34 5 2013 5 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol 34 No 5 May 2013 PM 2 5 1 2 2 1* 2 2 2 1 361021 2 361021 3 PM 2 5 thermal optical transmission TOT PM 2 5 OC EC OC EC OC /EC PM 2 5 79 94 ± 18 08 ~ 114 78 ± 26 10 μg m - 3 GB 3095-2012 PM 2 5 75 μg m - 3 OC EC C 14 77 ± 2 65 ~ 19 27 ± 1 96 μg m - 3 1 99 ± 0 50 ~ 3 36 ± 0 41 μg m - 3 1 2 ~ 1 6 1 2 ~ 2 0 R 2 = 0 70 R 2 = 0 66 PM 2 5 OC EC OC EC OC /EC 5 64 ~ 7 71 2 0 secondary organic carbon SOC 2 47 ~ 7 17 μg m - 3 OC 13 08% ~ 45 67% PM 2 5 2 20% ~ 7 78% PM 2 5 X513 A 0250-3301 2013 05-1988-07 Characterization of Organic Carbon OC and Elemental Carbon EC in PM 2 5 During the Winter in Three Major Cities in Fujian Province China CHEN Yan-ting 1 2 CHEN Jin-sheng 2 HU Gong-ren 1 XU Ling-ling 2 YIN Li-qian 2 ZHANG Fu-wang 2 1 Environmental Science and Engineering Department College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China 2 Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China Abstract PM 2 5 samples were collected in three cities Fuzhou Xiamen and Quanzhou in Fujian Province China during the winter and were analyzed for organic carbon OC and elemental carbon EC by thermal optical transmission TOT The characteristics such as pollution levels and spatial distributions of PM 2 5 OC and EC correlations between OC and EC OC /EC ratios and secondary organic carbon SOC were discussed in details Average concentrations of PM 2 5 were ranged from 79 94 ± 18 08 μg m - 3 to 114 78 ± 26 10 μg m - 3 which were in excess of the Ambient Air Quality Standards GB 3095-2012 24-hr massbased standards of 75 μg m - 3 Averages concentrations of OC and EC were fluctuated from 14 77 ± 2 65 μg m - 3 to 19 27 ± 1 96 μg m - 3 and 1 99 ± 0 50 μg m - 3 to 3 36 ± 0 41 μg m - 3 respectively which were 1 2 to 1 6 times and 1 2 to 2 0 times more than that in the background site Pingtan in Fuzhou Correlations between OC and EC in PM 2 5 were found to be strong in Pingtan R 2 = 0 70 and Jin'an R 2 = 0 66 Fuzhou suggesting that there were similar primary pollutants of OC and EC Average OC /EC ratios were 5 64-7 71 and all higher than 2 which indicated that the secondary organic carbon SOC was formed The estimated concentrations of SOC were from 2 47 μg m - 3 to 7 17 μg m - 3 which contributed 13 08% -45 67% to the OC and 2 20% -7 78% to PM 2 5 Key words PM 2 5 organic carbon OC elemental carbon EC thermal optical transmission TOT three major cities in Fujian Province organic carbon OC elemental carbon EC EC 1 ~ 8 81 9% OC 84 9% EC 2 5 μm 3 OC secondary organic carbon SOC OC EC 2012-07-11 2012-11-07 201009004 KZCX2-YW-453 1985 ~ E-mail ytchen@ iue ac cn * E-mail grhu@ hqu edu cn
