'6%#* $0/'4"5"L43(5*2(6(*d+",*(*3(6P*&"6*(*01#(&e* E*($$,"]H*54&%(,*4&3,%('%*4&*,%L4"&*<??Eb???*Tp* B385*5(*5?(B8N>2?(,-.//0+(+%(,-&.*/%'P*[<P*>fEYcH* ><* "+*Y=*
74604&E30(&&%5*#"2%5* +,%_1%&3/*4#$",6(&3%*444H* N4604&E.(&2*d+,%_1%&3/*2%$%&2%&6e*#"2%5* VWU*6/$43(55/*4&3,H*7460*,%-%,.*4&*%-%,/*30(&&%5* 8BB*2%6%,#4&%2*30(&&%5E./E30(&&%5* * stimulus OME DRNL ATT linear! nonlinear! hair! + hair! hair! STEP cell cell cell sir-stir! template! match afferent efferent MPR MPR MPR o#",%l* >>* "+*Y=*
#"2%554&L*'4,E'),* 4&6%,4#*3"&351'4"&'* 3"#$%&'()"&*4'*&"6*,%54(&6*"&*$0"&%)3*4&+",#()"&* 3"#$%&'()"&*%\%36'*#4L06*.%*#"2%55%2*7460*(* '/'6%#*60(6*#"&46",'*2/&(#43*,(&L%* N(6C4&'Z*'/&60%)3*')#154* E*'(#%*3"&6%]6*'%&6%&3%*(&2*6(5C%,* E*(,)g34(55/*3,%(6%2*Q6Q*4&*h'),Z* 2"*N(6C4&'Z*g&24&L'*L%&%,(54'%^* >[* "+*Y=*
F(61,(54')3*'$%%30* <H!!"#$%&'()"&*+",*,%-%,.%,()"&J** N(6C4&'Z*'4,E'),*$(,(24L#* >H! V"2%554&L*'4,E'),* [H! A%&%,(54'4&L*6"*&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* YH! U%-%,.%,()"&*,".1'6*+,"&6E%&2*+",*8RU* >Y*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* ')#154* 2"*N(6C4&'Z*g&24&L'*0"52*+",*&(61,(54')3*'$%%30^* 8,)315()"&*m&2%]*d8me*!",$1'* E*4&3512%'*'4,*(&2*'),* E*#",%*3"&6%]6*7",2'* E*#",%*6(5C%,'* %(30*8m*3",$1'*1D%,(&3%*1'%'*24\%,%&6*6(5C%,P* -"3(.15(,/P*'$%%30*,(6%P*$4630*3"&6"1,P*'6,%''* $(D%,&*%63H* E*3(&3%5*%]3%''*-(,4(.4546/^* E*(&(5/p%*,%'156'*7460*,%L(,2*6"*604'*-(,4(.4546/^* 728OM)(,:;;<0+(8,)315()"&*m&2%]H*O4&L14')3*G(6(*!"&'",)1#P*W045(2%5$04(H* o#",%l* >`* "+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* 42%(5'* &(61,(54')3*'$%%30* E*,%(5*7",52*54'6%&4&L* E*8RU*3"#$().5%* 4&3,%('%*2(6(*$%,*$(,)34$(&6* E*4&3,%('%*'1.'%6*"+*8,)315()"&*m&2%]*!",$1'* E*+1,60%,*3"&'"&(&6Q-"7%5*'%6'^* #4&4#4p%*#(&1(5*0(&254&L* E*7",2*."1&2(,4%'*5"3(6%2*-4(*dTBIe*+",3%2E(54L&#%&6* >c* "+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]6%&24&L*'4,E'),* '1.'%6*"+*3",$1'** *'4,*:*'C1,*:*'$1,*:*'),* 3"&'"&(&6'* *1&-"43%2*'6"$'P*24\H*$5(3%*"+*(,)315()"&* *Q$Q*+,"&6*:*QCQ*.(3C*:*Q6Q*#4225%* -"7%5'* *7460*q'P*'CP*'$P*'6r*3(&*0(-%*qUP*%P*4P*KP*mP*sP*d(P*"er* >=* "+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30*,%5()-%*4&+",#()"&*6,(&'#4D%2*dUmBe* &"*3(6%L",/*."1&2(,/* #4'35(''4g3()"&'* UmB*!,%L(,2'*$(,)34$(&6'*('*30(&&%5'* E*(33%$6*4&$16*')#154* E*$,"213%*"16$16*,%'$"&'%'* P(5A 982 9'32 9L32 9@2 982 [=?? [ 9'32 c >f > [ 9L32 <c [ <f > 9@2 <c > < ><! #%('1,%'*60%4,*4&+",#()"&*6,(&'+%,*30(,(36%,4')3'* F8%%&2(*5?(!8=&%E(,-.<<0+*0*1!"2'3*4"!*1#P*>=P*[[bE[`>H* o#",%l* >b* "+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*<J*h316"\Z* W"''4.5%*6"*,%$543(6%*3"#$%&'()"&*+",*,%-%,.