ΠΑΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΖΩΑ ΠΟΙΚΙΛΑ

This song is titled Πάντα τὰ ζῷα ποικῖλα All the various Animals (for short The Animal Song) It was inspired by the Greek song titled ΤΟ ΑΣΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΟΜΑΤΟΣ and the LXX creation story. The primary chorus of the song is contained in two verses: 1 All the various animals god made, Cohabit the world searching for sustenance; 2 They differ in form and manner; God designed all their ways. The song begins with a section of choruses which talk about (1) that the animals were made by God and (2) that they differ in form, manner and ways (μορφή, τρόπη, ὁδός). Seven verses tell the creation story. The bridge choruses talk about how the animals differ (1) what they eat (2) what they drink (3) where they live, (4) how they move, (5) their relationship to man, (6) how they reproduce, and (7) some unique features of their bodies. After the chourses, about 40 different verses go through a list of animals (about 40 in total; animal = τὸ ζῷον). All animals have at least two verses, some have more. The song generally says something unique about the animal, and then says something about where they live and what they eat. The second verse expands on the animal; for some animals, the song tells the person to beware of meeting that animal in a certain context. The All the Various Animals chorus uses a τὰ μὲν τὰ δέ construction. Greek uses the sequence μὲν. δὲ... δὲ, κτλ. to express contrasts. The article τὰ μέν τὰ δὲ (neuter plural means some when connected to μέν or δέ. (the μέν clause comes first, followed by repeated δέ clauses.) Other patterns are ἄλλοι μὲν, ἄλλοι δὲ, κτλ. (some., others ). The tune of the recent song ΤΟ ΑΣΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΟΜΑΤΟΣ by Sharon-Buth Alley has been used as the tune. This song is a pattern of 7/6/7/6 syllables. I ve allowed accents to fall on (1) the beat of the song, (2) a rising tone, and following ancient Greek metra, (3) the final syllable of any given line can be accented or unaccented. Poetic license is used where needed in regards to accent. Ancient Greek poetry did not rhyme the ends of the lines (until later); so the line endings in this song do not all rhyme. All in all, the song follows modern musical conventions, and not ancient; accent is the basis of each mora and not vowel length or time. The grammar for the song is not limited to indicative constructions. No effort was made to avoid using the subjunctive mood, contractions, the relative pronouns, infinitive constructs, or participles. Because the song has short verses, it reads more like any song or Homeric poem where long, complicated clauses do not occur in frequency. The primary pattern of the song is (1) statement about the animal (often not using a verb, (2) statement about the animal with either a complementary participle or infinitive. A side by side English translation is given for each verse. Vocabulary notes are given to the side of the verses, for the unique vocabulary listed in each verse. At the end of the song, a complete vocabulary is given, along with a collection of semantic domains (words for living, eating, things to eat, parts of the body, etc. Passages from the Scriptures are used where appropriate, e.g. verse 6, The Lion, imitates the verbage of 1 Peter 5.8 Νήψατε, γρηγορήσατε. ὁ ἀντίδικος ὑμῶν διάβολος ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ ζητῶν καταπιεῖν This list includes word for animals not used in the NT or LXX. At the end of the song, some Greek mythical creatures are listed: Cyclops, Centaur, Nymph, Dragon. Ultimately, I hope a series of books with images/drawings for the various verses can be created. This song can be used in an active learning environment. This song began as an action song. The crododile (verse 1) can be acted out in full, as can most of the other verses. The teacher/class can play ΤΙΣ ΕΙΜΙ acting out a 1

