THE MYSTERY OF ATONEMENT Palm / Passion Sunday (Year B) April 1, 2012 This Sunday s Lessons Isaiah 50:4-9a Psalm 31:9-16 Philippians 2:5-11 St. Mark 14:1-15:47 (or St. Mark 15:1-39 [40-47]) Processional: St. Mark 11:1-11 (or St. John 12:12-16) Pastor David J. Risendal www.onelittleword.org drisendal@stplc.org facebook Dave Risendal Twitter: drisendal Saint Peter Lutheran Church 9300 East Belleview Avenue Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111 voice: 303/770-9300 fax: 303/770-9301 www.stplc.org facebook Saint Peter Lutheran Prayer of the Day Sovereign God, you have established your rule in the human heart through the servanthood of Jesus Christ. By your Spirit, keep us in the joyful procession of those who with their tongues confess Jesus as Lord and with their lives praise him as Savior, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and forever. Amen. Palm / Passion Sunday the last week of our Lord s life mystery of faith Message Instead of a sermon today, which is usually what I do immediately following the reading of the Gospel lesson, I d like to offer few comments about this day, and about this text, before I read it. Then, after the reading, we ll have a time of silence to consider what we have heard what St. Mark has shared with us this morning. There was a time when today was simply Palm Sunday maybe you grew up with that tradition. It was a day to remember the last time our Lord entered into the city of Jerusalem. We would lift up the image of him riding in on a humble steed, welcomed on a road carpeted with coats and branches from the fields, while the people cried out in joy: Hosanna! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord! [St. Mark 11:9] The color of the day was white. The day served as a reminder of the wonderful gift Christ was about to give, and the great delight expressed by those who welcomed him to Jerusalem that last time. Then, during the week that followed, we would remember the details of his last week. We would gather on Maundy Thursday and recall: how he gathered with his disciples for one last
Palm / Passion Sunday; Year B (April 1, 2012)! 2 meal; how he broke bread and passed wine with them; how he washed their feet as a sign of the service they were to offer to one another. We would gather on Good Friday and recall: how he was arrested, tortured, and put to death on a cross; how his body was taken down, and sealed in a tomb. Yet as the worship habits of most Christians began to change, and as fewer and fewer people worshipped during Holy Week on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, church leaders became uncomfortable with the fact that people would show up for a great parade on Palm Sunday, and a great celebration on Easter Sunday, and miss everything in between. They were afraid that instead of being drawn into the power and grace of Holy Week, they might begin to see this time in the church year as two good parties, two Sundays in a row. So, in the Lutheran Church, Passion Sunday was created in the mid-1970s. It was intended as a chance for those who only worship on Sunday to hear the whole story: how Jesus suffered and was rejected and was brutally put to death all as a prelude to the resurrection on Easter Sunday. Theoretically, today we are supposed to consider the entire last week of our Lord s life. We are supposed to remember how he cursed the fig tree and cleared out the temple; how he argued with religious leaders about issues like taxes and resurrection and commandments; how he taught his followers about what was to come; how he gathered them for one last meal; how he was arrested, suffered, and died on the cross. We are supposed to consider all of this today, but it hardly ever happens. The problem is: of all that took place during that last week, everything pales in comparison to his suffering and death. Whether we want it to or not, the telling of the story of this last week always boils down to what happens between the Maundy Thursday Passover meal, and his death at about 3:00 the next afternoon. Even those who assigned the texts for today chose a Gospel lesson that only speaks of his suffering and death. It makes sense, of course. The story of his suffering and death is certainly more compelling than that the story of when he sits on a bench watching a poor widow place a coin in the money box, or the story of when he argued with Scribes and Pharisees, or the story of when he washed his disciples feet. Throwing the moneychangers out of the temple, now that gets our attention to some degree, but it is his suffering and death that loom so large this week. Yet of all the stories told about this week, the one of his suffering and death is somehow the hardest to understand. What does it mean, that Jesus suffers and dies? (That seems a surprising way to reveal that he is the King of kings, doesn t it?) Why is his death necessary? (Couldn t God have chosen to forgive us anyway?) How is it that what happened to him so many years ago makes a profound connection with our lives today? There have, of course, been many philosophical theories that attempt to answer these questions. You can read about them in everything from nuanced theological treatises to argumentative internet blogs. Google theories of atonement and you ll have a few hours of reading pleasure ahead of you. There are some classic theories that theologians and philosophers have discussed for years, but finally, it seems as though they all fall short. There is no universally accepted way to understand how the suffering and death of Jesus connect with our sinfulness and our need for forgiveness. Ultimately, it is a mystery. Atonement is something more to be experienced than explained; something more to be received than believed. Somehow, in the sacred mystery of God, Christ s willingness to suffer and die is a sign of how deep God s love is for us, and how determined God is to forgive us and re-establish a right relationship with us.
