Vocabulary to be learnt: through Section 8

Vocabulary to be learnt: through Section 8 nouns: first declension ἀγορά, ἡ Ἀθῆναι, αἱ αἰτία, ἡ ἀλήθειᾰ, ἡ ἀνάγκη, ἡ marketplace, agora Athens reason, cause, responsibility truth necessity ἀνάγκη ἐστί it is obligatory (for X, acc. or dat.) to (inf.) ἄναξ (ἀνακτ-) ἀνομία, ἡ ἀπολογία, ἡ ἀπορία, ἡ ἀρετή, ἡ ἀσέβειᾰ, ἡ βοή, ἡ γῆ, ἡ γνώμη, ἡ γραφή, ἡ δεσπότης, ὁ διάνοιᾰ, ἡ prince, lord, king lawlessness defense speech perplexity; lack of resources virtue, excellence irreverence to the gods shout land mind, purpose, judgment, plan indictment, charge, case master intention, plans δικαστής, ὁ δίκη, ἡ δόξᾰ, ἡ εἰρήνη, ἡ εἰρήνην ἄγω ἐκκλησία, ἡ ἐλευθερία, ἡ εὐχή, ἡ ἡδή, ἡ ἡσυχία, ἡ θάλαττᾰ, ἡ θεά, ἡ θεατής, ὁ θυσία, ἡ κατηγορία, ἡ κεφαλή, ἡ κλέπτης, ὁ κυβερνήτης, ὁ μαθητής, ὁ μάχη, ἡ ναυμαχία, ἡ juror, dikast lawsuit; penalty; justice reputation, opinion peace live in/be at peace assembly, ekklesia freedom prayer pleasure quiet, peace sea goddess spectator, member of audience sacrifice accusation, denunciation head thief captain, helmsman student fight, battle naval battle 1

ναύτης, ὁ νεανίας, ὁ νίκη, ἡ οἰκία, ἡ ὁμόνοιᾰ, ἡ ποιητής, ὁ πολίτης, ὁ σοφία, ἡ σοφιστής, ὁ στρατιά, ἡ [συγγνώμη, ἡ] συγγνώμην ἔχω σωτηρία, ἡ τέχνη, ἡ τόλμᾰ, ἡ φιλοσοφία, ἡ φωνή, ἡ sailor young man victory, conquest house agreement, harmony poet citizen wisdom sophist, thinker army [forbearance, pardon, forgiveness] forgive, pardon (+ dat.) safety skill, art, expertise daring philosophy voice, language, speech nouns: second declension Ἄθηναῖος, ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ὁ Athenian human being; fellow βάρβαρος, ὁ βίος, ὁ γάμος, ὁ δῆμος, ὁ διδάσκαλος, ὁ δικαστήρι, τό δοῦλος, ὁ ἔργ, τό ἥλιος, ὁ ἡμίος, ὁ θάνατος, ὁ θεός, ὁ, ἡ ἱερόν, τό ἵππος, ὁ κίνδυνος, ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος, ὁ λόγος, ὁ νεανίσκος, ὁ νεκρός, ὁ νῆσος, ἡ νόμος, ὁ barbarian, non- Greek life, means of living, livelihood marriage people; deme teacher law-court slave task, job sun mule death god(-dess) sanctuary horse danger Spartan word, speech; story, tale; argument; reason young man corpse island law, convention 2

νόσος, ἡ νοῦς (νόος contr.) ἐν νῷ ἔχω ξένος/ξεῖνος, ὁ ὅπλα, τά οὐρανός, ὁ παιδί, τό πλοῖ, τό πόλεμος, ὁ ποταμός, ὁ ῥαψῳδός, ὁ στρατηγός, ὁ υἱός, ὁ φίλος, ὁ φιλόσοφος, ὁ φόβος, ὁ χρόνος, ὁ χωρί, τό ψῆφος, ἡ plague, disease mind, sense intend, have in mind guest-friend, guest, host; stranger, foreigner weapons, arms sky, heavens child; slave ship war river rhapsode general son friend; kinsman philosopher fear time place, space, region vote, votingpebble nouns: third declension ἀνήρ (ἀνδρ-), ὁ ἄστυ, τό βασιλεύς, ὁ γείτων (γειτ-), ὁ γέρων (γερτ-), ὁ γυνή (γυναικ-), ἡ δαίμων (δαιμ-), ὁ Ἕλλην (Ἑλλην-), ὁ Ζεύς ( ι-), ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὁ ἡγεμών (ἡγεμ-), ὁ κῆρυξ (κηρυκ-), ὁ κτῆμα (κτηματ-), τό κυών (κυν-), ὁ λαμπάς (λαμπαδ-), ἡ λιμήν (λιμεν-), ὁ man, husband city (of Athens) king neighbor old man woman, wife god, daimon Greek Zeus Heracles leader herald possession dog torch harbor 3