5 PM 2 5 1989 PM 2 5 1 2011 1 5 ~ 14 4 ~ 8 24 h 70 3 2 TH-150C 9 ~ 12 PM 2 5 100 L min - 1 PM 2 5 OC EC Whatman QFF Φ90 mm PM 2 5 450 5 h 24 h 25 ± PM 2 5 OC EC 1 52 ± 1 % Sartorius T-114 PM 2 5 0 01 OC EC mg PM 2 5 1 2 PM 2 5 OC EC Sunset Lab Model-4 1 / 1 1 thermal optical transmission PM 2 5 3 TOT National 7 Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH 10 EC 7 OC 0 1 μg m - 3 Table 1 / 1 Specific description of sampling sites / /m 119 76 25 48 10 119 32 26 08 30 30 m 119 38 25 73 20 118 60 24 90 30 118 66 24 73 25 5 ~ 8 118 06 24 61 5 30 m 100 m 118 15 24 48 20 Table 2 2 Meteorological parameters during sampling / /m s - 1 8 62 71 96 4 98 11 7 87 67 92 1 95 5 6 11 8 32 64 19 2 17 5 6 11 10 32 1 1 76 6 11 10 08 67 74 2 18 11 12 11 48 64 05 1 67 5 11 12 10 20 66 13 2 77 11 1
1990 34 He PM 2 5 2011 OC He /O 2 98% 2008 He + 2% O 2 EC PM 2 5 59 81 μg m - 3 9 PM 2 5 He He /O 2 MnO 2 CO 2 2008 1 FID NDIR 80 2011 11 660 nm 116 45% OC He PM 2 5 He /O 2 EC OC EC 12 03 ± 2 87 μg m - 3 1 65 ± 0 50 μg m - 3 OC EC 2 OC EC 4 98 m s - 1 OC 2 EC EC 3 36 2 1 OC EC ± 0 41 μg m - 3 1 99 ± 0 50 2 1 1 PM 2 5 OC EC μg m - 3 2 0 1 2 OC 3 3 7 19 27 ± PM 2 5 OC EC 1 96 μg m - 3 14 77 ± 2 65 PM 2 5 μg m - 3 1 6 1 2 110 μg m - 3 114 78 ± 26 10 OC EC > μg m - 3 113 33 ± 20 89 μg m - 3 112 14 ± > > 20 30 μg m - 3 79 09 ± 27 87 μg m - 3 2012 2 GB 3095- OC EC 2012 PM 2 5 75 μg m - 3 PM 2 5 OC EC 10 2010 PM 2 5 99 92 ± 5 17 μg m - 3 117 08 ± 10 12 μg m - 3 2011 OC EC Table 3 3 PM 2 5 OC EC Average concentrations of PM 2 5 OC and EC in Fuzhou Xiamen and Quanzhou PM 2 5 /μg m - 3 OC /μg m - 3 EC /μg m - 3 79 09 ± 27 87 12 03 ± 2 87 1 65 ± 0 50 112 14 ± 20 30 18 84 ± 4 14 2 98 ± 0 88 79 94 ± 18 08 14 77 ± 2 65 1 99 ± 0 50 99 99 ± 27 23 15 71 ± 2 19 2 72 ± 0 70 114 78 ± 26 10 18 67 ± 1 67 3 36 ± 0 41 113 33 ± 20 89 19 27 ± 1 96 2 85 ± 0 41 81 42 ± 20 26 15 31 ± 2 12 2 42 ± 0 43 2 1 2 OC EC OC EC 4 PM 2 5 OC EC OC EC OC /EC 4 31 49 μg m - 3 11 08 μg m - 3
5 PM 2 5 1991 41 4 ± 29 8 μg m - 3 8 0 ± 2 4 μg m - 3 28 9 ± 14 8 μg m - 3 8 0 ± 2 4 μg m - 3 61 9 ± 33 2 μg m - 3 12 3 ± 5 3 μg m - 3 OC EC OC EC 13 OC 44% EC 44% 9% 3% OC EC 14 EC OC EC 20 3 ± 4 8 μg m - 3 12 7 ± 3 1 μg m - 3 OC PM 2 5 OC EC EC Table 4 4 PM 2 5 OC EC Average concentrations of OC and EC in PM 2 5 during the winter in other cities OC /μg m - 3 EC /μg m - 3 15 31 49 11 08 / TOR 2003 1 16 41 4 ± 29 8 8 0 ± 2 4 / TOR 2006 12 ~ 2007 1 17 28 9 ± 14 8 4 8 ± 2 2 / TOT 2005 12 ~ 2006 2 13 61 9 ± 33 2 12 3 ± 5 3 / TOR 2003 9 ~ 2004 2 18 16 1 ± 8 0 2 3 ± 1 0 / TOT 2005 10 ~ 2006 7 19 20 3 ± 4 8 12 7 ± 3 1 / TOT 2004 11 ~ 12 20 13 4 1 6 / TOT 2002 8 ~ 2003 11 21 13 4 ± 5 4 3 6 ± 2 5 / TOT 2003 3 ~ 2005 2 22 6 7 1 7 / TOT 2005 1 ~ 2 22 5 4 1 2 / TOT 2005 1 ~ 2 23 10 9 ± 0 8 1 8 ± 0 1 / TOT 2009 6 ~ 2010 5 1 TOT TOR OC EC TOT OC TOR 2 2 OC EC EC R 2 2 2 1 OC EC = 0 70 R 2 = 0 66 PM 2 5 OC EC OC EC OC EC OC EC 14 24 OC EC 1 PM 2 5 OC Fig 1 1 PM 2 5 OC EC Correlations between OC and EC in PM 2 5 during the winter in Fuzhou Xiamen and Quanzhou
