PACS: Pj, Gg

* 1)2) 2) 3) 2) 1) 1) (, 310023 ) 2) (, 315211 ) 3) (, 510006 ) ( 2011 6 16 ; 2011 10 31 ),..,,.,.,. :,,, PACS: 07.05.Pj, 05.45.Gg 1,.,, [1,2].,,, [3,4].,, [5,6].,. [7 9]., [10 17].,.,, [10]., [18 20], [11 16].,, [17]., [10 17],,.,. * ( : 60872094, 60832003, 61071120) ( : 200816460003) ( : Y1100219) ( : YK2009044) ( : PY20110002). E-mail: yumei2@126.com c 2012 Chinese Physical Society http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn 080701-1

,,,,,. 2 2.1 ( Logistic ),,. ( ),., :. Lyapunov,. Lyapunov,,,. x n+1 = m 1 + m 2 x n + m 3 x 2 n +m 4 y n + m 5 yn 2 + m 6 x n y n, (1) y n+1 = m 7 + m 8 x n + m 9 x 2 n +m 10 y n + m 11 yn 2 + m 12 x n y n,, m i (i = 1, 2,, 12) ; x n y n.,,., x n+1 = m 4 y n + m 5 yn, 2 (2) y n+1 = m 8 x n + m 10 y n. m 4 = 1.66, m 5 = 1.30, m 8 = 1.10, m 10 = 0.10,. 1 400. 1 (a) x n ; (b) y n 2.2. 1, LL(L) LL(R). 2,.,,, 2.,. : E(x d, y d, d v ) = E data (x d, y d, d v ) +λe reg (x d, y d, d v ), (3) 080701-2

u u E data (x d, y d, d) = I L (x d + j, y d + i) i= u j= u I R (x d + i + d v, y d + i), (4) E reg (x d, y d, d v ) = λ( d v0 (x d 1, y d ) d v + d v1 (x d 1, y d 1) d v + d v2 (x d, y d 1) d v + d v3 (x d + 1, y d 1) d v ). (5), E, E d v ; E data, d v ; u, u = 1, 3 3; E reg ; λ ; x d y d. 3, d v, d v1, d v2, d v3, d v4 d v. 2 (a) ; (b) 3 sort( ) x(n) y(n), [x (n), p] = sort(x(n)) [y (n), q] = sort(y(n)),, x (n) y (n), p q x (n) y (n) x(n) y(n),., p q M, M M(p, q),. 50 M(p, q), w. M(p, q), w = 1;, w = 0. 2.3, 5. 1, LL (L) LL (R). 2. 3 k k. 4, M. p q M, M M (p, q). 5 M (p, q), w. M (p, q), w = 1;, w = 0. 3 k k. 4, M,,. x k y k, x(n) = [x(1), x(2),, x(n)] y(n) = [y(1), y(2),, y(n)]., 3, 512 512 ( Photoshop ), 1 2, 4. 080701-3

4 (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) 1 ; (f) 2, N, u, λ k 32, 1, 0.25 4. 3.1,., S [9,13] S = 1 B w b w b b=1 B, (6),, B. w w 0.5 ; 1. 1. 1,, 1,, 0.5., 1 0. [16] : e = N 1 N 0 N all, (7) 1 1.0000 0.5342 0.5176 0.5234 0.5123 0.5203 0.5342 1.0000 0.4932 0.5088 0.5234 0.5048 0.5176 0.4932 1.0000 0.5195 0.5048 0.5332 0.5234 0.5088 0.5195 1.0000 0.5166 0.5234 1 0.5123 0.5234 0.5048 0.5166 1.0000 0.5380 2 0.5203 0.5048 0.5332 0.5234 0.5380 1.0000 080701-4