Palm / Passion Sunday; Year B (April 1, 2012)! 3 I am reminded of one of my favorite lines in our Eucharistic Prayer. From time to time, as we prepare ourselves to receive the presence of Christ in the meal, we will speak these words together: Let us proclaim the mystery of faith: Christ has died. Christ is risen. Christ will come again. The death, resurrection and promised return of Christ is one of our faith s great mysteries. Our professional theologians may not all agree on one particular way to understand it, or explain it, but the sign of the cross, and the image of our Lord s dying, has become our source of hope. The sacrificial love of God becomes visible, and we are healed. So with that, we commend to you this fifteenth chapter of St. Mark. What takes place on Friday afternoon in the last week of Jesus life is sacred mystery, and God is present in it. I pray that it might touch our hearts as we reflect on it today, and strengthen us in our ability to trust in its promise. The Holy Gospel according to St. Mark, the fifteenth chapter. Gospel Lesson; English Text: 15:1 As soon as it was morning, the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council. They bound Jesus, led him away, and handed him over to Pilate. 2 Pilate asked him, Are you the King of the Jews? He answered him, You say so. 3 Then the chief priests accused him of many things. 4 Pilate asked him again, Have you no answer? See how many charges they bring against you. 5 But Jesus made no further reply, so that Pilate was amazed. 6 Now at the festival he used to release a prisoner for them, anyone for whom they asked. 7 Now a man called Barabbas was in prison with the rebels who had committed murder during the insurrection. 8 So the crowd came and began to ask Pilate to do for them according to his custom. 9 Then he answered them, Do you want me to release for you the King of the Jews? 10 For he realized that it was out of jealousy that the chief priests had handed him over. 11 But the chief priests stirred up the crowd to have him release Barabbas for them instead. 12 Pilate spoke to them again, Then what do you wish me to do with the man you call the King of the Jews? 13 They shouted back, Crucify him! 14 Pilate asked them, Why, what evil has he done? But they shouted all the more, Crucify him! 15 So Pilate, wishing to satisfy the crowd, released Barabbas for them; and after flogging Jesus, he handed him over to be crucified. 16 Then the soldiers led him into the courtyard of the palace (that is, the governor s headquarters); and they called together the whole cohort. 17 And they clothed him in a purple cloak; and after twisting some thorns into a crown, they put it on him. 18 And they began saluting him, Hail, King of the Jews! 19 They struck his head with a reed, spat upon him, and knelt down in homage to him. 20 After mocking him, they stripped him of the purple cloak and put his own clothes on him. Then they led him out to crucify him. 21 They compelled a passer-by, who was coming in from the country, to carry his cross; it was Simon of Cyrene, the father of Alexander and Rufus. 22 Then they brought Jesus to the place called Golgotha (which means the place of a skull). 23 And they offered him wine mixed with myrrh; but he did not take it. 24 And they crucified him, and divided his clothes among them, casting lots to decide what each should take. 25 It was nine o clock in the morning when they crucified him. 26 The inscription of the charge against him read, The King of the Jews. 27 And with him they crucified two bandits, one on his right and one on his left. 29 Those who passed by derided him, shaking their heads and saying, Aha! You who would destroy the temple and build it in three days, 30 save yourself, and come down from the cross! 31 In the same way the chief priests, along with the scribes, were also mocking him among themselves and saying, He saved others; he cannot save himself. 32 Let the Messiah, the King of Israel, come down from the cross now, so that we may see and believe. Those who were crucified with him also taunted him.