μάρτυς (μαρτυρ-), ὁ μέρος, τό ναῦς, ἡ νύξ (νυκτ-), ἡ ὄνομα (ὀνοματ-), τό πάθος, τό παῖς (παιδ-), ὁ πατήρ (πατ[ε]ρ-), ὁ πατρίς (πατριδ-), ἡ πλῆθος, τό πόλις, ἡ Ποσειδῶν (Ποσειδων-), ὁ πρᾶγμα (πραγματ-), τό πράγματα παρέχω πῦρ (πυρ-), τό witness share, part ship night name experience, suffering slave, child father fatherland quantity, multitude, great number; crowd, mass, the people city(-state) Poseidon (voc. Πόσειδ, acc. Ποσειδῶ) thing; matter; affair; (pl.) troubles cause trouble fire ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-), ὁ Σωκράτης, ὁ σωτήρ (σωτηρ-), ὁ τάξις, ἡ ὕβρις, ἡ χείρ (χειρ-), ἡ χρήματα, τά orator, politician Socrates savior battle-array, order, rank aggression, violence hand money adjectives: first/second declension ἀγαθός ή όν ἄδικος ἀδύνατος αἴτιος α (+ gen.) ἄλλος η ο ἀνδρεῖος α good, noble, courageous unjust impossible responsible (for), guilty (of) other, the rest of brave ἄξιος α worth, worthy of (+ gen.) ἄριστος η best; very good 4

βέβαιος α δεινός ή όν δεξιός ά όν δεξιά, ἡ δῆλος η secure δίκαιος α just δύο ἐλεύθερος η ἐμός ή όν ἔμπειρος ἕτερος α ἡμέτερος α ἥσυχος θνητός ή όν κακός ή όν κάλλιστος η καλός ή όν μόνος η μῶρος α ναυτικός ή όν terrible; clever (at, + inf.) right(-hand); clever right hand clear; obvious two free my, mine skilled, experienced one (or the other) of two our quiet, peaceful mortal bad, evil, cowardly, lowly, mean most/very fine/beautiful/good fine, beautiful; good alone stupid; foolish naval νέος α ὀλίγος η ὅλος η ὅμοιος α ὁπόσος η ὀρθός ή όν ὅσος η πολέμιος α πολέμιοι, οἱ πηρός ά όν πότερος α ; πρῶτος η ῥᾴδιος α σός ή όν σοφός ή όν τοιοῦτος τοιαύτη τοιοῦτο(ν) ὑμέτερος α young small, few whole of like, similar to (+ dat.) how many straight, correct, right how great! hostile, enemy the enemy wicked, wretched which (of two)? first easy your (s.) wise, clever of this kind, of such a kind your (pl.) 5

ὕστερος α ὕστερ (adv.) χαλεπός ή όν χρήσιμος η χρηστός ή όν later, last (of two) later, further difficult, hard, harsh useful, profitable useful; (of people) good adjectives: third declension (-ᾰ first declension in fem. forms, in the case of 3-ending adjectives) ἀληθής ές ἀμαθής ές ἀμείνων ἄμειν (ἀμειν-) βαθύς εῖα ύ βαρύς εῖα ύ βελτίων βέλτι (βελτι-) δυστυχής ές true (in nt. pl., the truth ) ignorant better deep heavy better (sup. βέλτιστος η, best ) unlucky εὐδαίμων εὔδαιμ (εὐδαιμ-) ἡδύς εῖα ύ ἥττων ἧττ (ἡττ-) κακοδαίμων κακόδαιμ (κακοδαιμ-) κρείττων κρεῖττ (κρειττ-) μέλας (μελαν-) μέλαινα μέλαν τάλας (ταλαν-) τάλαινα τάλαν χείρων χεῖρ (χειρ-) happy, rich, blessed by the gods (comp. εὐδαιμέστερος α, sup. εὐδαιμέστατος α ) sweet, pleasant lesser, weaker unlucky, dogged by an evil daimon stronger, greater black wretched, unhappy worse 6

