Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 19th century-constantinople, Odessa. Κύρια Ιδιότητα Merchants, bankers, ship-owners. IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ

Περίληψη : A family of Greeks of Diaspora established in Constantinople. The Zarifis family, after 1830, became one of the most significant families of the social and economic elite of the Greek commercial Diaspora. Its activities lay in trade and after the mid-19th century in the finance business. The members of the family, having Constantinople as their starting point, were established at the most important trade centres of that period (Marseilles, London, Odessa) though they always kept their connections to Constantinople. They were also connected to prominent families of the Greek Diaspora through business and social bonds. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 19th century-constantinople, Odessa. Κύρια Ιδιότητα Merchants, bankers, ship-owners. 1. The Family The Zarifis family made its appearance for the first time at the end of the 18 th century in the area of the Bosporus. The founder of the family, Ioannis Zarifis, was engaged in the wine-trade, the wine of which he produced in his own vineyards. Ioannis Zarifis was married to Tarso Kaplanoglou, daughter of Iordanis Kaplanoglou, the well-known diamond merchant and they had seven children: Georgios (1806-84), Michael (1809-91), Petros (1810-?), Alexandros (1812-?, Odessa), Iordanis (1815-?, Kaisareia of Asia Minor), Soultana and Nikolaos (1820-95, Constantinople). 1 2. Their establishment in Odessa In 1820, Ioannis Zarifis, just before the outbreak of the Greek Revolution, was obliged to abandon Constantinople because of his close relations to Filiki Etaireia, and to settle with his family in Odessa, Russia. He remained there until the conclusion of the Adrianoupoli Treaty (1829), which permitted to whoever might wished, to return to the Ottoman capital. 2 In Odessa, Ioannis s son, Georgios, was educated at the famous Lycée Richelieu. 3 The arrival of Kapodistrias in Greece prompted the family to leave Constantinople and to settle in Nafplio, where the eldest son, Georgios Zarifis, was appointed ephoros of Karytena. 4 The disappointment of the family due to the difficult conditions in Greece as well as the assassination of Kapodistrias shortly after, (1832), would force the family of Zarifis to return to Constantinople, where they would settle permanently. 3. The return to Constantinople: business activities and the family network Having as a starting point the Ottoman capital, the Zarifis family began their involvement in trade enterprises. On returning to Constantinople, Georgios Zarifis worked at the enterprise of Dimitrios Zafeiropoulos, which dealt in the importation of wheat and flour from Romania. 5 In 1840, Georgios Zarifis and Dimitrios Zafeiropoulos founded a store named, Zarifis Zafeiropoulos. 6 The relations between the two families and especially the position of Georgios Zarifis, was strengthened as a result of his marriage to the daughter of his boss, Eleni Zafeiropoulou. Georgios Zarifis and Eleni Zafeiropoulou had five children: Leonidas (1839), Periclis (1844), Sofia (1848), Tereza (1860) and Stefanos (1863). 7 3.1. The networks of the Zarifis family: London, Marseilles, Constantinople, Odessa The trade activities of Georgios Zarifis encouraged the younger members of the family to settle in some of the most significant tradecentres of the 19 th century (Marseilles, London, Odessa). This practice was quite common in the 19 th century because it facilitated Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 1/6