scenario for any given animal. τί λέγω; τί ποιῶ; τί ἐσθίω; πῶς κινῶ; ποῦ οἰκῶ; τί μάλιστα φιλῶ; φοβῇς με; μέγας ἢ μικρός εἰμι; Many other ways of teaching various verses of this song can be used by the creative teacher. Where does the live? Does it live in the? What does it eat? Does it eat? Is the like the? Which ζῷα are tame/wild? Which ζῷα have sharp teeth? etc. The comparisons and contrasts are endless. The which (ὃς ἔχει / ὅν φοβεῖται τὰ ζῷα),. The text of this song is new and not set in stone. Greek lexicons and literature have been searched to try to reproduce the most common phrases used for vairous animals and their environs. If you have any suggestions, corrections, etc., please contact louis@letsreadgreek.com. The latest version of this song can be found at http://www.letsreagreek.com/songs/theanimalsong/. This song is available for use for non-profit ventures and education. Louis Sorenson (LetsReadGreek.com) retains the copyright to the text. There are verses for about 40 animals and creatures: θηρία (wild animals), calm animals (ἤρεμα), tamed animals (δαμασθέντα) and domesticated (ἐνοικοιά). The order of verses, after the chorus, is as follows: 1. Crocodile κροκόδειλος, -ου, ὁ 2. Elephant ἐλέφας, -αντος, ὁ 3. Monkey πίθηκος, -ου, ὁ 4. Rhinoceros ῥινόκερως, -ωτος, ὁ 5. Hippopotamus ἱπποπόταμος, -ου, ὁ 6. Lion λέων, -οντος, ὁ 7. Tiger τίγρις, -ιδος, ὁ, ἡ 8. Bear ἄρκος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ 9. Whale φάλλαινα, -ας, ἡ κῆτος, -ους, τό 10. Dolphin δελφίς -ῖνος, ὁ 11. Fish ἰχθύς, -ύος, ὁ 12. Ram κριός, -οῦ, ὁ 13. Sheep/Lamb πρόβατον, -ου, τό ἀρνίον, -ου, τό 14. Eagle ἀετός, -οῦ, ὁ 15. Vulture γύψ, γυπός, ὁ 16. Chicken ὀρνίθιον, -ου, τό ὄρνις, ὁ, also ἡ; gen. ὄρνῑθος; acc. sg. ὄρνῑθα and ὄρνιν 17. Owl γλαύξ, -κός, ἡ 18. Horse ἵππος, -ου, ὁ 19. Donkey/Ox ὄνος, -ου, ὁ μόσχος, -ου, ὁ 20. Camel κάμηλος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ 21. Cow/Bull/Ox βοῦς βοός, ὁ, ἡ 22. Bull ταῦρος, -ου, ὁ 23. Wolf λύκος, -ου, ὁ 24. Dog κύων, κυνός, ὁ, ἡ 25. Fox ἀλώπηξ, -εκος, ἡ 26. Weasel/Ferret γαλῆ, -ῆς, ἡ (contr. from γαλέη) 27. Cat αἰλουρος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ 28. Mouse μῦς, μυός, ὁ 29. Bat νυκτερίς, -ίδος, ἡ 30. Bee μέλισσα, -ης, ἡ 31. Fly - Mosquito/Gnat μυῖα, -ας, ἡ κώνωψ, -ωπα, ὁ 32. Cicada/Grasshopper τέττιξ, -ιγος, ὁ ἀκρίς, -ίδος, ἡ 33. Ant μύρμηξ,, -ηκος, ὁ 34. Spider ἀράχνης, -ου, ὁ 35. Scorpion σκορπίος, -ου, ὁ 36. Snake ὄφις, -έως, ὁ ἀσπίς, -ίδος, ἡ ἔχιδνα, -ης, ἡ ἑρπετόν, -οῦ τό 37. Cyclops Κύκλωψ, -ωπος, ὁ 38. Centaur Κένταυρος, -ου, ὁ 39. Nymph νύμφη, -ης, ἡ 40. Dragon δράκων, -οντος, ὁ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΖΩΑ ΠΟΙΚΙΛΑ 2012 LetsReadGreek.com 2

3 ΧΟΡΟΣ Α (Chorus A) πάντα [τὰ] ζῷα πικοίλα ἃ ἔπλασεν θεός ἐνοικεῖ ἐν τῷ κόσµῳ τὰς τροφάς ζητούντα. διαφέρει ἀλλήλων [ἕκαστον] τὰς µορφάς καὶ τρόπους ἐνενόησεν θεὸς πάσας αὐτῶν ὁδούς. All the various animals which God created, differ each from each other in their ways. They differ from each other in shape and manners; God intended all of their ways. πάντα τὰ ζῷα ποικίλα ἃ θεὸς ἔπλασεν (ἔκτισεν) διαφέρει ἕκαστον ἀλλήλων τοὺς τρόπους (or κατ ἰδίους τρόπους) πάντα τὰ ποικίλα ζῷα ἔπλασεν θεός γε τὰ δὲ συνοικεῖ κόσµῳ ἐκζητοῦντα τροφήν ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Α (Variation 1 ) τὰ µὲν ἐσθίει κρέας τὰ δὲ µόνον φυτά τὰ δὲ ἀπ ἀµφοτέρων τὰ δ ἀφ οὐδετέρων. Some eat meat; Others only plants; Some eat both; Some eat neither.

4 ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Β (Variation 2 ) τὰ µὲν φαγεῖται καρπόν τὰ δὲ δένδρων φύλλα. τἀ δὲ ἐσθίει σπέρµα τὰ δὲ πίνει ὀπὸν Some will eat fruit; Some the leaves of trees; Some eat seed(s); Some drink juice. ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Β (Variation 3 ) ἄλλα µὲν πίνει γάλα ἕτερα δὲ µέλι ἕνια δὲ αἶµά γε ἅπαντα δὲ ὕδωρ. Some drink milk Others honey A few even blood. All drink water. ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Γ (Variation 4) τὰ µέν ἐστιν θηρία τὰ δὲ ἤρεµ ἐστιν. τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἦσαν (ἔστιν/ ἦν καἰ) δαµασθέντα. Some are wild beasts, Some are rather tame. Some by man have been tamed. ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ (Variation 5) τὰ µὲν ἕρπει ἐπὶ γῆς τὰ δὲ τὴν γῆν πατεῖ τὰ δὲ πέτεται ἄνω τὰ δ ἐννεῖ τὸ ὕδωρ. Some walk upon the earth, Some crawl; Some fly up high Some swim in the waters. τὰ δε πλεῖ ὕδωρ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Ε (Variation 5) τὰ µὲν πτέρυγας ἔχει τὰ δὲ τετράποδα τὰ δὲ ὤον δίδωσι [ποιήσει] τὰ δε ζῳοτόκα Some have wings; Some have four feet; Some lay an egg; Some give live birth. ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΗ Ε (Variation 6)