Palm / Passion Sunday; Year B (April 1, 2012)! 4 33 When it was noon, darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon. 34 At three o clock Jesus cried out with a loud voice, Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani? which means, My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? 35 When some of the bystanders heard it, they said, Listen, he is calling for Elijah. 36 And someone ran, filled a sponge with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink, saying, Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to take him down. 37 Then Jesus gave a loud cry and breathed his last. 38 And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. 39 Now when the centurion, who stood facing him, saw that in this way he breathed his last, he said, Truly this man was God s Son! [ 40 There were also women looking on from a distance; among them were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome. 41 These used to follow him and provided for him when he was in Galilee; and there were many other women who had come up with him to Jerusalem. 42 When evening had come, and since it was the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath, 43 Joseph of Arimathea, a respected member of the council, who was also himself waiting expectantly for the kingdom of God, went boldly to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. 44 Then Pilate wondered if he were already dead; and summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he had been dead for some time. 45 When he learned from the centurion that he was dead, he granted the body to Joseph. 46 Then Joseph bought a linen cloth, and taking down the body, wrapped it in the linen cloth, and laid it in a tomb that had been hewn out of the rock. He then rolled a stone against the door of the tomb. 47 Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where the body was laid.] 1 Gospel Lesson; Greek Text: 15:1 Καὶ εὐθὺς πρωὶ συµβούλιον ποιήσαντες οἱ ἀρχιερει ς µετὰ τω ν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ γραµµατέων καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον, δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησου ν ἀπήνεγκαν καὶ παρέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ. 2 Καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν ὁ Πιλα τος σὺ εἰ ὁ βασιλεὺς τω ν Ἰουδαίων; ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῳ λέγει σὺ λέγεις. 3 καὶ κατηγόρουν αὐτου οἱ ἀρχιερει ς πολλά. 4 ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος πάλιν ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν λέγων οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν; ἴδε πόσα σου κατηγορου σιν. 5 ὁ δὲ Ἰησου ς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη, ὥστε θαυµάζειν τὸν Πιλα τον. 6 Κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν ἀπέλυεν αὐτοι ς ἕνα δέσµιον ὃν παρῃτου ντο. 7 ἠ ν δὲ ὁ λεγόµενος Βαραββα ς µετὰ τω ν στασιαστω ν δεδεµένος οἵτινες ἐν τῃ στάσει φόνον πεποιήκεισαν. 8 καὶ ἀναβὰς ὁ ὄχλος ἤρξατο αἰτει σθαι καθὼς ἐποίει αὐτοι ς. 9 ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοι ς λέγων θέλετε ἀπολύσω ὑµι ν τὸν βασιλέα τω ν Ἰουδαίων; 10 ἐγίνωσκεν γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερει ς. 11 οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερει ς ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον ἵνα µα λλον τὸν Βαραββα ν ἀπολύσῃ αὐτοι ς. 12 ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος πάλιν ἀποκριθεὶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοι ς τί οὐ ν [θέλετε] ποιήσω [ὃν λέγετε] τὸν βασιλέα τω ν Ἰουδαίων; 13 οἱ δὲ πάλιν ἔκραξαν σταύρωσον αὐτόν. 14 ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος ἔλεγεν αὐτοι ς τί γὰρ ἐποίησεν κακόν; οἱ δὲ περισσω ς ἔκραξαν σταύρωσον αὐτόν. 15 Ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος βουλόµενος τῳ ὄχλῳ τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιη σαι ἀπέλυσεν αὐτοι ς τὸν Βαραββα ν, καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησου ν φραγελλώσας ἵνα σταυρωθῃ. 16 Οἱ δὲ στρατιω ται ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν ἔσω τη ς αὐλη ς, ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον, καὶ συγκαλου σιν ὅλην τὴν σπει ραν. 17 καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῳ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 18 καὶ ἤρξαντο ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν χαι ρε, βασιλευ τω ν Ἰουδαίων 19 καὶ ἔτυπτον αὐτου τὴν κεφαλὴν καλάµῳ καὶ ἐνέπτυον αὐτῳ καὶ τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα προσεκύνουν αὐτῳ. 20 καὶ ὅτε ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῳ, ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὴν πορφύραν καὶ ἐνέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὰ ἱµάτια αὐτου. Καὶ ἐξάγουσιν αὐτὸν ἵνα σταυρώσωσιν αὐτόν. 21 καὶ ἀγγαρεύουσιν παράγοντα τινα Σίµωνα Κυρηναι ον ἐρχόµενον ἀπʼ ἀγρου, τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου, ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτου. 22 Καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθα ν 1 St. Mark 15:1-39 [40-47], New Revised Standard Version Bible ( 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America).