1992 34 2 2 2 OC /EC OC /EC OC /EC = 3 8 ~ 13 2 27 OC / EC 6 49 7 50 7 71 OC /EC 2 0 25 2 PM 2 5 OC /EC OC /EC 14 28 OC PM 2 5 OC /EC 5 64 ± 0 93 ~ 7 71 ± 1 37 2 0 EC 1 5 11 12 OC /EC 1 5 6 11 6 49 < OC 7 71 5 64 < 6 10 EC 24 OC /EC 6 47 < 6 88 OC 2 3 EC EC EC EC 2 Fig 2 PM 2 5 OC /EC OC /EC ratios in PM 2 5 during the winter in Fuzhou Xiamen and Quanzhou OC /EC 3 OC 7 71 6 88 OC /EC OC /EC = 4 3 ~ 7 7 26 30 m EC primary organic carbon POC 29 30 OC secondary organic carbon SOC OC /EC OC /EC 2 2 2 0 SOC 25 31 OC /EC 1 2 secondary organic carbon SOC SOC = OC tot - OC pri 1 OC pri = EC OC /EC min 2 SOC μg m - 3 OC tot μg m - 3 OC pri μg m - 3 EC μg m - 3 OC /EC min OC /EC OC /EC min OC /EC OC EC OC EC OC EC OC /EC SOC O 3 OC /EC EC SOC 5 OC 5 PM 2 5 SOC OC OC /EC PM 2 5 OC /EC POC SOC TC 8 53 ~ 16 38 μg m - 3 VOCs 2 47 ~ 7 17 μg m - 3 13 68 ~ 22 11 μg m - 3 OC /EC PM 2 5 POC SOC OC /EC 2 93 μg m - 3 2 47
5 PM 2 5 1993 Table 5 5 PM 2 5 SOC Levels of secondary organic carbon SOC in PM 2 5 during the winter at Fuzhou Xiamen and Quanzhou POC /μg m - 3 SOC TC 1 /μg m - 3 /μg m - 3 POC /TC EC /TC SOC /TC SOC /OC SOC /PM 2 5 9 11 2 93 13 68 66 55 12 08 21 38 24 31 3 70 16 38 2 47 21 82 75 06 13 64 11 30 13 08 2 20 8 55 6 22 16 75 51 03 11 86 37 11 42 10 7 78 8 53 7 17 18 43 46 30 14 78 38 92 45 67 7 17 14 15 4 52 22 03 64 24 15 26 20 50 24 20 3 94 15 80 3 47 22 11 71 44 12 87 15 69 18 01 3 06 11 24 4 07 17 73 63 41 13 63 22 96 26 58 5 00 1 TC = OC + EC OC = SOC + POC μg m - 3 2 65 ~ 19 27 ± 1 96 μg m - 3 1 99 ± 0 50 ~ 8 62 7 87 3 36 ± 0 41 μg m - 3 1 2 ~ POC TC 46 30% 50% 38 92% 11 30% 20 50% PM 2 5 SOC 2 47 ~ 7 17 PM 2 5 SOC OC μg m - 3 OC PM 2 5 13 08% ~ 13 08% ~ 45 67% SOC PM 2 5 45 67% 2 20% ~ 7 78% 2 20% ~ 7 78% 32 SOC 15 SOC 6 33 PM 2 5 SOC OC 35 2% 49 2% 40 7% 48 3% 40% 5590 2250-2253 SOC OC 13 08% 24 20% 18 01% 26 58% SOC OC 45 67% 42 10% 3 1 PM 2 5 79 94 ± 18 08 ~ 114 78 ± 26 10 μg m - 3 2012 2 GB 3095-2012 PM 2 5 75 μg m - 3 OC EC 14 77 ± 1 6 1 2 ~ 2 0 2 OC EC OC EC SOC TC SOC TC 37 11% 3 OC /EC 2 0 1 Menon S Hansen J Nazarenko L et al Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India J Science 2002 297 2 Offenberg J H Barker J E Aerosol size distributions of elemental and organic carbon in urban and over-water atmospheres J Atmospheric Environment 2000 34 10 1509-1517 3 Chen S J Liao S H Jian W J et al Particle size distribution of aerosol carbons in ambient air J Environment International 1997 23 4 475-488 4 Ho K F Lee S C Chan K C et al Characterization of chemical species in PM 2 5 and PM 10 aerosols in Hong Kong J Atmospheric Environment 2003 37 1 31-39 5 Ye B M Ji X L Yang H Z et al Concentration and chemical composition of PM 2 5 in Shanghai for a 1-year period J Atmospheric Environment 2003 37 4 499-510 6 Cao J J Lee S C Ho K F et al Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region China during 2001 winter period J Atmospheric Environment 2004 37 11 1451-1460 7 Pathak R K Wang T Ho K F et al Characteristics of
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