Cambridge Preterm Non-Intensive Ancient Greek language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of Ancient Greek befe coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR AS/A Level syllabus. You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to: identify any Greek wd from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here write down from memy any wd-table ( paradigm) as specified below (you will be given a starter fm) write down from memy the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you will be given a starter fm) translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to wk on between now and then, and to assist us and your Direct of Studies in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start. You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in der to prepare f this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in this packet. As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself f term you will find the following resources helpful. We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. Smyth s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new used f between 25 and 30 pounds; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W. Goodwin s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) f about 20, though second-hand copies can be found f as cheap as 5 on amazon.co.uk and bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact download the entire crect version f free from textkit.com, though printing it will be a che.) There are other, perhaps me user-friendly, school grammars out there that you may already own (e.g. Abbot and Mansfield Mwood), but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough infmation to help you understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced syntax the language of Homer in these).
If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the wd-tables ( paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the fms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher s Outline of Greek Accidence. You will find a variety of supplementary online materials at: http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2015 In der to deal me ably with the grammatical concepts you will meet in your wk you will find these volumes helpful: A Student s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) English Grammar f Students of Latin, by Nma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0; ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6) As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott s Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-910205-1; ISBN-10: 0-19-910205-8); the Intermediate version of this Lexicon is perhaps better, in that it has longer entries, but it has no me entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and me expensive. The massive, 140 Greek-English LSJ is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary f nmal reading purposes, though you can download it f free via a PC and Mac application called Diogenes that s online (just Google it) and even loaded into an iphone very cheaply via an app called Ancient Greek one called Lexiphanes from the Apple App Ste. You will find in this pack: a checklist of grammatical topics a vocabulary list paradigms, etc. a list of verb principal parts Good luck with your studies and see you soon!
checklist of grammar topics f Non-Intensive Greek students On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice): Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here) Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memy any wd-table ( paradigm) of any wd as specified here (you will not be tested on Ionic Homeric fms) Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memy the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you will be given a starter fm and you will not be tested on Ionic Homeric fms) Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below The assessment will take fm as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be me challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Direct of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark grade at all. adjectives and nouns, etc. understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives declension and use of the definite article noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the wds that appear in the AS vocabulary list fm and use of demonstratives,!"# and!$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# fm and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns fm and use of comparatives, including irregulars f +,)-*#,.).*#,.)/*#, 01,)#,and 2%/3#, etc. fm and use of gerunds and gerundives verbs understanding of the fmation and function of person, number, tense, voice and mood in verbs understanding of verbal aspect conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) conjugation of contract verbs in in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) full conjugation of (50" be, (60$ shall go, and %6') know, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) full conjugation of athematic verbs such as '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles understanding of aist, perfect, and future tense fms in all moods and voices, including participles and infinitives syntax understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack) constructions with comparative expressions fm and use of participles, including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially predicatively) understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g.!7,89:4 understanding of verbs that take infinitives, e.g. ;%3/%0)$ understanding of independent mood usage, such as the indicative optative with without <:, deliberative subjunctives understanding of the sequence of moods understanding of indirect speech, command and question structures a general understanding of the variety of subdinate clauses in Ancient Greek (document supplied in pack) N.B. The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use f future reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many wds printed with both iota subscript (e.g. =) and adscript (4$) fms as an aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. >) and sht (?) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.
conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms substantives 1. alpha stems (5 paradigms):!"#$%, &'"(), *+,)!!-, $).!%/, $0)$1)/ 2. omicron stems (5): 2$*(345/, 67(5$, $58/, 9)$58$, $07/ 3. consonant stems (15): :,41/, ;"(3$, 4(<;'), =>!3(,?;@$,?$>(,!(A>(%/, ;"$5/, ;"()/, B(3/, 4C,A/, 2D!E, F#*./, G)DA,0./, $)8/ 4. adjectives (13):?;)*C/, 2HA5/, I,03/, #(ED58/,?,%*>/, 0J0,4A/, G0,!13$, &6./, '",)/, #)(10A/, 4</, '";)/, 45,./ 5. comparatives (10):?;)*C/, 9)9C/, 9),C/, '";)/, '19(5/, K,1;5/, 45,./, =L6A5/,!)#./, M1,5/ 6. participles (8):,.3$,,.D)/,,E*01/, 6A65./, 60A9$./,,0,E9@/,!A'7$, 45A7$ 7. pronouns (13): :;@, )N!C/, :')E!C$, :'C/,?,,>,5E/, O, P60, 5Q!5/, :90R$5/,!1/ &!A/, P/, PD!A/ 8. adverbs 9. crelatives verbs!"#$,!%#&, '%() 10. 0F'1 sum (7): pres. ind., inf., ptc., subj., opt. impv., impf. 11. 0S'A ibo (5): 12. 5S6) (7): -* verbs: +,* 13.,.3 present tense stem (10): active & middle/passive, etc. 14.,.3 aist tense stem (T,ED): first aists) (12): active, middle, and passive 15.,.3 perfect tense stem (,",E9): first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2): act. and m./p. 16.,.3 future simple tense (,.D3) (6): active, middle, and passive contract verbs 17.!A'+3: alpha contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 18. 45A"3: epsilon contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 19. 6%,C3: omicron contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 20. irregular contracts 1 (15: U+3 5, #(+5')A 5, and =A;C3 5) 21. irregular contracts 2 (10: 4,"3 5 + 6"5')A 5) root fms, etc. 22. thematic root aists: T,A45$ (10=5x2) 23. athematic root aists: TG%$ 4, T;$3$ 4, and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4) 24. second perfects: ID!%'A + 6"65A9) (10=2x5) 25. consonant stem perfects:,",0a'')a 9!, (12=6x2) -#& verbs: the big four & varia 26. 6163'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 27. T639) a. (12): active, middle, and passive 28.!1*%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 29. T*%9) a. (12): active, middle, and passive 30. ID!%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 31. TD!%D) a. (16): active (1st and 2nd a.), middle, and passive 32. I%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive 33. ἧ9) a. (12): active, middle, and passive 34. 6019$E'A (10): active & middle/passive 35. W')A, 9+*%')A, and 90R')A present stem fms (13=3+5+5) 36. M%'1 and X'1 present stem fms (6=5+1) TOTAL 364 key paradigms
first!-stem declension nouns: five paradigms! "#$%& (Attic & f '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) craft sing. dual pl. nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()*!!.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) day (N.B. Ionic shows & f these wds:!.#/&) sing. dual pl. nom.!.#/'!.#/'!.#/() voc.!.#/'!.#/'!.#/() acc.!.#/'%!.#/'!.#/'* gen.!.#/'*!.#/()%!.+/,% dat.!.#/0 /!.#/()!.#/()%!.#/()*! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) sea sing. dual pl. nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()* 5 %(6"&* (Attic & f '-stem masculine =RG 1d) sail sing. dual pl. nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()* 5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) young man sing. dual pl. nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()* N.B. '-stem contracts such as! ;< (< ;+'- earth ),!.%= (<.%('- mina ), 5 >/.<* (< >/.+'- Hermes ), and 5?8//=* (<?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&,!.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.
second!-stem declension nouns: five paradigms!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) man, woman, human being sing. dual pl. nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-* 12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) gift sing. dual pl. nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-*! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) mind (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) sing. dual pl. nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*) 12 <5$)6$ (contracted from <5$=)-$) basket (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) sing. dual pl. nom. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) voc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) acc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) gen. <5$)6 (< <5$=)/) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$4$ (< <5$='$) dat. <5$; / <5$4- (< <5$='-) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$):* (< <5$=)-*)! $.,* (so-called Attic declension because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) temple sing. dual pl. nom. $.,* (Ionic $?7-*) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) voc. $.,* (no special fm) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) acc. $.,$ (Ion. $?7-$) $., (Ion. $?,) $.,* (Ion. $?)B*) gen. $., (Ion. $?)6) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.,$ (Ion. $?4$) dat. $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?;) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.@* / $.,-* (Ion. $?):*) similar wds:! C.$=D.'*, " E'* dawn (Ion. F,*),! D.,* people (Ion. DG7*),! <HD'* cable (Ion. <HD)*)
three key stop stems: stops are labials (!, ", #), palatals ($, %, &), and dentals (', (, )) third consonant-stem declension nouns * +,!-. (+,!/(-) hope (=RG 3a * 012) 3 %4560 (%7580'-) old man '9!5:%;< (!5=%;<'-) thing (=RG 3b) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. +,!-. +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4560 %4580'7 %4580'7.!5:%;<!5>%;<'7!5>%;<'< voc. +,!- +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4580 %4580'7 %4580'7.!5:%;<!5>%;<'7!5>%;<'< acc. +,!-(< +,!-(7 +,!-(<. %4580'< %4580'7 %4580'<.!5:%;<!5>%;<'7!5>%;<'< gen. +,!-(8. +,!-(8/0 +,!-(60 %4580'8. %75?0'8/0 %75?0'60!5>%;<'8.!5<%;>'8/0!5<%;>'60 dat. +,!-(/ +,!-(8/0 +,!-@/(0) %4580'/ %75?0'8/0 %458A@/(0)!5>%;<'/!5<%;>'8/0!5>%;<@/(0) Cf. * )5-2 hair : )5-2, )5-2, '5-&<, '5/&?., '5/&-, etc. and 3/* B50C. bird : B50C., B50C, B50C0, B50C)8., B50C)/, etc. (similarly * &>5/. grace ). three key liquid (,, 5) & nasal (0) stems 3 DE'65 (DF'85-) speaker 3 G%H0 (G%60-) contest (=RG 3a 3,/;E0) 3 G0E5 (G075- G0(5-) man sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. DE'65 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. G0E5 J05(7 J0(57. voc. DK'85 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. J075 J05(7 J0(57. acc. DE'85< DE'857 DE'85<. G%I0< G%I07 G%I0<. J0(5< J05(7 J0(5<. gen. DE'858. DF'?58/0 DF'?560 G%I08. G%H08/0 G%H060 G0(5?. G0(58L0 G0(5I0 dat. DE'85/ DF'?58/0 DE'85@/(0) G%I0/ G%H08/0 G%I@/(0) G0(5- G0(58L0 G0(5>@/(0) three key sigma stems (stems in 7. and <. with intervocalic @ disappearing; M.N. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) 3 '5/E5F. ('5/F57@-) trireme (=RG 3d) '9 %408. (%707@-) kind (=RG 3c '9!,K)8.) '9 %45<. (%75<@-) prize sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. '5/E5F. '5/E57/ (<77) '5/E57/. (<77.) %408. %407/ %40F (<7<) %45<. %45= (<<7) %45= (<<<) voc. '5/K57. '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= acc. '5/E5F (<7<) '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= gen. '5/E58A. (<78.) '5/E58/0 '5/E560 (<760) %408A. %708L0 %70I0 %456. (<<8.) %75O0 / %75I/0 %75I0 dat. '5/E57/ '5/E58/0 '5/E57@/(0) (<7@@/) %407/ %708L0 %407@/(0) %45</ %75O0 / %75I/0 %45<@/(0) M.N. P6$5>'F. like '5/E5F. yet Q75/$,K., Q75-$,7/., Q75/$,4=, Q75/$,48A., Q75/$,7L: stem is Q75/$,7(ϝ)7@-. N.B. * <R(H. shame is the only 8. stem in Attic: <R(H., <R(H., <R(I (<8<), <R(8S. (<88.), <R(8L (similarly Ionic * TH. dawn ).
six key semivowel stems! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) hero & '()*% ('+)*-) city (=RG 3e),-./,0 (1/,0-) town (=RG 3f) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 gen. "#$+% / "#$ +*5 $5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5./,2$% 1/,7+*5./,2$5 dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* +*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5)./,2* 1/,7+*5./,2/*(5)! 9:;<% (9:;0-) fish (=RG 3h =>#<%)!?4/*)2<% king (=RG 3g) & 54@% ship sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. 9:;<% 9:;<2 9:;<2%?4/*)2<%?4/*)A?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% later 54@% 5A2 5A2% voc. 9:;< 9:;<2 9:;<2%?4/*)2@?4/*)A?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% later 54@ 5A2 5A2% acc. 9:;<5 9:;<2 9:;@%?4/*)7C?4/*)A?4/*)7C% /?4/*)2B% later 54@5 5A2 54@% gen. 9:;<+% 9:;<+*5 9:;<$5?4/*)7$%?4/*)7+*5?4/*)7$5 526% 52+B5 52D5 dat. 9:;<E 9:;<+*5 9:;</*(5)?4/*)2B?4/*)7+*5?4/*)2@/*(5) 53F 52+B5 540/G(5) N.B. stems in +*: & '2*;6 persuasion : '2*;6, '2*;+B, '2*;6, '2*;+@%, '2*;+B; similarly & H:6 echo and I4'>6; duals and plurals are second declension. some Homeric fms (red fms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer]) '()*%?4/*)2<% 54@% sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. nom. '()*% '()*2% / -32%?4/*)2<%?4/*)A2% / -72% Hdt. 53@% 572% voc. '()* '()2*%?4/*)2@?