5 τὰ µὲν οἰκεῖ πεδίον τὰ δὲ ὲν ἐρήµῳ τὰ δὲ παρὰ ποταµῷ τὰ δὲ ἐν ὄρεσιν Some inhabit the plain; Some (live) in the desert; Some by the river; Some in the mountains. The Creation Story (Gen. 1-2) ὁ δ ἔκτισεν ἐν ἀρχῇ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ζῴων ἕκαστον ἐποίησεν κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν. τὰ κήτη τὰ µεγάλα, ἰχθύας θαλάσσης, πέτεινον πετόµενα, ἑρπετὰ επὶ γῆς, ζῴων ἑρπετῶν πᾶσαν, θηρία τοῦ ἄγρου, κτήνη και τετράποδα, πετεινὰ οὐρανοῦ And he created in the beginning every animal life; He mad each according to its kind. the great beasts, fish of the ocean, flying birds, reptiles on the earth. all of the reptilian animals beasts of the field, flocks and four-footed animals birds of the sky ὕστερον πάντων εἶπεν Last of all he said

6 ἄνθρωπον ποιήσω(µεν) κατ εἰκόν ἡµετέραν ἄρσεν τε καὶ θῆλυ δώσω αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα ζῷα ἃ ἐπλασα ἄρχετε ὑπὲρ πάντων. κατακυρεύσατε. ὁ θεός ηὐλόγησεν λέγων Αὐξάνεσθε πληθύνεσθ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν πληρώσατε ταῦτην. εἶτ εἶδεν θεὸς πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησεν, καὶ κατέπαυσεν λέγων ἰδοὺ καλὰ λίαν. I/we will make man according to our image male and female. I will give them all animals which I formed; Rule over all! Be master (of them)! God blessed (them) saying Grow! Increase in numbers in the earth! Fill this place. The God saw everything which he made and rested, saying Behold, (all) is extremely good.

7 1 Crocodile ὁ κροκόδειλος δεινὸv ἑρπετὸν ἰδέσθαι παροικεῖ τῷ ποταµῷ ἄλλα ζῷ ἐσθίων κεῖται µένων ἡσύχιος τὴν ἄγραν ἐσθίειν. ἀνοίγει τὸ στοµ αὑτοῦ θέλων καταφαγεῐν. ὁ µέγιστος τετράπους ἑρπετῶν ἁπάντων ἔχει πολλοὺς ὁδόντας καὶ µακράν γε κέρκον καὶ οὐρὰν µακράν γε. κροκοδείλου πλεοῦντος ἥµισυ ἂν ὄψῃ κεφαλὴς, νώτων, οὐρᾶς, ὦτα, ὄµµατα, ῥίνας. κροκοδείλου κειµένου τοῦ δὲ ἰπποποτάµου ὤτ, ῤίνας, ὀφθαλµούς. The crocodile (is) a terrifying reptile to behold; He lives beside the river having eaten other animals. He lies, waiting silently to eat his prey; He opens his mouth, wanting to devour (it). The biggest four-footed beast of all the reptiles; He has many teeth and a long, terrifying tail. Of a crocodile floating the half you will see; of (his) head, back, tail eyes, ears, nostrils. but of the Hippopotamos ears, nostrils, eyes. κροκόδειλος, -ου, ὁ crocodile δεινός, -ή, -όν causing fear, terrifying ἰδέσθαι > aor. inf. mid of εἶδον to see ζῷον, -ου, τό animal ζῷ = ζῷα (nt. pl.) ἐσθίω to eat κεῖµαι to lie κειµένου mid. part. ἡσύχιος, -η, -ον quiet ἄγρα, -ας, ἡ prey, catch ἀνοίγω to open στόµα, -ατος, τό mouth καταφαγεῖν aor. act. inf of κατεσθίω to devour µέγιστος, -η, -ον biggest τετράπους, -ουν γεν. ποδος four-footed animal ὁδούς, -όντος, τό tooth κέρκος, -ου, ἡ tail µακρός, -ά, -όν long ἥµισυς, -εια, -υ, γεν. ἡµίσους one-half ὄψοµαι I will see. ὄψῃ 2s. you will see ὦτα, τά nt. pl. of τὸ οὖς ear

8 2 Elephant οἱ ἐλέφαντές εἰσιν µέγιστοι τῶν ζῷων συνοικεῖ ἡ ἀγέλη βοσκοµένη φύλλα. (φυτά) ὁ ἐλέφας ἐκτείνει τὴν µακρὰν µυκτῆρα ᾗ χρᾶται εἰς τὸ πέµπειν φύλλον εἰς τὸ στόµα. The elephant is the biggest of all the animals upon the earth; He lives together in a herd with other elephants. Leaves of various plants he loves to eat; He stretches out in order to get his long nose. µέγιστος ὁ ἐλέφας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ζῴων συνοικεῖ ἐν ἀγέλῃ ἐλέφασι ἄλλοις. φύλλα φυτῶν ποικίλων φιλεῖ καταφαγεῖν τὰδε κτᾶσθαι ἐκτείνει τὸν µακρόν µυκτῆρα ἵνα λάβῃ ἐκτείνει τὸν µυκτῆρα µακρόν ᾧ [ὃς] εἰς στόµαχον πέµπει φυτὰ παµποίκιλα. 3 Monkey ὁ πίθηκος ὅµοιος τῷ ἁνθρώπῳ ἐστιν. ἐνοικεῖ ἐν τοῖς δένδροις πετευριζόµενος. The Monkey similar to man is; He lives in the trees flying like an acrobat. πέτεται διὰ δένδρων καρποὺς ζητῶν φαγεῖν χερσὶν πόσιν καὶ κέρκῳ τοὺς καταφαγεῖται. He flies through the trees seeking fruit to eat; With hands, feet, and tail He will eat them.