adjectives: mixed second/third declensions (first decl. in fem. forms) μέγας μεγάλη μέγα (μεγαλ-) πολύς πολλή πολύ (πολλ-) πολύ (adv.) great, big (comp. μείζων μεῖζ [μειζ-], sup. μέγιστος η ) much, many much adverbs in ως regularly formed from adjectives ἀκριβῶς [βαρέως] βαρέως φέρω βραδέως ἡδέως ἴσως ὅμως οὕτω(ς) ῥᾳδίως σαφῶς ταχέως ψευδῶς accurately; closely take badly, find hard to bear slowly with pleasure, sweetly perhaps nevertheless, however thus, so, in this way easily clearly quickly falsely pronouns and pronoun/adjectives ἀλλήλους ἀμφότεροι αι α αὐτός ή ό ἑαυτόν ἐγώ ἔγωγε ἐμαυτόν ἐκεῖνος η ο ἡμεῖς ὁ μέν ὁ δέ ὅδε ἥδε τόδε οὐδείς ουδεμία οὐδέν (οὐδεν-) οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο οὗτος ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν (παντ-) each other, one another both (pron. in gen., dat., acc.) him, her, it, them; (intensive in nom. or in pred. position) -self (myself, themselves, herself, etc.); (in attrib. position) the same himself Ι I; I at least/for my part myself that, (s)he, it we one another this no; no one, nothing this, (s)he, it hey there! hey you! meanwhile all 7

σύ σεαυτόν τίς; τί; (τιν-) τις, τι (τιν-) ὑμεῖς you (s.) yourself (s.) who? what? which (one[s])? a, a certain; someone, something you (pl.) thematic (-ω) verbs (if we know the simple verb and several compounds, they are listed together) ἄγω (ἀγαγ-) ἄγε ἀπάγω (ἀπαγαγ-) ἐξάγω (ἐξαγαγ-) ἀδικέω αἱρέω (ἑλ-) αἰτέω ἀκούω ἀποθνῄσκω (ἀποθαν-) ἀποκτείνω (ἀποκτειν-) ἀποκρίνομαι (ἀποκριν-) lead, bring come! (s.) lead/take away lead/bring out do wrong, wrong, be unjust (to) take, capture, convict ask (for) hear, listen (+ gen. of person, + acc. of thing) die kill answer ἀπολογέομαι ἀπορέω ἅπτω ἄρχομαι ἀτιμάζω ἀφικνέομαι (ἀφικ-) βαίνω (βα-) ἀναβαίνω (ἀναβα-) ἀποβαίνω (ἀποβα-) διαβαίνω (διαβα-) ἐμβαίνω (ἐμβα-) καταβαίνω (καταβα-) βιάζομαι defend oneself, make a speech in one s own defense be at a loss; have no resources fasten, fix; light begin to (+ inf. or part.); begin (+ gen.) dishonor, hold in dishonor arrive, come go/come, walk go/come up leave, depart cross embark go/come down use force; force βοηθέω run to help, help (+ dat.) βούλομαι γελάω (γελασ-) wish, want laugh 8