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% 54@ 5A2% acc. '()*5 '()J% /-*4% /-34%?4/*)A4 / -7K?4/*)A4% 5A4 / 574 5A4% / 574% gen. '()*+% / -3+% '+)G$5?4/*)A+% / -7+%?4/*)7$5 53(% / 52(% 53D5 dat. '()J / -*E / -3* '()*/*(5) / -G2//*(5)?4/*)A* / -7E?4/*)L2//* 53F 530/G(5) / 5L2//*(5) / 572//*(5) three irregular nouns & M05L woman! 0N(% (0[N]+-, 0[N]2-, 0N-) son (exclusively Homeric fms in red)! O2<% sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. nom. M05L M054BP2 M054BP2% (Com. M054G) 0N(% / 0N7+% 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2<% voc. M<54* M054BP2 M054BP2% 0N7 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2@ acc. M054BP4 (Com. M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4% (Com. M05R%) 0N(5 / 0N74 / 0Q4 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+<% / 0(N)2B% / 0N74% / 0Q4% SG4 (OA54) gen. M054*P(% M054*P+B5 M054*PD5 0(N)+@ / 0(N)7+% / 0Q+% 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)D5 / 0(N)7$5 S*(% (O35(%) dat. M054*PG M054*P+B5 M054*TG(5) 0(N)U / 0(N)2B / 0N7E / 0Q* 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)+B% / 0(N)7/*(5) / 0NR/*(5) S*F (O35G)
adjectives: 13 key paradigms!"#$%& ' %( good singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$%&!"#$'!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+,!"#$#,!"#$* voc.!"#$-!"#$'!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+,!"#$#,!"#$* acc.!"#$%(!"#$'(!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+.&!"#$*&!"#$* gen.!"#$+/!"#$0&!"#$+/!"#$+1(!"#$#1(!"#$+1(!"#$2(!"#$2(!"#$2( dat.!"#$3 /!"#$24!"#$5 /!"#$04!"#$3 /!"#$24!"#$+1(!"#$#1(!"#$+1(!"#$+1&!"#$#1&!"#$+1& 674+& 8 +( wthy nom 674+&!7,8 674+(!7,9!7,8!7,9 674+4 674#4 674# voc. 674:!7,8 674+(!7,9!7,8!7,9 674+4 674#4 674# acc. 674+(!7,8( 674+(!7,9!7,8!7,9!7,+;&!7,8& 674# gen.!7,+;!7,8&!7,+;!7,+4(!7,#4(!7,+4(!7,9(!7,9(!7,9( dat.!7,< /!7,94!7,= /!7,#4!7,< /!7,94!7,+4(!7,#4(!7,+4(!7,+4&!7,#4&!7,+4& >?:9& 9( propitious ( Attic declension ) m.&f. n. m.&f. n. m.&f. n. nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:9( >?:9( dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<& / >?:94& >?:<& / >?:94& N.B. similar adjectives @2& safe (also @2+&) and A?-9& full ; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?. DEF@+/& 0 +/( golden (contract adjectives in :+& and ++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted fm) nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2( dat. DEF@3 / DEF@5 / DEF@3 / DEF@24 DEF@04 DEF@24 DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1& N.B. similar adjectives!e".e:+& silver, @4H'E:+& iron, :I(++& well disposed, and JA?%+& simple.!?k$'& -& true (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted fm) nom.!?k$'&!?k$-&!?k$:1 (:@-:)!?K$:1& (:@-:&)!?K$0 (:@-#) voc.!?k$-&!?k$-&!?k$:1!?k$:1&!?k$0 acc.!?k$0 (:@-#)!?K$-&!?K$:1!?K$:1&!?K$0 gen.!?k$+/& (:@-+&)!?K$+/&!?K$+1(!?K$2(!?K$2( dat.!?k$:1 (:@-4)!?K$:1!?K$+1(!?K$-@4(()!?K$-@4(() :I:?A4& 4 hopeful nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()
!"#$%&' (' better nom.!"#$%&'!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('"+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& voc.!)#$*('!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('"+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& acc.!"#$%('- /!"#$%&!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('-+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& gen.!"#$%('(+!"#$%('(+!"#$*.'(*'!"#$*.'&'!"#$*.'&' dat.!"#$%('*!"#$%('*!"#$*.'(*'!"#$%(/*(')!"#$%(/*(') 012+ "34 2 pleasant nom. 012+ 01"3-012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- voc. 012 01"3-012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&' dat. 01"3 01"%7 / 01"%-* 01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(') 8)#5+ -*'4 -' black nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&' dat. 8)#-'* 8"#-%'; / 8"#-%'9* 8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(') N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)<9', $)<"*'-, $)<"' [gen. $)<"'(+, $"<"%'9+ =$#] tender ). >-<%"*+ "//4 "' graceful (stems in '$) nom. >-<%"*+ >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$voc. >-<%"' >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$acc. >-<%"'$- >-<%"//-' >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$-+ >-<*)//5+ >-<%"'$gen. >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)//9+ >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)'$&' >-<*"//6' >-<*)'$&' dat. >-<%"'$* >-<*)//; / >-<*)//9* >-<%"'$* >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//-*+ >-<%"/*(') N.B. adjectives in -."