, N 1, N 0 N all 1 0, e, 2. 2, 1 0,. 3.2,,. ( ), R SNP,R ; ( ), R SNP,L.. 3.2.1, V NG 0.005 0.01, S R SNP 3, R SNP,R, R SNP,L., I NSP 0.02 0.03, 4. 3 4, R SNP, S 0.83,. 2 N 1 513 530 505 501 514 539 N 0 511 494 519 523 510 485 e 0.0019 0.0352 0.0137 0.0215 0.0039 0.0527 3 S(V NG = 0.005) 0.9503 0.9250 0.9139 0.9499 0.9197 0.8603 R SNP,R (V NG = 0.005) 22.6415 21.7718 22.2933 23.0243 19.0599 20.2333 S(V NG = 0.01) 0.9311 0.9127 0.9061 0.9281 0.8862 0.8351 R SNP,R (V NG = 0.01) 19.7531 18.7991 19.3243 20.0587 16.1946 17.3021 S(V NG = 0.005) 0.9309 0.9226 0.9087 0.9497 0.9134 0.8518 R SNP,L (V NG = 0.005) 22.7873 21.7331 22.7227 23.0527 19.0910 20.2666 S(V NG = 0.01) 0.9260 0.9126 0.9028 0.9278 0.8789 0.8319 R SNP,L (V NG = 0.01) 19.8723 18.7613 19.7678 20.0807 16.2241 17.3073 3.2.2, W FM 3 3 5 5, 5. 0.5, W FPLG 2 2 3 3, 6. 5 6,, S 0.89,. 080701-5

4 S(I NSP = 0.02) 0.9542 0.9399 0.9059 0.9503 0.9230 0.9152 R SNP,R (I NSP = 0.02) 21.8072 21.1185 21.6842 22.4994 17.7193 19.5096 S(I NSP = 0.03) 0.9398 0.9230 0.9046 0.9268 0.9097 0.9018 R SNP,R (I NSP = 0.03) 20.0582 19.4604 19.9013 20.6987 16.0498 17.7985 S(I NSP = 0.02) 0.9474 0.9247 0.9042 0.9452 0.9152 0. 9041 R SNP,L (I NSP = 0.02) 21.8872 21.2160 22.0856 22.5037 17.6649 19.5724 S(I NSP = 0.03) 0.9354 0.9177 0.9014 0.9211 0.8644 0.8917 R SNP,L (I NSP = 0.03) 20.2227 19.4139 20.4812 20.6992 16.0419 17.8287 5 S(W FM = 3 3) 0.9833 0.9697 0.9774 0.9756 0.9680 0.9586 R SNP,R (W FM = 3 3) 33.8847 32.5010 33.1921 31.0389 35.4804 34.4387 S(W FM = 5 5) 0.9697 0.9614 0.9541 0.9581 0.9524 0.9253 R SNP,R (W FM = 5 5) 29.8232 28.4693 29.3590 28.9018 30.7536 29.4972 S(W FM = 3 3) 0.9735 0.9625 0.9637 0.9711 0.9461 0.9272 R SNP,L (W FM = 3 3) 35.0055 31.5393 34.5722 30.9884 35.5240 34.3061 S(W FM = 5 5) 0.9653 0.9614 0.9483 0.9528 0.9374 0.9201 R SNP,L (W FM = 5 5) 30.2719 28.0466 30.1382 28.8310 30.8134 29.3613 6 S(W FPLG = 2 2) 0.9555 0.9296 0.9196 0.9130 0.9593 0.9068 R SNP,R (W FPLG = 2 2) 28.8954 28.9293 29.3349 28.1618 30.8927 29.9886 S(W FPLG = 3 3) 0.9887 0.9805 0.9779 0.9772 0.9730 0.9767 R SNP,R (W FPLG = 3 3) 39.5086 39.2663 39.2920 38.3521 41.7704 40.8713 S(W FPLG = 2 2) 0.9553 0.9278 0.9156 0.9078 0.9312 0.8957 R SNP,L (W FPLG = 2 2) 29.3061 28.5595 30.0033 28.0488 30.9563 29.9161 S(W FPLG = 3 3) 0.9751 0.9675 0.9631 0.9675 0.9401 0.9117 R SNP,L (W FPLG = 3 3) 40.4204 38.3688 40.3761 38.2203 41.8063 40.7266 3.2.3 (JPEG), Q, Q,., ( ), 5 6., Q = 10,, (S = 0.84), JPEG 080701-6