Palm / Passion Sunday; Year B (April 1, 2012)! 5 τόπον, ὅ ἐστιν µεθερµηνευόµενον Κρανίου Τόπος. 23 καὶ ἐδίδουν αὐτῳ ἐσµυρνισµένον οἰ νον ὃς δὲ οὐκ ἔλαβεν. 24 Καὶ σταυρου σιν αὐτὸν καὶ διαµερίζονται τὰ ἱµάτια αὐτου, βάλλοντες κλη ρον ἐπʼ αὐτὰ τίς τί ἄρῃ. 25 ἠ ν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν. 26 καὶ ἠ ν ἡ ἐπιγραφὴ τη ς αἰτίας αὐτου ἐπιγεγραµµένη ὁ βασιλεὺς τω ν Ἰουδαίων. 27 Καὶ σὺν αὐτῳ σταυρου σιν δύο λῃστάς, ἕνα ἐκ δεξιω ν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύµων αὐτου. 29 Καὶ οἱ παραπορευόµενοι ἐβλασφήµουν αὐτὸν κινου ντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτω ν καὶ λέγοντες οὐὰ ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ οἰκοδοµω ν ἐν τρισὶν ἡµέραις, 30 σω σον σεαυτὸν καταβὰς ἀπὸ του σταυρου. 31 ὁµοίως καὶ οἱ ἀρχιερει ς ἐµπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους µετὰ τω ν γραµµατέων ἔλεγον ἄλλους ἔσωσεν, ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σω σαι 32 ὁ χριστὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω νυ ν ἀπὸ του σταυρου, ἵνα ἴδωµεν καὶ πιστεύσωµεν. καὶ οἱ συνεσταυρωµένοι σὺν αὐτῳ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν. 33 Καὶ γενοµένης ὥρας ἕκτης σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφʼ ὅλην τὴν γη ν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης. 34 καὶ τῃ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ ἐβόησεν ὁ Ἰησου ς φωνῃ µεγάλῃ ἐλωι ἐλωι λεµα σαβαχθανι; ὅ ἐστιν µεθερµηνευόµενον ὁ θεός µου ὁ θεός µου, εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπες µε; 35 καί τινες τω ν παρεστηκότων ἀκούσαντες ἔλεγον ἴδε Ἠλίαν φωνει. 36 δραµὼν δέ τις [καὶ] γεµίσας σπόγγον ὄξους περιθεὶς καλάµῳ ἐπότιζεν αὐτόν λέγων ἄφετε ἴδωµεν εἰ ἔρχεται Ἠλίας καθελει ν αὐτόν. 37 ὁ δὲ Ἰησου ς ἀφεὶς φωνὴν µεγάλην ἐξέπνευσεν. 38 Καὶ τὸ καταπέτασµα του ναου ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω. 39 ἰδὼν δὲ ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτου ὅτι οὕτως ἐξέπνευσεν εἰ πεν ἀληθω ς οὑ τος ὁ ἄνθρωπος υἱὸς θεου ἠ ν. [ 40 Η σαν δὲ καὶ γυναι κες ἀπὸ µακρόθεν θεωρου σαι, ἐν αἱ ς καὶ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου του µικρου καὶ Ἰωση τος µήτηρ καὶ Σαλώµη, 41 αἳ ὅτε ἠ ν ἐν τῃ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῳ καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῳ, καὶ ἄλλαι πολλαὶ αἱ συναναβα σαι αὐτῳ εἰς Ἱεροσόλυµα. 42 Καὶ ἤδη ὀψίας γενοµένης, ἐπεὶ ἠ ν παρασκευὴ ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον, 43 ἐλθὼν Ἰωσὴφ [ὁ] ἀπὸ Ἁριµαθαίας εὐσχήµων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἠ ν προσδεχόµενος τὴν βασιλείαν του θεου, τολµήσας εἰση λθεν πρὸς τὸν Πιλα τον καὶ ᾐτήσατο τὸ σω µα του Ἰησου. 44 ὁ δὲ Πιλα τος ἐθαύµασεν εἰ ἤδη τέθνηκεν καὶ προσκαλεσάµενος τὸν κεντυρίωνα ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν εἰ πάλαι ἀπέθανεν 45 καὶ γνοὺς ἀπὸ του κεντυρίωνος ἐδωρήσατο τὸ πτω µα τῳ Ἰωσήφ. 46 καὶ ἀγοράσας σινδόνα καθελὼν αὐτὸν ἐνείλησεν τῃ σινδόνι καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸν ἐν µνηµείῳ ὃ ἠ ν λελατοµηµένον ἐκ πέτρας καὶ προσεκύλισεν λίθον ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν του µνηµείου. 47 ἡ δὲ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰωση τος ἐθεώρουν που τέθειται.] 2 First Lesson; English Text: 50:4 The Lord God has given me the tongue of a teacher,that I may know how to sustain the weary with a word. Morning by morning he wakens wakens my ear to listen as those who are taught. 5 The Lord God has opened my ear, and I was not rebellious, I did not turn backward. 6 I have my back to those who struck me, and my cheeks to those who pulled out the beard; I did not hide my face from insult and spitting. 