*+ and -?"*+ decline similarly (e.g. 8"#*$."*+ honied and @&'?"*+ voiced ; they can contract: 8"#*$(A+). BC+ BC/4 BC' all nom. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$voc. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$acc. B:'$- BC/-' BC' dual not attested in Classical Greek B:'$-+ B:/5+ B:'$gen. B-'$.+ B:/9+ B-'$.+ B:'$&' B-/6' B:'$&' dat. B-'$% B:/; / B:/9* B-'$% BC/*(') B:/-*+ BC/*(') 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)Dnom. 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- voc. 8"D:#" 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- acc. 8)D-' 8"D:#9' 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(,+ 8"D:#5+ 8"D:#- gen. 8"D:#(, 8"D:#9+ 8"D:#(, 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' dat. 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#; 8"D:#9* 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#-*+ 8"D:#(*+ B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 nom. B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: voc. B(#2 B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: acc. B(#2' B(##?' B(#2 B(##(2+ B(##:+ B(##: dual not attested gen. B(##(A B(##F+ B(##(A B(##6' B(##6' B(##6' dat. B(##G / B(##H / B(##G / B(##6* B(##F* B(##6* B(##(3+ B(##-3+ B(##(3+
comparative adjectives regular comparative fms: positive comparative superlative e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!" imptant irregular comparative fms: '(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude wth 2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiity 378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability (3.;#$%!" poet.) 5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice <$,%.- <$,%01#!" insufficiency =11.- =501#!" (can also go with +05%*" and >3,(!") (rare yet adv. =501#& common) 5&3*" beautiful 5&33,.- 563301#!" +4(&" great +$,?.- +4(01#!" +05%*" small +05%*#$%!" +05%*#&#!" @3611.- @36<01#!" size quantity +$,.- (+$A1#!" rare) (can also go with >3,(!") >3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!" >30(7#$%!" (late) B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!" also B34.- DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!" #&<C" quick )611.- #6<01#!" (#&<C1#&#!") H,3!" dear (H,3#$%!" poet.) H,3#&#!" H03&,#$%!" H03&,#&#!" (H03,.- Hom.) the declension of 2$3#,.- (watch carefully f alternate fms): m./f. sing. neut. sing. m./f. pl. neut. pl. nom. 2$3#,.- 243#0!- 2$3#,!-$" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. acc. 2$3#,!-& 243#0!- 2$3#,!-&" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,. 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. gen. 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#0*-.- 2$3#0*-.- dat. 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!10(-) 2$3#,!10(-)
participles: 8 key paradigms!"#$,!"%&'(,!)%$: present active participle of!"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$!"%&'*!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+,.!"%&'*/!"%$+* voc.!"#$!"%&'*!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+,.!"%&'*/!"%$+* acc.!"%$+*!"%&'*$!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+*.!&%"'*.!"%$+* gen.!"%$+%.!&%"'0.!"%$+%.!&1$+%/$!&%"'*/$!&1$+%/$!&1$+#$!&%&'2$!&1$+#$ dat.!"%$+/!&%"'3 /!&%"'0/!"%$+/!&1$+%/$!&%"'*/$!&1$+%/$!"%&'/($)!&%"'*/.!"%&'/($)!"'*.,!"'*'(,!)'*$: aist active participle of!"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"'*.!"'*'*!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+,.!"'*'*/!"'*$+* voc.!"'*.!"'*'*!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+,.!"'*'*/!"'*$+* acc.!"'*$+*!"'*'*$!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+*.!&'4'*.!"'*$+* gen.!"'*$+%.!&'4'0.!"'*$+%.!&'4$+%/$!&'4'*/$!&'4$+%/$!&'4$+#$!&'*'2$!&'4$+#$ dat.!"'*$+/!&'4'3 /!&'4'0/!"'*$+/!&'4$+%/$!&'4'*/$!&'4$+%/$!"'*'/($)!&'4'*/.!"'*'/($)!&5,6.,!&5,7'(,!&58$: aist passive participle of!"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!&5,6.!&5,7'*!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+,.!&5,7'*/!&58$+* voc.!&5,6.!&5,7'*!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+,.!&5,7'*/!&58$+* acc.!&58$+*!&5,7'*$!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+*.!&5,6'*.!&58$+* gen.!&58$+%.!&5,6'0.!&58$+%.!&58$+%/$!&5,6'*/$!&58$+%/$!&58$+#$!&5,/'2$!&58$+#$ dat.!&58$+/!&5,6'3 /!&5,6'0/!&58$+/!&58$+%/$!&5,6'*/$!&58$+%/$!&5,7'/($)!&5,6'*/.!&5,7'/($) :/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., a. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+* gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$ dat. :/:1$+/ :/:%"'3 / :/:%"'0/ :/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)