9 4 Rhinoceros ὁ ῥινόκερως ἔχει κέρας µόνον µέγα, ἐνοικεῖ τοῖς ἐρήµοις χόρτον καταφάγων. The rhinoceros has a lone big horn; He lives in deserted places eating grass. εἰ ποτ εἶ ἐν ἐρήµῳ µέλε µὴ ὀργίζειν: ἢ ὀργίσθεις τοῖς πόσιν σὲ καταπατήσει. If ever you are in a deserted place take care not to anger (him); or being angered with his feet he will trample you. 5 Hippopotamus ὁ δὲ ἱπποπόταµος ῥίν ἔχει µεγάλην ἐνοικεῖ τῷ ποταµῷ βοσκόµενος λωτούς. εἰ πότ εἶ ὲν πλοίῳ ὤν ποταµοῦ ἐν µέσῳ φόβου µὴ σὺγε ἀντᾷς τοῦδ ὑποκειµένου The hippopotamus has a big nose. He lives in the river feeding upon the lotus. If ever you are in a boat, in the middle of a river, Watch out lest you would meet him lying underneath.

10 6 Lion ὠρυόµενος λέων ὁ ἀρχὼν τῶν ζῴων περιπατεῖ πεδίον καταπίνειν [τινα] ζητῶν. A roaring lion (is) the ruler of the animals. He walks about the plain to eat someone. λέων, -οντος, ὁ ἀκολουθεῖ µακρόθεν τὴν ἄγραν ἀγρεύων, µένων εὔθετον καῖρον ἐν ᾧ λαµβάνεσθαι He follows from afar, hunting his prey, and waiting for the opportune time in which to capture. εἶτα τρέχει ταχέως τὴν ἄγραν ἁρπάζειν δάκνει ὀδοῦσιν αὐτὴν θέλων καταφαγεῖν. The he runs quickly to snatch his prey; He bites it with teeth desiring to devour (it). ὄνυξιν ἀνασχίζει αὐτὴν ἀποκτείνων εἶτα κεῖται ἐκ σαρκῶν (ἐν λάκκῳ) χορτάζεσθαι ἑαυτόν. With his claws he rips it apart, Killing it; Then he sits down happily to feed himself with flesh. 7 Tiger ἡ τίγρις ὁ µέγιστος τῶν ὠµοφαγόντων. οἰκεῖ ὕλην ἀγρίην µόνη ἀγρεύουσα. ὁµοία τῇ παρδάλει καὶ τῷ λεοπάρδῳ ὅµοια τῷ πάνθηρι φιλεῖ κτείνειν δόλῳ. The tiger (is) the biggest of the carnivores. It inhabits (the) wild jungle hunting alone. Simliar to the leopard and the leapard Simliar to the panther He loves to kill in stealth. Τίγρις, -ιδος, ἡ, tiger acc. τὴν τίγριν. pl. τίγρεις or τίγριδες πάρδαλις, εως, ἡ (ὁ πορδαλις) leopard λεόπαρδος, -ου, ὁ leopard πάνθηρ, -ηρος, ὁ panther ὠµοφάγος, -ον carnivore ὠµός, -ή, -όν raw, uncooked ὕλη, -ης, ἡ woods, forest ἄγριος, -ία, -ον wild δόλος, -ου, ὁ guile, cunning

11 8 Bear ὁ ἄρκος ἐστιν µέγας λάχνην εἰνυµένος ἐνοικεῖ εν σπηλαίῳ (φωλάδι) ἐν τῆς ὕλης µέσῳ. The bear is large wearing fur; He lives in a cave in the middle of the forest. ἄρκος, -ου, ὁ bear βολβοῖς, ῥαγαῖς ἰχθύσι ἑαυτὸν χορτάσει. µάλιστα φιλεῖ φαγεῖν µελισσῶν τὸ µέλι. With bulbs, berries, fish he feeds himself; He especially loves to eat the honey of bees. 9 Whale 10 Dolphin ἡ φάλλαινα ἐστιν κῆτος φάλλαινα, -ας, ἡ whale ὁ δέλφις ἐστιν πάντων φιλανθρωπότατον. ἐπιπλεῖ τῇ θαλάσσῃ ἰχθύας ἐσθίων. ὥσπερ γὰρ ἦν Ἰωνᾶς ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ τοῦ κή τους 1 έλφις, -ῖνος, ὁ dolphin ἐὰν πότε σὺ ναυαγῇς ἐν µέσῳ θαλάσσῃ εὔχου δέλφιν τιν οἴσει σε εἰς σωτηρίαν. 1 Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. A. (1996). Vol. 1: Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains (electronic ed. of the 2nd edition.) (47). New York: United Bible Societies.