^* F%3%''(,/*6"*4&3,%('%*"-%,(55*%,,",*,(6%^* *5"7*$(''*g56%,%2*6"*(-"42*3%454&L*%\%36' * '(#%*(&2*#4]%2*24'6(&3%*'%&6%&3%'* *q&%(,p*+(,r*3"&6%]6*t*q&%(,p*+(,r*6%'6* *q<p*<h`p*>p*[p*yr*ctp*5"7e$(''*g56%,*316"\** <c??*')#154*$(,))"&%2*(3,"''*>?*54'6%&%,'*dfky?e* *Y*6(,L%6'*u*>?*6(5C%,'*u*Y*24'6(&3%'*u*`*g56%,'** >f* "+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*<J*h316"\Z* %,,",'*4&3,H*('*5"7E$(''*g56%,*316"\*+,%_1%&3/*2%3,H** 3"#$%&'()"&*($$(,%&6*70%&*04L0*+,%_'*(,%*$,%'%&6* 1 khz 1.5 khz 2 khz 3 khz 4 khz error metric: 1 RIT 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 test 10 m test.32 m 0.05 0 0.32 10 context (m) 0.32 10 context (m) 0.32 10 context (m) 0.32 10 context (m) 0.32 10 context (m) FkY?* o#",%l* [?*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* 7",2E5%-%5*(&(5/'4'J*h316"\v* 855%&*(&2*O4J*qQ6QP*QCQP*Q$Qr*42%&)g%2*./*.1,'6*+,%_1%&3/* Q6Q*(6*Y*CTpw*QCQ*(6*<HY*x*>*CTpw*Q$Q*(6*?H=*x*<CTp* QCQ*0(2*L%&%,(55/*+%7%,*%,,",'*d.16*(2-(&6(L%*7('*5"'6*(6*5"7*+,%_'e* Q$Q*0"52'*42%&)6/*.%D%,*(6*<H`*CTp* Filter * Consonant arcsine transformed (1 RIT) 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 $ C* 6 s k p t 1 1.5 2 3 4 filter (khz) [<*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*>J*h,%-%,'%Z* 2"*)#%E,%-%,'(5*$,"3%21,%'*24',1$6*3"#$%&'()"&* 4+*($$54%2*6"*$,%3%24&L*3"&6%]6^* )#%*,%-%,'%2*'$%%30*(&2Q",*,%-%,.%,()"&* E*+72*,%-%,.J*!N*"-%,5($'*BKRB* E*,%-*,%-%,.J*&"*"-%,5($ ** N(6C4&'Z*3"&24)"&* <>b?*')#154*$(,))"&%2*(3,"''*<c*54'6%&%,'*dfkcye* *Y*6(,L%6'*u*>?*6(5C%,'*u*Y*24'6(&3%'*u*Y*,%-%,'(5'* [>*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*>J*h,%-%,'%Z* 3"#$%&'()"&*4'*$,%'%&6*+",*+",7(,2*,%-%,.%,()"&P**.16*(."54'0%2*7460*,%-%,'%*,%-%,.^* forward speech forward reverberation 0.3 reverse speech forward reverberation forward speech reverse reverberation reverse speech reverse reverberation error metric: 1 RIT 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 test 10 m test.32 m 0.05 0 0.32 10 0.32 10 0.32 10 0.32 10 context (m) context (m) context (m) context (m) FkcY* o#",%l* [[*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*[Jh4&8&2K]6,4&'43Z* 3"&6,4.1)"&*"+*4&6,4&'43*d6%'6eP*%]6,4&'43*d3"&6%]6e*4&+"^*! +"55"74&L*3"&6%]6*d%5eJ*,%#"-%2*! $,%3%24&L*3"&6%]6*d%5eJ*&%(,P*+(,*",*'45%&3%2* 3"#$%&'()"&*+",7(,2'*4&*)#%^*! 6%'6*7",2*d-&eJ*,%-%,.*6(45*%460%,*+155*",*L(6%2** L(6%*316'*6(45*(6*%&2*"+*6%'6E7",2Z'*-"7%5*,%6,"(3)-%*%\%36'^* `=c?*')#154*$(,))"&%2*(3,"''*<>*54'6%&%,'*dfkybe* q&%(,p*+(,p*'45%&6r*3"&6%]6*u*q&%(,p*+(,r*6%'6* Y*3"&'"&(&6'*u*c*-"7%5'*u*>?*6(5C%,'*u*[*3"&6%]6'*u*>*6%'6'* (22*6(45*l* 316*6(45*l* &%(,* +(,* L(6%2* [Y*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* %]$%,4#%&6*[Jh4&8&2K]6,4&'43Z* 3"#$%&'()"&*"331,'*7460"16*+"55"74&L*",* $,%3%24&L*3"&6%]6*dh'45%&6Z*(36'*54C%*h+(,Ze* m&6,4&'43*4&+"*1'%2*70%&*3"&6%]6*4'*(#.4l1"1'** %HLH*#4''4&L*",*4&($$,"$,4(6%* not gated gated 0.6 0.6 test 10 m test.32 m 0.5 0.5 1 RIT 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 near silent far context 0 near silent far context FkYb* o#",%l* [`*"+*Y=*