!"#$%&',!"#$%()*,!"#$%&%: present active participle of!"+$%,-# (so.&', 2nd a. act. ptcp. of.&/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$%&'!"#$%()0!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%1"'!"#$%()0#!"#$%&%10 voc.!"#$%&'!"#$%()0!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%1"'!"#$%()0#!"#$%&%10 acc.!"#$%&%10!"#$%()0%!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%10'!"#$%&)0'!"#$%&%10 gen.!"#$%&%13'!"#$%&)4'!"#$%&%13'!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&)0#%!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&%1/%!"#$%,)5%!"#$%&%1/% dat.!"#$%&%1#!"#$%&)6 /!"#$%&)4#!"#$%&%1#!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&)0#%!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%()#(%)!"#$%&)0#'!"#$%()#(%) 7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10 gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/% dat. 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$,+; / 7"7,$,+0# 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%) 1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-</ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10 voc. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10 acc. 1#-5%10 1#-5)0% 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%10' 1#-8)0' 1#-5%10 gen. 1#-5%13' 1#-8)4' 1#-5%13' 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-8%1/% 1#-/)5% 1#-8%1/% dat. 1#-5%1# 1#-8)6 / 1#-8)4# 1#-5%1# 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)0#' 1#-5)#(%) =3#5%, =3#3()*, =3#3(%: present active participle of =3#>/ (so!475%, pres. act. ptcp. of!47:/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 voc. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 acc. =3#3(%10 =3#3()0% =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%10' =3#3&)0' =3#3(%10 gen. =3#3(%13' =3#3&)4' =3#3(%13' =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3&%1/% =3#3,)5% =3#3&%1/% dat. =3#3(%1# =3#3&)6 / =3#3&)4# =3#3(%1# =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)0#' =3#3()#(%)
pronouns: 13 key paradigms personal pronoun!"# singular dual plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 nom.!"# $% &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),-.+),- $'),- acc.!+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2-.+2- $'2- gen.!+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9&.+9& $'9& dat.!+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,&.+,& $',& N.B. The singular enclitic fms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&. intensive pronoun >?@Asingular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9& dat. >?@7 / >?@E / >?@7 / >?@9; >?@D; >?@9; >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,- F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is. reflexive pronoun!+>5@a& (no dual) singular plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 acc.!+>5@a&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C-.+2- >?@3%-, C- $'2- >?@3%-, C- 1>5@3%- (>.@3%-) gen.!+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9&.+9& >?@9& $'9& >?@9& 1>5@9& (>.@9&) dat.!+>5@7, E / $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) / 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7) $':$;& >?@3,-, >,- *+,& >?@3,-, >,-.+,& >?@3,-, >,-!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) 1>5@3,- (>.@3,-) possessive pronoun!+a- (no dual), declines like H">IAsingular plural m. f. n. m. f. n. 1!+A-!+B!+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3& 2 $A- $B $A&.+/@)J3-.+)@/JK.+/@)J3& 3 L- 1A- Hom. M 1B Hom. L& 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3& F.G. L- 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer. reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular) dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN> gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;- definite article Q singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,- N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual.