trade transactions and reduced the cost of these dealings since no foreign agents needed to be appointed. Shortly after his return to Constantinople, the fourth son of the Zarifis family, Alexander, moved to Odessa where he established a wheat-trade firm, as attested by reports of the period 1833-1860. 8 These reports present the merchant-house of Alexander as one of the most important Greek businesses of Odessa, being in the eighth place with respect to its assets in comparison to other Greek merchant-houses of the city (93,012 rubles). 9 Michael Zarifis, the second son of Ioannis Zarifis, settled in London and became involved in the merchant and banking businesses. 10 He married Fani Kesisoglou (born in Smyrna in 1837) and had four children. The economic and social elevation of Michael Zarifis is illustrated by his strong connections with the very prominent families of trade, Rallis, Rodokanakis and Vlastos, through the marriages of his children. Already, in 1830, there appeared in Marseilles a branch of the Zarifis family, which was reinforced by the arrival of Georgios Zarifis Periclis, who later established the firm Zarifis and Sons and was married to Fani Rodokanaki. 11 The firm also forged links with business circles in Romania through the wedding of Georgios Zarifis s daughter to Odisseas Negropontis, a merchant and ship-owner of Bucharest. 12 The core and the most successful branch of the family and business organization of the Zafiris family continued their activities in Constantinople. Georgios Zarifis, the eldest son of the family, settled permanently in Constantinople, and maintained close bonds with the rest of the family members. He was involved in the wheat-trade and later in banking, by exploiting the economic and social connections of his relatives in Russia and Western Europe. 3.2. The Zarifis Zafeiropoulos firm: activities and organisation The Zarifis Zafeiropoulos firm initially dealt with the wheat-trade along the western coast of the Black Sea, without, however, being restricted to these as, after 1860 the directorship of the firm was assumed Geogios Zarifis, while the position of Zafeiropoulos was probably taken over by his son, Georgios Zafeiropoulos. After the Crimean War, Georgios Zarifis become more actively involved in the banking business of the Ottoman capital, as regards the founding of the Central Bank. Moreover, he participated in the establishment of many other banks in the Ottoman Empire, (The General Company of the Ottoman State, The Bank of Constantinople, The Ottoman Commercial Bank, The Austrian-Turkish Credit), but also in Greece (The General Credit, The Bank of Industrial Credit). He also became involved in the founding of many limited liability companies (the Company of Railways Pontoporeia, the General Company of Lighting and Heating Gas in Bucharest, the Ottoman Company of Minerals, monopoly of tobacco). 13 One of the most determinative activities of the Zarifis Zafeiropoulos company was, as representative of the Galatas banks, its involvement in the issue of the Ottoman Debt. 14 The Galatas group of banks, comprising a new business class of bankers whose capital came from commerce, was centred on the Ottoman loaning system, with the form of short-term loans. 15 The final payments of the Ottoman debt (6 October, 1875), encouraged the participation of bankers in the arrangement, with the leading figure being Georgios Zarifis. 16 The submission of three proposals by the Zarifis Zafeiropoulos firm resulted in their participating in the final agreement (22 November, 1879). 17 The final resolution came with the Moucharem decree (11/1881), which gave Georgios Zarifis, Bled Rouz, an estate in Mesopotamia, which was afterwards exploited by his son,leonidas. 18 4. The social position of the family The social position of the Zarifis family, which relied on a strong economic base both in Constantinople and in other trade centres, was reflected in two fields: first, in the involvement of various branches of the family, especially that of Constantinople, in the public life of the city where they were settled, and in the social bonds and relationships which they had developed with the social and business Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 2/6