&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* 4&6%,4#*3"&351'4"&'* 3"#$%&'()"&*+",*,%-%,.%,()"&*%]4'6'*+",* &(61,(54')3*'$%%30*2%'$46%*E* 04L0*-(,4(.4546/*d3+H*N(6C4&'e* E*#",%*6(5C%,'* E*#",%*3"&6%]6*7",2'* E*#",%*6%'6*7",2'* 24\%,%&6*604&L'*L"4&L*"&*+",*24\%,%&6*6%'6*7",2'* (&(5/'4'*#%60"2'*,%_14,%*')55*#",%*60"1L06y* [c*"+*y=*
+,"&6E%&2* <H!!"#$%&'()"&*+",*,%-%,.%,()"&J** N(6C4&'Z*'4,E'),*$(,(24L#* >H! V"2%554&L*'4,E'),* [H! A%&%,(54'4&L*6"*&(61,(54')3*'$%%30* YH! U%-%,.%,()"&*,".1'6*+,"&6E%&2*+",*8RU* [=*"+*Y=*
,%-%,.%,()"&*,".1'6*+,"&6E%&2* 8RU* 1'%*(1246",/*#"2%5*('*(*h3"#$%&'()"&Z*+,"&6E%&2* E*'%%*4+*,%3"L&4)"&*"+*'6"$*3"&'"&(&6'*4#$,"-%'* stimulus OME DRNL ATT linear! nonlinear! hair! + hair! hair! STEP G!B* cell cell cell sir-stir! template! match,%3"l&4'%,* afferent efferent MPR MPR MPR [b*"+*y=*
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,%-%,.%,()"&*,".1'6*+,"&6E%&2* $(,(55%5E54C%540""2*#"2%5* Human near-near Oracle model near-near MPR model near-near SIR SKUR SPUR STIR SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR 37 0 0 3 SIR 32 0 0 8 0.0329 SIR 32 0 0 8 0.0329 SKUR 0 40 0 0 SKUR 0 38 0 2 0.0256 SKUR 0 38 0 2 0.0256 SPUR 0 1 38 1 SPUR 2 0 38 0 0.0500 SPUR 2 0 34 4 0.0628 STIR 0 0 0 40 STIR 0 2 0 38 0.0256 STIR 2 2 2 34 0.0811 Human near-far Oracle model near-far MPR model near-far SIR SKUR SPUR STIR SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR 37 0 0 3 SIR 36 2 2 0 0.0877 SIR 36 0 2 2 0.0277 SKUR 6 29 2 3 SKUR 6 34 0 0 0.0675 SKUR 6 34 0 0 0.0675 SPUR 16 3 19 2 SPUR 6 2 30 2 0.0902 SPUR 10 2 28 0 0.0664 STIR 16 2 1 21 STIR 18 6 0 16 0.0474 STIR 16 6 0 18 0.0404 Human far-far Oracle model far-far MPR model far-far SIR SKUR SPUR STIR SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR SKUR SPUR STIR φ 2 SIR 33 1 1 5 SIR 22 4 4 10 0.0933 SIR 28 2 4 6 0.0329 SKUR 0 34 0 6 SKUR 2 36 0 2 0.0507 SKUR 4 32 0 4 0.0558 SPUR 3 2 31 4 SPUR 4 0 36 0 0.0814 SPUR 6 0 32 2 0.0460 STIR 2 1 0 37 STIR 0 0 0 40 0.0390 STIR 0 0 0 40 0.0390 Table 1: Confusion matrices for human listeners (left), computer model given oracle information about the reverberation condition (center) and computer model that uses a MPR metric to determine the reverberation condition (right). Reverberation conditions are labelled as context-test distance. Rows correspond to the stimuli presented; columns record the responses. YY* "+*Y=*
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