demonstrative pronoun!"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"# dat. (7"# / (9"# / (7"# / (68"# (48"# (68"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"# N.B. other demonstratives built on!"#: (+2)2"# so much (tantus), (+8)2"# such (talis), (:;8<)2"# of such an age. demonstrative pronoun +=(+> (hic): can take deictic suffix -$: +?(+2& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. +=(+> -@(: (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc. (+3(+/ (-1(:/ (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+B> (-1(-> (-3(- gen. (+1(+B (-1(:> (+1(+B (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ dat. (+1(C / (-1(D / (+1(C / (+1(A8 (-1(:8 (+1(A8 (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8> (-1(-8> (+1(+8> N.B. other demonstratives built on +=(+>: (+2+3(+> so much (tantus), (+8+3(+> such (talis), (:;8<+3(+> of such an age. demonstrative pronoun E<#5/+> (ille) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. E<#5/+> E<#&/: E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#5/+8 E<#5/-8 E<#5/- acc. E<#5/+/ E<#&/:/ E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/+B> E<#&/-> E<#5/- gen. E<#&/+B E<#&/:> E<#&/+B E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ dat. E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/D / E<#&/:8 E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8> E<#&/-8> E<#&/+8> interrogative pronoun (&> (quis) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (&> (& (&/# (&/#> (&/- acc. (&/- (& (&/# (&/-> (&/- gen. (&/+> (+3 (&/+> (+3 (&/+8/ (&/A/ (&/A/ dat. (&/8 (7 / (68 (&/8 (7 / (68 (&/+8/ (&28(/) (&28(/) indefinite pronoun (8> ([ali]quis): an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentence freq. it has none) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (F> (F (8/G (8/G> (8/. (sts H((-) acc. (8/. (F (8/G (8/.> (8/. (sts H((-) gen. (8/)> (+3 (8/)> (+3 (8/+5/ (8/6/ (8/6/ dat. (8/& (7 / (68 (8/& (7 / (68 (8/+5/ (82&(/) (82&(/) relative pronoun!> (qui) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom.!> '! I +, -, J acc.!/ '/! I +@> J> J gen. += K> += +L/ M/ M/ M/ dat. N / M8 O / K8 N / M8 +L/ +L> -L> +L> indefinite relative pronoun!2(8> (quicumque): o3/, "0, "0P+(# may be added: e.g. %/(8/--":-P+(-+3/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom.!2(8> '(8>! (8 (sts!(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) acc.!/(8/- '/(8/-! (8 (sts!(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) gen. +=(8/+>!(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+>!(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/!(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/!(A/ dat. N(8/8 / M8(8/8!(C /!(A8 O(8/8 / K8(8/8 N(8/8 / M8(8/8!(C /!(A8 +L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/)!(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/)!(+8>
table of crelatives interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative!"# (quis)!$# ([ali]quis) 01!(2)# (uter) 01!(2)# also spelled 0)!(21# (uter[cumque]) 01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus) 0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis) 067",)# 067",)# 0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi) 01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde) 0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!) % Homeric &# Homeric (is) &'( (iste) )*!)# (hic) +,(-.)# (ille) &# (qui) 3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)#!1/)# Poet.!)/1/'(!)/)4!)# (tantus)!)-)# Poet.!)$1/'(!)$)4!)# (talis)!67",)# Poet.!67$,1/'(!67$,)4!)# :.;< Poet. (e!) +.;='( (ist!, h"c) +.!<4;< (h"c, ill"c, ibi) +,(- (ill"c) :.;(. Poet. (hinc) +.;>.'( (hinc) +.!(4;(. (hinc, illinc) +,(-;(. (illinc) :.;< Poet. (ist#c, h#c) +.!<4;< (h#c, ill#c) +,(-/( (ill#c) &/)# (quantus) )5)# (qualis) indefinite relative indirect interrogative &/!$# (quisquis quicumque) %01!(2)# (uter[cumque]) %01/)# (quantuscumque) %0)-)# (qualiscumque) 87",)# %067",)# :.;< Poet. )* (qu!) :.;(. Poet. &;(. (unde) :.;< Poet. )5 (qu!) 01!( (quando) 0)!( (aliquando)!1!( (tum, tunc) &!( (quando) 06.",< 0? (qu$) 0@ (aliqu$) 0C# (qu!, qu") 0D# (aliqu!, aliqu")!6.",< Poet.!6.$,='(!6.$,<4!<!? Poet. (e$)!?'( (ist$, h$c)!<a!@ (h$c, ill$) +,(".@ (ill$) E# Poet. (e!)!f# Poet. (e!) G'( (ist!, h!c) )H!D(#) (h!c, ill!) +,(".D# (ill!) &0)9 (qu!cumque) %01;(. (undecumque) &0)$ (qu!cumque) %01!( (quandocumque) 8.",< %06.",< B (qu$) I# (qu!, qu") &0@ (qu$cumque) &0D# (qu!cumque) 0)/=,$# (quotie[n]s) 0)/=,$# (aliquotie[n]s)!1/<,$# (totie[n]s) %/=,$# (quotie[n]s) %0)/=,$# (quotienscumque) 01/!)# (which in the dinal series?) 0)/!1# %01/!)#