5 Q R SNP (a) R SNP,R ; (b) R SNP,L 6 (a); (b). 3.2.4, 1/8 1/16 (A CUL = 1/8, A CUL = 1/16). 7. 7,, S 0.90,. 7 S(A CUL = 1/8) 0.9952 0.9924 0.9908 0.9967 0.9906 0.9906 R SNP,R (A CUL = 1/8) 27.3116 23.1705 22.3794 22.5266 26.4009 24.2487 S(A CUL = 1/16) 0.9892 0.9864 0.9843 0.9895 0.9851 0.9778 R SNP,R (A CUL = 1/16) 18.9840 17.3440 17.4312 16.1503 20.6332 18.3391 S(A CUL = 1/8) 0.9746 0.9618 0.9501 0.9732 0.9372 0.9067 R SNP,L (A CUL = 1/8) 27.1017 23.0715 22.7964 23.3101 26.6085 24.0588 S(A CUL = 1/16) 0.9708 0.9573 0.9473 0.9664 0.9312 0. 8933 R SNP,L (A CUL = 1/16) 19.7730 17.1840 17.8064 15.9473 20.9589 18.2839 080701-7

3.2.5. L MR,, ; R MD. 2 (L MR = 2) 2 (R MD = 2), 8. 8,, S 0.84,. 3.2.6,,,. 4 0.25 (R R,A = 4) 0.25 4 (R A,R = 0.25), 9. 9,, S 0.9,., 3 9 6,,. S S th,., S = 0.83 S th. 8 S(L MR = 2) 0.9305 0.9568 0.9539 0.9255 0.9491 0.9909 R SNP,R (L MR = 2) 21.2884 22.0938 21.7859 19.8428 24.3484 23.6506 S(R MD = 2) 0.9031 0.9204 0.9134 0.9286 0.9013 0. 8496 R SNP,R (R MD = 2) 23.1609 21.1440 23.1847 22.4735 24.5701 23.9105 S(L MR = 2) 0.9249 0.9542 0.9517 0.9278 0.9497 0.8951 R SNP,L (L MR = 2) 21.4185 21.8804 22.1016 19.8017 24.4604 23.4215 S(R MD = 2) 0.9001 0.9188 0.9046 0.9227 0.9041 0.8326 R SNP,L (R MD = 2) 23.4269 21.0196 23.7374 22.3926 24.6043 23.8216 9 S(R R,A = 4) 0.9962 0.9919 0.9914 0.9912 0.9884 0.9889 R SNP,R (R R,A = 4) 42.4441 43.4463 42.4787 40.8368 46.2749 45.7261 S(R A,R = 0.25) 0.9962 0.9913 0.9866 0.9867 0.9780 0.9802 R SNP,R (R A,R = 0.25) 35.6861 36.5179 35.8921 34.0122 39.0643 38.5121 S(R R,A = 4) 0.9779 0.9691 0.9586 0.9709 0.9436 0.9068 R SNP,L (R R,A = 4) 44.3542 41.5271 44.6815 40.6843 46.3197 45.5554 S(R A,R = 0.25) 0.9779 0.9686 0.9631 0.9732 0.9390 0.9013 R SNP,L (R A,R = 0.25) 37.3598 34.9359 37.7949 34.0291 39.1533 38.3804 080701-8