elite of the cities where their members resided. In respect of the branches of the family in London and Marseilles, the information available on their social life is extremely limited. Nevertheless, their social networks can be traced thanks to the marital strategy that they followed, creating cognate relationships with families such as the Rallis and Rodokanakis families (regarding the branch of London), and Rodokanakis and Skilitzis (regarding the Marseilles branch). 19 That marital strategy required that the two families which were to be united (through kinship) be of equal social and economic status. In the case of the branches of the Zarifis family in Constantinople and Southern Russia, the available information is plentiful. Alexandros Zarifis, who resided in Odessa, is presented not only as one of the five most successful businessmen but also as one of the eight richest. Despite the fact that information relating to his participation in the social organisation is insufficient, his presence in the planning board of the city confirms the above-mentioned assumptions. Finally, in the case of Georgios Zarifis, his high social status attests to his participation in community planning organisations, educational, benevolent and charitable institutions, as well as, to their funding. He participated in nine-tenths of the construction of the Great School of Nation ( Megali tou Genous Scholi ), in the Fanari area. 20 He established schools in Filippoupoli ( Zarifeia schools), as well as in Therapeia, while he also contributed to the founding of many benevolent establishments, such as the Theological School, the Hieratical School, the Commercial School, the Schools at Galata and Pera; he had also been chairman and benefactor of many charity establishments. 21 An important indication of his social position was his participation in a number of sport and other societies of the social elite of the city with restricted access to the public (Sailing Club, Tennis Club, Hunting Club). His position as head of the bankers of Galatas area and his close social relations with European consuls, Ottoman officials and even with the Sultan attests to his social and political influence. His death on the 27 th of March, 1884, caused great grief and many of the educational institutions of the country cancelled their lessons on that day in honour of his memory. On the same day, the newspaper of Constantinople, Neologos wrote: and he is buried today by his noble family, the great philanthropist on whose grave only one epitaph should be written, according to our opinion: In the memory of Georgios Zarifis. The deeply mourning mother, charity and gratitude, is now without a father. 22 1. Sturdza, D. M., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris 1983), p. 152. 2. Ζαρίφης, Γ., Οι αναμνήσεις μου, ένας κόσμος που έφυγε. Κωνσταντινούπολη, 1800-1920 (Αθήνα 2002), pp. 41-2. 3. Sturdza, D. M., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris 1983), p. 152. 4. Μοσχόπουλος, Θ., «Ζαρίφης Γεώργιος», Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια ΙΑ (Αθήνα 1929), p. 915. 5. Ζαρίφης, Γ., Οι αναμνήσεις μου, ένας κόσμος που έφυγε. Κωνσταντινούπολη, 1800-1920 (Αθήνα 2002), p. 54. 6. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 11. 7. Sturdza, D. M., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris 1983), p. 152-3. 8. Καρδάσης, Β., Έλληνες ομογενείς της Μαύρης Θάλασσας, 1774-1861 (Αθήνα 1998), p. 206, table 7.4. 9. Καρδάσης, Β., Έλληνες ομογενείς της Μαύρης Θάλασσας, 1774-1861 (Αθήνα 1998), p. 224, table 7.8. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 3/6

10. Sturdza, D. M., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris 1983), p. 153. 11. Καρδάσης, Β., Έλληνες ομογενείς της Μαύρης Θάλασσας, 1774-1861 (Αθήνα 1998), p. 218-9. 12. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 13. 13. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), pp. 33-5, 39. 14. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), pp. 33-5, 39. 15. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 14. 16. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 59. 17. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 97. 18. Εξερτζόγλου, Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη: «Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος», 1871-1881 (Αθήνα 1989), p. 104, and Μοσχόπουλος, Θ., «Ζαρίφης Γεώργιος», Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια ΙΑ (Αθήνα 1929), p. 915. 19. Sturdza, D. M., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris 1983), p. 153. 20. Μοσχόπουλος, Θ., «Ζαρίφης Γεώργιος», Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια ΙΑ (Αθήνα 1929), p. 915. 21. «Τα κατά τον θάνατο και την κηδεία του Γεώργιου Ζαρίφη» εκ του Νεολόγου (Κωνσταντινούπολη 1884), pp. 51, 85-7. 