7 The Lord God helps me; therefore I have not been disgraced; therefore I have set my face like flint, and I know that I shall not be put to shame; 8 he who vindicates me is near. Who will contend with me? Let us stand up together. Who are my adversaries? Let them confront me. 9 It is the Lord God who helps me; who will declare me guilty? All of them will wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up. 3 Second Lesson; English Text: 2:5 5 Let the same mind be in you that was in Christ Jesus, 6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, 7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, 8 he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death even death on a cross. 9 Therefore God also 2 St. Mark 15:1-39 [40-47], The Greek New Testament, Aland, Kurt, Black, Matthew, Martini, Carlo M., Metzger, Bruce M., and Wikgren, Allen, ( 1983, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft Stuttgart). 3 Isaiah 50:4-9a, New Revised Standard Version Bible ( 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America).
Palm / Passion Sunday; Year B (April 1, 2012)! 6 highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. 4 Second Lesson; Greek Text: 2.5 Τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑµῖν ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, 6 ὃς ἐν µορφῇ θεοῦ ὑπάρχων οὐχ ἁρπαγµὸν ἡγήσατο τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ, 7 ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν µορφὴν δούλου λαβών, ἐν ὁµοιώµατι ἀνθρώπων γενόµενος καὶ σχήµατι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 8 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν γενόµενος ὑπήκοος µέχρι θανάτου, θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ. 9 διὸ καὶ ὁ θεὸς αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνοµα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνοµα, 10 ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀνόµατι Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάµψῃ ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 11 καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξοµολογήσηται ὅτι κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ πατρός. 5 During Holy Week in St. Mark, Jesus: was welcomed in like a conquering hero (looked around and left) cursed the fig tree cleared out the temple talked to religious leaders about taxes, resurrection, the greatest commandment, watched a poor widow make her offering at the temple predicted the destruction of the temple, and the suffering of the early church spoke of the desolating sacrilege warned them to keep watch for the end. the chief priests and scribes began plotting to arrest and kill him was anointed by a woman Judas agreed with the chief priests to betray him gathered for Passover with his followers broke bread and shared wine with them foretold Peter s denial prayed in the garden of Gethsemane and asked for this hour to pass from him was betrayed, arrested, tortured, and executed Peter denied him Pilate released Barabbas instead of Jesus Simon of Cyrene carried his cross there was darkness from noon until 3:00 the curtain in the temple was torn in two women looked on from a distance (the disciples are nowhere to be found) Joseph of Arimathea asked for his body, and buried it 4 Philippians 2:5-11, New Revised Standard Version Bible ( 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America). 5 Philippians 2:5-11, The Greek New Testament, Aland, Kurt, Black, Matthew, Martini, Carlo M., Metzger, Bruce M., and Wikgren, Allen, ( 1983, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft Stuttgart).