γίγνομαι (γεν-) γιγνώσκω (γνο-) γράφω γραφὴν γράφομαι δεῖ δέχομαι δηλόω διαφθείρω (διαφθειρ-) διδάσκω δικάζω διώκω δοκέω ἐάω (ἐασ-) ἐθέλω ἐκβάλλω (βαλ-) ἐλευθερόω become; be; be born; happen; arise know; perceive; resolve write; mid., indict, charge indict X (acc.) on charge of Y (gen.) it is necessary (for X, acc.) to (inf.) receive show, reveal destroy, kill; corrupt teach be a juror; make a judgment pursue; prosecute seem; think; consider oneself to allow wish, want (to) throw out free, set free ἐλπίζω hope, expect (+ fut. inf.) ἐξαπατάω deceive, trick ἐπαινέω (ἐπαινεσ-) ἕπομαι (ἑσπ-) ἔρχομαι (ἐλθ-) ἐλθέ ἀπέρχομαι (ἀπελθ-) διέρχομαι (διελθ-) εἰσέρχομαι (εἰσελθ-) ἐξέρχομαι (ἐξελθ-) ἐπέρχομαι (ἐπελθ-) ἐπανέρχομαι (ἐπανελθ-) προσέρχομαι (προσελθ-) ἐρωτάω (ἐρ-) ἐσθίω (φαγ-, fut. ἔδομαι) εὑρίσκω (εὑρ-) ἐξευρίσκω (ἐξευρ-) εὔχομαι ἐχω (σχ-) παρέχω (παρασχ-) ζητέω praise follow go, come come! (s.) depart, go away go through, relate enter go out; come out go against, attack (+ dat.) return advance, go/come towards ask eat find, come up with, devise, discover find out pray have; hold give to, provide, furnish look for, seek 9

ἡγέομαι ἥδομαι θαυμάζω θεάομαι θύω καθεύδω καθίζω καλέω κατηγορέω κελεύω κλέπτω κρατέω κωλύω λαμβάνω (λαβ-) λανθάνω (λαθ-) λέγω (εἰπ-) εἰπέ διαλέγομαι lead (+ dat.); consider, think, regard enjoy, be pleased wonder at, be amazed at watch, gaze at sacrifice sleep sit down; mid., sit down call, summon accuse X (gen.) of Y (acc.) order steal hold sway/power (over, + gen.) prevent, stop take, capture; mid., take hold of (+ gen.) escape notice of X (acc.) in ing (part.) say; speak; tell; mean speak! tell me! converse λύω ἀπολύω μανθάνω (μαθ-) μάχομαι (μαχεσ-) μέλλω μένω (μειν-) μισέω νικάω νομίζω οἰκέω οἴομαι (contr. οἶμαι, contr. imf. ᾤμην) ὁμολογέω ὁράω (ἰδ-) ἰδού παίζω (πρός + acc.) πάσχω (παθ-) παύω consider release acquit, release learn, understand fight (+ dat.) be about to (+ fut. inf.); intend (+ pres. inf.); hesitate remain; wait for hate win, defeat consider, think, acknowledge dwell (in), live think agree see look! here! hey! play; joke (at) suffer, experience, undergo stop (trans.) λογίζομαι reckon, calculate, παύομαι stop (intrans.) 10

πείθω (πιθ-) πειράομαι (πειρασ-) πέμπω πίπτω (πεσ-) ἐμπίπτω (ἐμπεσ-) πλέω (πλευσ-) ποιέω κακά/ κακῶς ποιέω πορεύομαι ῥίπτω persuade; mid., obey (+ dat.), believe, trust in (+ dat.) try, test send fall, die fall into, on (+ ἐν or εἰς) sail make, do; mid., make treat badly; do harm to (+ acc.) march, journey, go throw ἀποτρέχω (ἀποδραμ-) ἐκτρέχω (ἐκδραμ-) προστρέχω (προσδραμ-) τυγχάνω (τυχ-) φαίνομαι (φαν-) ἀποφαίνω φέρω (ἐνεγκ-) run away run out run towards happen to be ing, be actually ing (+ nom. part.); hit, chance on, happen on, be subject to (+ gen.) appear, seem; clearly/manifestly/ obviously be (+ part.) reveal, show carry, bear σιωπάω σκοπέω σπεύδω στένω σῴζω τιμάω τολμάω τρέπομαι (τραπ-) τρέχω (δραμ-) be silent look (at), consider hurry groan save honor dare, be daring, undertake turn, turn in flight run φέρε ἐκφέρω (ἐξενεγκ-) φεύγω (φυγ-) ἀποφεύγω (ἀποφυγ-) ἐκφεύγω (ἐκφυγ-) φθάνω φιλέω φοβέομαι come! carry out; carry out for burial run off; flee; be a defendant, be on trial escape, run off escape anticipate X (acc.) in ing (nom. part.) love, kiss fear, be afraid (of) 11