12 11 Fish ὁ ἰχθύς ἐνοἰκεῖ θάλασσας καὶ λίµνας πλεῖ ὑπὸ τὰ ὕδατα ἐν ἀγέλῃ ἑταῖρων. The fish inhabits seas and lakes. He swims under the waters in a school of comrades. ἰχθύς ας, ὁ fish πλείωνα ζῴων ζητεῖ τὸνδ ἰχθὺν ἐσθίειν ἀγκίστρῳ ἢ δικτύῳ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐλκύσει. Most of the animals seek to eat that fish. With a hook or with a net Man will pull (it) up. 12 Ram ὁ κριὸς µεγακέρας ὅµοιος προβάτῳ κατοικεῖ τοῖς ἐρήµοις ὄρεσσιν ὑψηλοῖς. ἔχει πόδας βεβαῖους στήκειν ἐπὶ πέτρας καὶ δύο κέρα κύκλα µάχεσθαι ἀλλήλους. The bighorned ram a sheep or lamb; He inhabits the deserted high mountains. He has steady feet to stand upon the cliffs (rocks) and two circular horns to fight each other. κριός, -οῦ, ὁ male sheep; ram πρόβατον, -ου, τό sheep µεγακέρας with big horns (neolog)* ἀµνός, -οῦ, ὁ lamb ἀρήν, ἀρνός, ὁ lamb (rare) ἀρνίον, -ου, τό lamb αἴξ, αἰγός, ὁ, ἡ goat ἔριφος, -ου, ὁ kid, he-goat

13 13 Sheep/Lamb τὰ πρόβατα ὑπάρχει δειλότερα πάντων συνοικεῖ ἐν τῇ ποίµνῃ βοσκόµενα χόρτην. µόνον µένειν φοβεῖται µὴ λέων ἢ λύκος ἑαυτὸν διαρπάζῃ ποιηθῆναι δεῖπνον. Sheep are more cowardly than all; They live together in a flock grazing grass. It fears to remain alone lest a lion or a wolf himself would seize to be made dinner. πρόβατον, -ου, τό δειλός, -ή, -όν cowardly, timid ἀρνίον, -ου, τό lamb δίδωσι τὸν ἔριον ἀµφιεννύναι ἄνδρα δίδωσί τε ἀρνία ἀνδρὶ καταφαγεῖν. It gives its wool to clothe man; Man slaughters it to give it to God. τὸ πάσχα γινόµενον θύσει τοῦτο ἀνὴρ εἰς τὸ θεῷ διδόναι βιβρώσκειν θ ἑορτήν. Becoming the Paschal lamb a man will slay this (creature) in order to give to God and to eat the feast.

14 14 Eaagle πέτεινον ὁ ἀετὸς ὃς ἄρχει οὐρανούς κατοικεῖ ἐπὶ ἄκρον καὶ κρηµνῶν καὶ δένδρων The eagle is a bird who rules the heavens; He dwells upon the top of trees and mountains. ἀετός, -οῦ, ὁ eagle πέτεται ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὥστε ἄγραν σκοπεῖν καταδύων εἰς τὴν γῆν ὄνυξιν ἁρπάζει. He flies in the skys so as to scope out prey; Diving to the earth with talons he snatches (it). 15 Vulture ὁ γὺψ ἐστιν φοβερὸν θανάτου σηµεῖον ἐνοικεῖ τοῖς ἐρήµοις τὰ νεκρά ἐσθίων. The vulture is a fearful sign of death; He live in the deserts eating the dead. γύψ, -πός, ὁ vulture ὅταν ᾐς ὲν ἐρήµῳ καὶ διψῶν καὶ πεινῶν φόβου µὴ ὄψῃ ἄνω τὸνδε σε κυκλοῦντα. Whenever you would be in the desert both hungering and thirsting; Fear lest you see above that one circling you.

15 16 Chicken Chicken ἡ ὄρνις δὲ πέτεινον ὃ µόλις πέτεται ἄγρον οἰκεῖ ζητοῦσα σκώληκας καὶ σπέρµα. ὁ ἀλέκτωρ φωνῆσει πρώϊ γενοµένου ἡ θηλεῖα δίδωσι ᾦα ἀνδρί φαγεῖν. The chicken (bird) is a bird which can barely fly. It lives the farm (field) searching for worms and seed. The rooster will crow -the morning being early-. The female (hen) gives eggs to man to eat. ὄρνις, γεν. ὄνιθος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ ὀρνίθιον, -ου, τό 17 Owl ἡ γλαύξ κ ἐστιν πέτεινον τῶν ζῷων σωφίστη καθίζει ἐπὶ κλάδος ὄµµασι φλεγοῦσιν. γλαύξ, -κός, ἡ owl οὗτος ὁ νυκτικόραξ µικρὰ ζῷα ζητεῖ

16 18 Horse Horse ἵππος ἐστιν ταχέως εἷς ὢν [τῶν] τετραπόδων φιλεῖ µάλιστα φαγεῖν µῆλά τε καὶ βρόµος. Α horse is swift being one of the four-footed animals; He love especially to eat apples and oats. τρέχει διὰ πεδίων πόαν χλῶραν φάγων. ἄνθρωπον ἐπὶ νῶτα οἴσει τὸδε ζῷον He runs through the fields eating green grass. Man upon (his) back this creature will carry; 19 Donkey Ox ὁ ὄνος καἰ ὁ µόσχος εἰσιν νοτωφεροί συνοικεῖ ἐν τῇ φάτνῃ χόρτην ἐσθίοντες ἀροτροφορεῖ µόσχος ζύγον ἐπὶ νῶτα or τράχηλον φέρει φόρτιον ὄνος πήρας ἐπὶ νῶτα. The donkey and the ox (bull) are beasts of burden; They live together in the barn eating fodder. The ox bears the plow a yoke upon (his) neck; The donkly (mule) carries burdens bags upon (his) back.