22. «Τα κατά τον θάνατο και την κηδεία του Γεώργιου Ζαρίφη» εκ του Νεολόγου (Κωνσταντινούπολη 1884), p. 7. Βιβλιογραφία : Εξερτζόγλου Χ., Εθνική Ταυτότητα στην Κωνσταντινούπολη τον 19ο αι. Ο Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως 1861-1912, Αθήνα 1996 Sturdza Μ.-D., Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d Albanie et de Constantinople, Paris 1983 Dakin Douglas, Η ενοποίηση της Ελλάδας 1770-1923, 3, Μορφωτικό Ίδρυμα Εθνικής Τραπέζης, Αθήνα 1989 Καρδάσης Β., Έλληνες ομογενείς στη νότια Ρωσία 1775-1861, Αλεξάνδρεια, Αθήνα 1998 Εξερτζόγλου Χ., Προσαρμοστικότητα και πολιτική των ομογενειακών κεφαλαίων. Έλληνες τραπεζίτες στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Το κατάστημα Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος 1871-1881, Ίδρυμα Έρευνας και Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 4/6

Παιδείας της Εμπορικής Τράπεζας Ελλάδος, Αθήνα 1989 Exertzoglou H., Greek Banking in Constantinople 1850-1881, Ph.D. thesis University of London 1986 Πηγές «Τα κατά τον θάνατο και την κηδεία του Γεώργιου Ζαρίφη» εκ του Νεολόγου (Κωνσταντινούπολη 1884). Ζαρίφης, Γεώργιος, Οι αναμνήσεις μου, ένας κόσμος που έφυγε. Κωνσταντινούπολη, 1800 1920 (Αθήνα 2002). Χρονολόγιο Χρονολόγιο του Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη 1808: Γέννηση Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη 1821: Εγκατάσταση στην Οδησσό. Εκπαίδευση στο Lycée Richelieu 1829: Επιστροφή από τη Ρωσία 1838: Γάμος Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη και Ελένης Ζαφειροπούλου 1839: Γέννηση του Λεωνίδα Ζαρίφη 1840: Ίδρυση του καταστήματος «Ζαρίφης Ζαφειρόπουλος» 1844: Γέννηση του Περικλή Ζαρίφη 1848: Γέννηση της Σοφίας Ζαρίφη 1856: Ανάληψη πρώτων τραπεζικών εργασιών 1860: Θάνατος Δημητρίου Ζαφειρόπουλου. Γέννηση Τερέζας Ζαρίφη 1863: Γέννηση Στέφανου Ζαρίφη 1864: Έναρξη εργασιών καταστήματος με την Εθνική Τράπεζα 1875: Παύση πληρωμών Οθωμανικού Χρέους 1877: Ρωσοτουρκικός Πόλεμος 1879: Πρώτο σχέδιο Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη για το Οθωμανικό Χρέος 1879: Σύμβαση με βάση την τρίτη πρόταση του Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη 1881: Λύση του Οθωμανικού Χρέους 1884: Θάνατος Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 5/6

Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι Στοιχεία για μέλη των κλάδων της οικογένειας Ζαρίφη Ι. Ιωάννης Ζαρίφης, γενάρχης της οικογένειας. Ταρσώ Καπλάνογλου, σύζυγος Ιωάννη Ζαρίφη, γεννήθηκε στην Καισάρεια της Μικράς Ασίας. Γεώργιος Ζαρίφης (1808 1884), υιός Ιωάννη, τραπεζίτης, γεννήθηκε και πέθανε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Ιορδάνης Ζαρίφης (1815), υιός Ιωάννη, γεννήθηκε στη Μικρά Ασία. Αλέξανδρος Ζαρίφης (1812), υιός Ιωάννη, γεννήθηκε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και πέθανε στην Οδησσό. Πέτρος Ζαρίφης (1810), υιός Ιωάννη, παντρεύτηκε την Αιμιλία Βούρου, κόρη του Δημήτρη Βούρου. Μιχαήλ Ζαρίφης (1809 1891), υιός Ιωάννη, τραπεζίτης, πέθανε στο Λονδίνο. Παντρεύτηκε τη Φανή Κεσίσογλου, γεννηθείσα στη Σμύρνη το 1837. Νικόλαος Ζαρίφης (1820 1895), υιός Ιωάννη, διετέλεσε αντιπρόεδρος του Comptoir dʹescompte. Σουλτάνα Ζαρίφη, κόρη του Ιωάννη, παντρεύτηκε τον Γεώργιο Σημηριώτη (Τσεσμέ Μικράς Ασίας). ΙΙ. Γεώργιος Ζαρίφης Ελένη Ζαφειροπούλου, σύζυγος Γεωργίου Ζαρίφη, κόρη Δημητρίου Ζαφειρόπουλου, εμπόρου σιτηρών και τραπεζίτη. Λεωνίδας Ζαρίφης (1839 1923), υιός Γεωργίου, τραπεζίτης. Γεννήθηκε και πέθανε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Παντρεύτηκε τη Φρόσω Νικολοπούλου. Περικλής Ζαρίφης (1844 1927), υιός Γεωργίου, γεννήθηκε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και πέθανε στη Μασσαλία, παντρεύτηκε τη Φανή, κόρη του Θεοδώρου Ροδοκανάκη και της Κλεοπάτρας Ζιζίνια. Σοφία Ζαρίφη (1848 1923), κόρη του Γεωργίου, γεννήθηκε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και πέθανε στο Παρίσι. Παντρεύτηκε τον Οδυσσέα Νεγροπόντη. Τερέζα Ζαρίφη (1860 1919), κόρη του Γεωργίου, γεννήθηκε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Παντρεύτηκε τον Αντώνιο Βλαστό. Στέφανος Ζαρίφης (1863 1894), υιός Γεωργίου, γεννήθηκε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και πέθανε στο Μόντε Κάρλο. Παντρεύτηκε τη Μαρίκα Αναγνωστάκη. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 11/1/2017 Σελίδα 6/6