φρτίζω φυλάττω φωνέω χαῖρε think; worry guard speak, utter greetings! hello! (s.) χράομαι use, employ (+ dat.) χωρέω ἀποχωρέω go, come go away, depart athematic (-μι) verbs, χρή, and οἶδα ἀνίσταμαι (ἀναστα-) [ἀπόλλυμι] fut. ἀπολέω δύναμαι εἰμί ἔνειμι ἔξεστι πάρειμι εἶμι (inf. ἰέναι, imf. ᾖα) ἐπίσταμαι get up, emigrate [kill, destroy, lose] I shall kill, destroy, lose be able be be in it is possible for X (dat.) to (inf.) be present, be at hand shall go know, understand; know how to (+ inf.) [ἠμί] ἦν δ ἐγώ ἦ δ ὅς οἶδα (pf. with pres. meaning) εἰδώς (εἰδότ-) υῖα ός τίθημι (θε-) φημί (ἔφην, imf. with aor. meaning) χρή [say] I said he said know knowing (ppl. of οἶδα) put, place say adverbs, conjunctions, particles, etc. ἀεί ἀλλά ἅμα ἄνω ἄρα ἆρα? αὖ αὖθις γάρ γε it is necessary for X (acc.) to (inf.) always but at the same time up, above then, in that case (inferring, aha!) again, moreover again for at least, at any rate 12

δέ and καίπερ although (+ part.) δεῦρο δή διότι ἐγγύς εἰ εἶτα ἐκεῖσε ἐναντί ἔνδ ἐνθάδε ἐπεί ἐπειδή here, over here then, indeed because nearby; (+ gen.) near if then, next (to) there opposite, in front (of, + gen.) inside here when; since when, since, because μάλιστα μέν δέ μέντοι μή μηκέτι ναί νῦν οἴκαδε οἴκοι οἴμοι ὅπου ὅτε especially; particularly; yes on the one hand on the other however, but not; don t (with imv.) no longer yes now homewards at home alas! oh dear! where when ἔπειτα then, next ὅτι that; because ἔτι still, yet οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ no; not ἔτι καὶ νῦν even now, still now οὐδέ and not εὖ well οὐδέποτε never εὐθύς ἤ ἤδη καί καὶ δὴ καί at once, straightaway or; than by now, now already and; also and moreover οὐδέπω οὐκέτι οὐκοῦν οὔκουν οὖν οὔπω not yet no longer therefore not...therefore so, then, therefore not yet 13

οὔτε οὔτε πάλιν πάνυ πλησί πόθεν; ποῖ; πολλάκις πόρρω ποτέ πότερ ἤ ποῦ; πρῶτ πως τε καί τέλος τί; τότε ὦ ὡς ὥσπερ neither nor back, again very (much); at all nearby; (+ gen.) near from where? where to? often far, far off (+ gen., from); forwards, further (+ gen., into) once, ever whether or where? first, at first somehow A and B, both A and B in the end, finally why? then O (addressing someone) as; how!; that like, as prepositions ἀπό (+ gen.) from; away from διά (+ acc.) because of; (+ gen.) through εἰς (+ acc.) ἐκ (+ gen.) ἐν (+ dat.) ἕνεκα (+ gen.) ἐπί κατά μετά to, into, onto out of in; on; among because, for the sake of (usually placed after the noun) (+ acc.) against, at, to; (+ gen.) on (+ acc.) in, on, by, according to (+ acc.) after; (+ gen.) with παρά (+ acc.) along, beside; (+ gen.) from περί πλήν (+ gen.) (+ acc.) about; (+ gen.) about except πρός (+ acc.) to; towards; (+ gen.) in the name of, under the protection of ὑπέρ ὑπό (+ gen.) for, on behalf of (+ gen.) by, at the hands of 14