17 20 Camel 21 Cow / Bull ὁ κάµηλος εἱµένος τύλη ἐπὶ νῶτα οἰκεῖ ἐν τοῖς ἐρήµοις χόρτην ἐσθίων ἔνιοτε οὐ πίνει ὕδωρ οὐδαµῶς γε δύναται µήνα ἕνα µὴ πεινῶν νηστεύειν. Cow/Bull/Ox ἥµερός ἐστιν ὁ βοῦς ἀλλ οὐχί ὁ ταῦρος νέµεται χλῶρον χόρτον ἀγέλῃ συνάγων. The camel wears a hump on its back; It lives in the deserts eating grasses. Sometimes, he does not drink water at all! He is able for one month to fast and not hunger. The cow is calm (tame) But not the bull! He grazes (on) green grass. gathering in a herd. κάµηλος, -ου, ὁ ἡ camel κυρτός, -ή, -όν humped δί-κυρτος, ον two-humped (Bactrian) µω-άοµαι to make the camel sound; mock τύλη, -ης, ἡ hump; pad; mattress ὗβος, -ου, ὁ a camel s hump οὐδαµῶς in no way µὴν, µηνός, ὁ a month νηστεύω to fast πεινῶ (-άω) to hunger θρέµµα, -ατος, τό (domesticated) animal ἡ βοῦς τίκτει µοσχίον δίδωσί τε γάλα γάλα ὁ ἀνὴρ πίνει, θύσει δὲ µοσχίον. The female bears a young cow and gives milk; The milk man drinks; a calf he will slaughter. µοσχίον φαγεῖται.

18 22 Bull ὁ ταῦρος ὀργίζεται πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐρυθροῖς ἄγει δὲ τὴν ἀγέλην θέλων κυριεύειν. The bull is angered by everything red; He leads the herd wanting to lord it over (them). 27 Bull ἐὰν ἐν Ἠσπανίᾳ ῇς τρεχόντων τῶν ταῦρων φόβου µὴ εἰµένος ἦς ἐρυθρόν χιτῶνα. If you were in Spain when the Running of the Bulls happens Take heed lest you have been clothed (in) a red tunic. 23 Wolf ὁ ἐχθρὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου µάλιστα ὁ λύκος ἅµ ἐν κυνήγεσίῳ οὗτοι συνοικοῦσιν. The enemy of man especially is the wolf; Together in a pack these (animals) dwell together. πάντες εἶσιν ἅρπαγες καὶ συναγρεύουσιν ἐπὶ σοῖ ἐφάλλοῦνται ἄφνω πανταχόθεν All are ravenous and hunt together; upon you they will spring suddenly from all directions. 24 Dog ὁ κύων ὑπὲρ πάντων φίλος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, συνοικεῖ τῷ κυρίῳ ἐκ τραπέζης φάγων. The dog beyond all (is) a friend of man; He dwells together with his master eating from the table. ὑποµένων καθίζει τήνδε κέρκον σείων κύριον ἀσπάζεται κλάζων τε καὶ µείλων. He sits waiting patiently wagging that tail; He greets the master barking and smiling.

19 25 Fox ἡ ἀλώπηξ δολία ἐν τέχνῃ ὑπάρχει ἐνοἰκεῖ ἐν φωλεῷ καθεύδων ἡµέραν The fox deceitful in craft is. He lives in a hole (den) sleeping during the day. 26 Weasel/Ferret ἐνδύσεται εἰς φάτνην γενουµένου νυκτός διώκει τοὺς ὀρνίθους πανταχοῦ σκεδάσας ἡ γαλῆ (γαλέα) When night comes-- He slips into (the) stable. He pursues the hens having scattered them everywhere *In ancient Greece, people kept ferrets/weasels in their homes, rather than cats, in order to keep the house clean from rodents. γαλῆ ἐνοικίδιος / κατοικίδιος 27 Cat αἴλουρος, -ου, ὁ, ἡ cat Modern Greek: Cat = ἡ γάτα ὁ γάτος

20 28 Mouse ὁ µῦς δὲ µικρότερον σχέδον πάντων ζῷων ἐξ ὀπῆς ἐξέρχεται (ἐλεύσεται) βρῶµα κτᾶσθαι ζητῶν. (ἵνα κτᾶται βρῶµα) ὁ δὴ εἶσι πανταχοῦ τρώγας πολλὰς ποιῶν µάλιστα φιλεῖ τρώγειν σῖτόν τε καὶ τυρόν. 1-2 ἥσυχόν τε ζῷον 1-3 ἔρχεται ἐξ τῆς ὀπῆς ἐνοικεῖ ὲν τῇ ὀπῇ τρώγων ἐπὶ βρῶµα