3.3,,,, Kerckhoff., 7(a) 100,, S. 7 : 0.5 ; 1, 7(a) 38 7(b) 68. 7,, 0.5,. (),,,. 4 7 (a) ; (b), 7(b) 100,,., : (1), ; (2),, ; (3), ; (4), ; (5),.,. [1] Fan Y C, Chiou J C, Jiang Y H 2011 IEEE Trans. Magn. 47 679 [2] Shen L Q, Liu Z, Yan T, Zhang Z Y, An P 2011 IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Techn. 20 925 [3] Shao F, Jiang G Y, Wang X, Yu M, Chen K 2010 IEEE Trans. Consume Electron. 56 2460 [4] Fan Y C, Kung Y T, Lin B L 2011 IEEE Trans. Magn. 47 683 [5] Zhu Z J, Wang Y E, Jiang G Y, Liang F 2007 J. Image Graph. 12 68 (in Chinese) [,,, 2007 12 68] [6] Lin Y H, Wu J L 2011 IEEE Trans. Broadcas. 57 602 [7] Alattar A M, Digimarc C, Tualatin O 2004 IEEE Trans. Image Proces. 13 1147 [8] Zhang X P, Wang S Z, Qian Z X, Feng G R 2011 IEEE Trans. Image Proces. 20 485 [9] Zeng G R, Qiu Z D 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 5870 (in Chinese) [, 2010 59 5870] 080701-9

[10] Wen Q, Sun T F, Wang S X 2003 Acta Electron. Sin. 31 214 (in Chinese) [,, 2003 31 214] [11] Wu X Y, Guan Z H 2007 Phys. Lett. A 365 403 [12] Mooney A, Keating J G 2009 Chaos Solitons Fract. 42 560 [13] Song W, Hou J J, Li Z H, Huang L 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4449 (in Chinese) [,,, 2009 58 4449] [14] Hu Y F, Zhu S A 2008 J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.) 42 593 (in Chinese) [, 2008 ( ) 42 593] [15] He H J, Zhang J S 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 3092 (in Chinese) [, 2007 56 3092] [16] Zou L J, Wang B, Feng J C 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 2750 (in Chinese) [,, 2008 57 2750] [17] Xu T, Zhang Y N, Sun J Q, Zheng J B,Ling Z G 2009 J. Image Graph. 14 1819 (in Chinese) [,,,, 2009 14 1819] [18] Jin J X, Qiu S S 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 792 (in Chinese) [, 2010 59 792] [19] Zhang C X, Yu S M 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 3017 (in Chinese) [, 2010 59 3017] [20] Sun K H, He S B, Sheng L Y 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 020505 (in Chinese) [,, 2011 60 020505] A zero-watermarking algorithm of stereoscopic image based on hyperchaotic system Zhou Wu-Jie 1)2) Yu Mei 2) Yu Si-Min 3) Jiang Gang-Yi 2) Ge Ding-Fei 1) 1) ( School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China ) 2) ( Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China ) 3) ( College of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China ) ( Received 16 June 2011; revised manuscript received 31 October 2011 ) Abstract In order to protect the copyright of stereoscopic images in the condition of the image quality, a zero-watermarking stereoscopic image algorithm is presented based on hyperchaotic system. In the proposed algorithm, disparity zero-watermark is constructed according to the stability of disparity between low frequency bands of wavelet decomposition of the left and the right views and direct coefficients of discrete cosine transform; in the process of zero-watermark construction, the zero-watermark position mapping according to the features of the sensitivity of hyperchaotic discrete system initial value, ampleness of parameter key space and complexity of dynamic behavior, enhances the security of algorithm. The relationship between security and watermark capacity is also analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is strong robust to noise, filtering, compression, and the shearing of asymmetrical and symmetrical attacks. Keywords: stereoscopic image, disparity zero-watermarking, hyperchaotic system, robustness PACS: 07.05.Pj, 05.45.Gg * Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60872094, 60832003, 61071120), the Specialized Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 200816460003), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. Y1100219), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Graduate Students of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. YK2009044), and the Outstanding Dissertation Cultivation Foundation of Ningbo University, China (Grant No. PY20110002). E-mail: yumei2@126.com 080701-10