adverbs (see Smyth 341 345) 1. Adverb-fms are often based on old case-fms, e.g.: nominative:!"#, $!%#, &'%()# accusative: (very common)!*+,-',!-.", (/0*1',,2(3*-',!-..4 genitive:!-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-<=', ;(!-<=' dative:!>,,><3,,%",?, <@(-A)B, 0-/'>,.4C*B locative: -D0-/,!-E, FAC(-E, C"*%A/, GC2'@A/,!4.%/, ;03E,!%'<@(3E instrumental: H'I, 04,I, -J!I, K<3, 0*LM9,.4C*N ablative: O:, -P,I:, 8,Q*I: 2. Typical adverb endings: -I:: </0%)I:, 0%.+: -%: $(%, (4.%,,4R%, S0%, TR% -%0/::!-..40/:, (L*/40/:, <3040/: -<@': </%**2<@', AL..2U<@', H<@',!%*%U.2<@' -<-': V'<-', ARQ<-', &(M%<1',,%L*@<1' -,/, -A,/: ;C3.-',), W..@'/A,) 3. Place-adverbs: place where place from place towards -/, -C/, -A/ -ol -C3' -<3, -X3, -A3 -D0-/, -D0-C/ -D0-C3' -D0%<3, -Y01'<3 H..-C/, &..%R-5 H..-C3', &..%R1C3' H..-A3, &..%R1A3 &(M-,Q*IC/ &(M-,Q*IC3' &(M-,Q*IA3!%',%R-E!%',%R1C3'!%',%R1A3 %7,-5 %7,1C3' %7,1A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3' Z(1A3 GC2'@A/ GC2'@C3' GC2'%X3 [.L(!)%A/ [.L(!)%C3' [.L(!)%X3 4. Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular fms, superlatives on neuter plurals: 0%.+: 04../-' 04../A,% (4.% (\..-' (4./A,% 3] H(3/'-' H*/A,% A-M+: A-M=,3*-' A-M=,%,% H'I &'I,Q*I &'I,4,I!1**I!-**I,Q*I!-**I,4,I
prepositions taking 3 cases accusative genitive dative taking 2 cases taking 1 case!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) %&$ to, toward, f on on "'() after with among, in (Epic) &*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud &'+$ round about, concerning about, because of concerning &+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to.&, under by, under under, by!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2*() along, over, down from, against accding to.&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of!/($ opposite to, in return f!&, from, away from '4- (%-) into, to %2, %5 out, out of, from, from within %/ in &+, befe, f 67/ (57/) with
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some maj categies F the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol. 2 f Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr f Latin. This list is not meant to cover specific wds that govern particular cases e.g. plenus with the genitive ablative καταγιγνώσκω with acc. rei and gen. pers. accusative can be said to fall into four maj uses: 1. direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses, e.g. in Indirect Speech) 2. marking motion extent (of time place): Romam, quatt dies 3. cognate accusative: vitam viuo, δίκας δικάζομαι (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative ( accusative of respect): quid, τι: somewhat, in respect of something ; quid?, τί: why? genitive N.B. Schwyzer s Gk categies: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING ( Pertinentiv ) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. adnominals are any genitives that qualify depend on nouns: fratris ms = ms fraterna 2. adverbials are e.g. genitive of the charge, memy (and fgetting), source of emotion 3. possessive: τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ; N.B. hominis errare est, ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4. subjective: am Dei (= amat Deus) 5. objective: am Dei (= amamus Deum) 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7. of definition ( appositional ): Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, virtus iustitiae (Eng. the city of London but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, (περὶ) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10. time within which : anni, ἐνιαυτοῦ ἔτους 11. of the sphere respect : ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur. Med. 1028 (does this cover verbs of fgetting, etc.?) 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (nmally with prepositions prepositional prefixes) 13. Gk only: of comparison (Lat. abl.) dative (= Eng. to and f ) N.B. Schwyzer s Gk categies: 1. TRUE DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference advantage ( disadvantage): me tib i exno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? Tell me, what is Celsus up to? (cf. Gk τοι I tell you freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi l iber: we nmally find esse εἶναι here ( implied), but not always 6. predicative purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio m ihi es 7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: πολλῷ μείζων (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: χρόνῳ with time (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. αὐτός) 11. Gk only: of manner: σπουδῇ, σιγῇ (Lat. abl.) 12. Gk only: of cause: νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat. abl.) 13. Gk only: of specification ( respect) (Lat. abl.) ablative (= Eng. from, with, by, in ) N.B. L-H-S s Lat. categies: 1. TRUE ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE 1. of separation true ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu 2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3. of material (with ex de in Classical Latin) 4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam ἤ as well! (Gk gen.) 5. of cause: mbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.) 6. of association: nmally with cum: this is the igin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.), a.k.a. attendant circumstance 7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.) 8. of description: vir magna sap ientia (compare the genitive of description) 9. of specification ( respect): mirabile d ictu, umero saucius 10. of degree of difference: multo mai (Gk dat.) 11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.) 12. of place time: die tertio (Gk dat.) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (1965/1972); Schwyzer, E. Griechische Grammatik 5 (1988); Woodcock, E. A new Latin syntax (1959)