21 29 Bat ἡ νυκτερίς ἐστιν µῦς πτέρυγας ἐχούσα µένει ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ πᾶσαν τὴν ἡµέραν. γενοµένου δὲ νυκτός πέτεται πανταχοῦ θέλων καταφαγεῖν τὰς µυῖας καὶ κώνωπας. νυκτερίς, -ίδος, ἡ bat οἴστος, -ου, ὁ gadfly, breese κώνωψ, -ωπος, ὁ gnat, mosquito (NT) ἐµπίς, -ίδος, ἡ gnat, may-fly? πτέρυξ, -υγος, ἡ wing νῦξ, νυκτός, ἡ night µυῖα, -ας, ἡ fly πέτοµαι to fly κρεµµάµεν ὑποκάτω ἄλλαι καθεύδουσιν χεῖρες µικραὶ ἐν µέσῳ πτερύγων τιθένται εἰ οὐ πιστεύεις τούτῷ κάθιζέ γε κάτω. ἔνιαι φιλεῖ πίνειν τὸ τῶν ζῴων αἴµα.

22 30 Bee ἡ µέλισσα πέτεται δἰ ἄγρων καὶ κήπων µετὰ τῆς βασιλίσσης συνοικεῖ ἐν σίµβλῳ. πάντοτε ἐργάζεται µέλι ἀνθοφορεῖ εἰς κηρί ἀγειρούσα τὰ γλυκέα τρωκτά. εἰ θέλεις τοῦτο πίνειν τῶν θεῶν τὸ νέκταρ φόβου µὴ τόδε σµῆνος δάκνῃ βλίσαντά σε µάλιστα δὲ φόβου µὴ πάντων ὀργισθέντων σµῆνα µελισσάων τάχα τοι ἔσονται καὶ σφῆκες a The bee flies through fields and gardens; With the queen it lives together in a hive. It gathers the honey. It is always working. gathering into the honeycombs the sweet desserts. If you wish to drink this nectar of the gods; take heed lest the swarm bite you having cut out the honeycomb. Especially fear lest all are angered: A swarm of bees quickly/might will become wasps. µέλισσα, -ης, ἡ bee µέλι, -ιτος, τό honey κηρίον, -ου, honeycomb mostly in pl τὰ κηρία κηρός, -ου, ὁ beeswax σίµβλος, -ου, ὁ hive also τὸ σίµβλον ἄνθος, -ους, τό flower κῆπος, -ου, ἡ garden ἄγρος, -ου, ὁ field κέντρον, -ου, τό stinger σµῆνος, εος, τό swarm of bees; beehive ἀγείρω to gather βλίττω to cut out the honeycomb σφήξ, -κος, ὁ wasp σφηκία, -ας, ἡ wasp s nest νέκταρ, -αρος, τό nectar, drink of the gods ἑσµός, -ου, ὁ lit. that which settles;, a swarm of bees τρωκτόν, -ου, τό dessert a Proverb from Plutarch, De Amicorum Multitudine, 96.b.7

23 31 Fly & Mosquito 32 Cicida/Grasshopper ὁ κώνωψ καὶ ἡ µυῖα ἔχθιστοι τοῖς πᾶσιν πέτονται περὶ ζῷων εὶς τὸ αὐτὰ δάκνειν ὁ κώνωψ ἔχει κέντρον ἐν ᾧ πίνει αἶµα ἡ µυῖα παροξύνει ὧν ἐγγίζει πάντα. Τhe mosquito and the fly to all are the most hated. They fly about the animals in order to bite them. The mosquito has a stinger with which he drinks blood; The fly irritates everyone whom he approaches. µυῖα, -ας, ἡ fly κώνωψ, -ωπα, ὁ mosquito; gnat κέντρον, -ου, τό stinger παροξύνω to irritate, provoke ἐγγίζω to come near, to approach + gen. ἔχθιστος (>ἐχθρός) most hated; most hateful τέττιξ, -ιγος, ὁ cicida ἀκρίς, -ίδος, ἡ locust, grasshopper

24 33 Ant ὁ µύµηξ ἐστιν σόφος πᾶσιν συµµέτοχος συνοικοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις πάντ ἔχοντες κοινά. µύρµηξ,, -ηκος, ὁ ant τὴν τροφὴν ἀγείρουσιν ἑὼς θέρµος ἐστιν. εἰσέρχουσιν τὸν βουνὸν καθ ἕνα ἔκαστος 34 Spider / Octopus Spider ὁ ἀράχνης δεινός δή ὀκτὼ σκέλη ἔχων ὁ ὀκτώπους ὁµοίῶς ὀκτώ πόδας ἔχων. The spider is very scarry, having eight legs. Likewise the octopus who has eight feet.

25 35 Scorpion 36 Snake Ὁ δὲ ὄφις ἦν φρονιµώτατος πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὧν ἐποίησεν κύριος ὁ θεός, 37 Cyclops ὁ Κύκλοψ µέγας γίγας ἕν ὀφθαλµὸν ἔχων µήρους σκελῆ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἤθελεν ἐσθίειν. Ὀδυσσεὺς δὲ ἔλαθεν αὐτῷ ψηλαφάντι ὑποκάτω ἀρήνων κρεµαµένος λάθρᾳ

38 Centaur ὁ Κένταυρος σύνθετος ἐκ ἵππων καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἐν ὄρεσσιν καὶ ὕλῃ ἐν Πηλίῳ οἰκεῖ οὗτοι οἱ ἱππάνθρωποι µάχονται Λαπίθας θέλωντες τὰς γuναῖκας ἱν ἀποκλέπτωσιν in Ep., a savage race, dwelling between Pelion and Ossa, λᾰσῐαύχην, ενος, ὁ, ἡ, (λάσιος) A with rough, shaggy neck, of the centaur, h.merc.224, cf. λασιαύχενα χαίταν 26 39 Nymph 40 Dragon δρά

27 1. Aristoteles et Corpus Aristotelicum Phil., Historia animalium Bekker page 497b, line 15 Τὰ μὲν οὖν τετράποδα καὶ ζῳοτόκα κεφαλὴν μὲν ἔχει καὶ αὐχένα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ μόρια ἅπαντα, διαφέρει δὲ τὰς μορφὰς τῶν μορίων ἕκαστον. Go to Context Aristoteles et Corpus Aristotelicum Phil., Metaphysica Bekker page 999b, line 34

τὸ γὰρ ἀριθμῷ ἓν ἢ τὸ καθ ἕκαστον λέγειν διαφέρει οὐθέν 28 Go to Context Herodotus Hist., Historiae Book 1, section 65, line 8 Τὸ δὲ ἔτι πρότερον τούτων καὶ κακονομώτατοι ἦσαν σχεδὸν πάντων Ἑλλήνων κατά τε σφέας αὐτοὺς καὶ ξείνοισι ἀπρόσμικτοι. Ec 9:18 10:1 Μυῖαι θανατοῦσαι σαπριοῦσιν σκευασίαν ἐλαίου ἡδύσµατος, τίµιον ὀλίγον σοφίας ὑπὲρ δόξαν ἀφροσύνης µεγάλης. Plutarchus Biogr., Phil., De amicorum multitudine (93a-97b) Stephanus page 96, section B, line 7 ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ τῷ Τιμησίᾳ περὶ τῆς ἀποικίας δοθεὶς χρησμὸς προηγόρευσε σμῆνα μελισσάων τάχα τοι καὶ σφῆκες ἔσονται, οὕτως οἱ φίλων ζητοῦντες ἑσμὸν ἔλαθον ἐχθρῶν σφηκιαῖς περιπεσόντες. Athenaeus Soph., Deipnosophistae Book 13, Kaibel paragraph 85, line 23 φιλανθρωπότατον δέ ἐστι

29 καὶ συνετώτατον τὸ ζῷον ὁ δελφὶς χάριν τε ἀποδιδόναι ἐπιστάμενον. Go to Context Athenaeus Soph., Deipnosophistae Book 13, Kaibel paragraph 85, line 19 περὶ γὰρ τὴν πόλιν ταύτην Διονύσιός τις ἦν παῖς, ὃς μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐκ παλαίστρας παραγινόμενος ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν ἐκολύμβα. δελφὶς δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους ἀπήντα καὶ ἀναλαμβάνων ἐπὶ τὰ νῶτα ἔφερεν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον νηχόμενος καὶ πάλιν ἀποκαθίστα εἰς τὴν γῆν. Prov. 6.6-7 6 Ἴθι πρὸς τὸν µύρµηκα, ὦ ὀκνηρέ, καὶ ζήλωσον ἰδὼν τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ γενοῦ ἐκείνου σοφώτερος, 7 ἐκείνῳ γὰρ γεωργίου µὴ ὑπάρχοντος µηδὲ τὸν ἀναγκάζοντα ἔχων µηδὲ ὑπὸ δεσπότην ὢν 8 ἑτοιµάζεται θέρους τὴν τροφὴν πολλήν τε ἐν τῷ ἀµήτῳ ποιεῖται τὴν παράθεσιν Prov 30.25 5 οἱ µύρµηκες, οἷς µὴ ἔστιν ἰσχὺς καὶ ἑτοιµάζονται θέρους τὴν τροφήν,

30 οἰκῶ (-έω) ἔν τινι in someone or someth; µετά τινος live with someone; to inhabit a place, inhabit, dwell in trans. τὶ someth. 2 ἐγκατοικῶ (-έω) to dwell in, among (τινι) ἐνοικῶ (-έω) to dwell in (a place τινι); to inhabit (τινα); ἐν τινι in a place κατοικῶ (-έω) to inhabit, dwell for a length of time. the place indicated by ἔν τινι; ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς παροικῶ (-έω) to live beside τινι; to be a stranger, sojourn τινα περοικῶ (-έω) to dwell around τινα συνοικῶ (-έω) live with τινί someone ὑπεροικῶ (-έω) to dwell above τινος / τινα ὑποικῶ (-έω) to dwell under τινι κόσµος, -ου, ὁ γῆ, -ης, ἡ πόταµος, -ου, ὁ δένδρον, -ου, τό ἕρηµος, -ου, ἡ ἄγρος, -ου, ὁ οὐρανός, -ου, ὁ πεδίον, -ου, τό ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό θάλασσα, -ης, ἡ ὄρος, -ους, τό ἄκρον, -ου, τό 2 Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (694). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

31 πέτρα, -ας, ἡ κρηµνός, οῦ, ὁ; pl. τὰ κρηµνά λάκκος, -ου, ὁ φωλεός, -οῦ, ὁ ὀπή, -ῆς, ἡ φάτνη, -ης, ἡ ἀγέλη, -ης, ἡ κυνηγέσιον, -ου, τό

32

33

34