Homer, Thucydides, and Strabo on Barbarism, the Barbaric, and Babbling

From the SelectedWorks of Edward H Campbell Spring May 31, 2017 Homer, Thucydides, and Strabo on Barbarism, the Barbaric, and Babbling Edward H Campbell This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/edward_campbell/67/

1 Homer, Thucydides, and Strabo On Barbarism, the Barbaric, and Babbling Remarks on the βαρβαροφωνέω in Homer's Iliad By E. H. Campbell 1.0 May 2017 Campbell's Commentaries: Bozeman, MT Selected Works https://works.bepress.com/edward_campbell/

Copyright 2017 2

3 Table of Contents Homer, Iliad 2.867-875...4 Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War 1.3.3...6 Strabo, Geography 14.2.28...8

4 Homer, Iliad: 2.867-875 1 Νάστης 2 αὖ 3 Καρῶν 4 ἡγήσατο 5 βαρβαροφώνων, 6 οἳ Μίλητον 7 ἔχον 8 Φθιρῶν 9 τ ὄρος 10 ἀκριτόφυλλον 11 Μαιάνδρου 12 τε ῥοὰς 13 Μυκάλης 14 τ αἰπεινὰ 15 κάρηνα: 16 τῶν μὲν ἄρ 17 Ἀμφίμαχος καὶ Νάστης ἡγησάσθην, 18 Νάστης Ἀμφίμαχός τε Νομίονος 19 ἀγλαὰ 20 τέκνα, 21 ὃς καὶ χρυσὸν 22 ἔχων 23 πόλεμον δ ἴεν 24 ἠΰτε 25 κούρη 26 νήπιος, 27 οὐδέ τί οἱ 28 τό γ ἐπήρκεσε 29 λυγρὸν 30 ὄλεθρον, 31 ἀλλ ἐδάμη 32 ὑπὸ χερσὶ 33 ποδώκεος 34 Αἰακίδαο 35 ἐν ποταμῷ, 36 χρυσὸν δ Ἀχιλεὺς ἐκόμισσε 37 δαΐφρων. 38 1 Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1920. 2 masc. nom. sing. of Νάστης, Nastes. 3 Adv., again, anew, afresh, once more. 4 fem. gen. pl. of Κάρα, a Carian. 5 3rd sing. aor. mid. ind. of ἡγέομαι, to go before, or to lead the way. 6 Either masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of βαρβαροφωνέω, to babel nonsense, or Adj., masc. gen. pl. of βαρβαρόφωνος, to speak barbarously. 7 fem. acc. sing. of Μίλητος, Miletus. 8 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of ἔχω. 9 fem. gen. pl. of Φθιραί from Φθινώδης, consumptive, as in consumptive habitat; Phthires. 10 neut. sing. of ὄρος, a mountain, or a hill. 11 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀκριτόφυλλος, of undistinguishable, i. e. closely blending, leafage. 12 masc. gen. sing. of Μαίανδρος, a winding, i.e. the River Maeander. 13 fem. gen. sing. of ῥοή, a river, or a stream. 14 fem. gen. sing. of Μυκάλη, Mycale. 15 Adj., neut. pl. of αἰπεινός, high, lofty. 16 neut. pl. of κάρηνον, mountain peak. 17 Part., there and then, at the time. 18 3rd dual aor. mid. ind. of ἡγέομαι. 19 masc. gen. sing. of Νομίων, Nomion. 20 Adj., neut. pl. of ἀγλαός, splendid, shining, bright; of men, either beautiful, or famous. 21 neut. pl. of τέκνον, child. 22 masc. acc. sing. of χρυσός, gold. 23 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ἔχω. 24 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἶμι. 25 Part., as, like as. 26 fem. nom. sing. of κόρη, a girl. 27 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of νήπιος, an infant or a child; metaph. like a child, childish, silly. 28 Pron., masc. gen. sing. of ὅς. 29 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ἐπαρκέω, to be strong enough to ward off a thing from a person. 30 Adj., masc. acc. sing. of λυγρός, sore, baneful, mournful. 31 masc. acc. sing. of ὄλεθρος, ruin, destruction, death. 32 3rd sing. aor. pass. ind. of δαμάζω, overpower. 33 fem. dat. pl. of χείρ, a hand. 34 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of ποδώκης, swift-footed. 35 masc. gen. sing. of Αἰακίδης 36 masc. dat. sing. of ποταμός, a river. 37 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of κομίζω, take. 38 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of δαίφρων, warlike.

5 Nastes once again led the Carians babbling nonsense 39 They held Miletus, both the leafy mountain of the Phthires, the River Winding 40 and the lofty peaks of Mycale. And for them their leaders were both Amphimachus and Nastes, And Amphimachus and Nastes were the famous children of Nomion. And he, like a silly little girl, wore his gold to war, Something which indeed was not strong enough to save him from a mournful death, But was over powered in the river at the hands of a swift-footed son of Aeacus And warlike Achilles took his gold. 39 The alternative to this trans lation is: Nastes once again led the babbling Carians. The alternative to this translation is: "Nastes once again led the babbling Carians." In Greek the first use of the word Barbarian appears in Iliad 2.867. A confusion has arisen out of the fact that the word βαρβαροφώνων could be understood in two possible syntactical relations. The word could be understood as a masc. gen. pl. of the adjective βαρβαρόφωνος modifying the fem. gen. pl. of Κάρα, a Carian, thus "the barbaric Carians." On the other hand the word βαρβαροφώνων could be taken to be a masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of the verb βαρβαροφωνέω, to babel nonsense, modifying the masc. nom. sing. of Νάστης, Nastes, thus "Nastes, babbling nonsense." 40 River Maeander.

6 Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War: 1.3.3 41 Τεκμηριοῖ 42 δὲ μάλιστα 43 Ὅμηρος: 44 πολλῷ 45 γὰρ ὕστερον 46 ἔτι 47 καὶ τῶν Τρωικῶν 48 γενόμενος 49 οὐδαμοῦ 50 τοὺς ξύμπαντας 51 ὠνόμασεν, 52 οὐδ ἄλλους ἢ τοὺς μετ Ἀχιλλέως 53 ἐκ τῆς Φθιώτιδος, οἵπερ 54 καὶ πρῶτοι Ἕλληνες 55 ἦσαν, 56 Δαναοὺς 57 δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι 58 καὶ Ἀργείους 59 καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς 60 ἀνακαλεῖ. 61 Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ 62 βαρβάρους 63 εἴρηκε 64 διὰ τὸ μηδὲ Ἕλληνάς 65 πω, 66 ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, 67 ἀντίπαλον 68 ἐς ἓν 69 ὄνομα ἀποκεκρίσθαι. 70 41 Thucydides, Historiae in two volumes, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1942. 42 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of τεκμηριόω, to prove positively. 43 Adv., superl., μάλα. 44 masc. nom. sing. of Ὅμηρος, Homer. 45 Adj., neut. dat. sing. of πολύς, of Time, long; πολύ is often joined with Adjs. and Advs. to increase its comparative force. (Liddell and Scott) 46 adj., neut. sing. of ὕστερος, later, afterwards. 47 Adv., yet, as yet, still. 48 Adj., masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. of Τρωικός, Trojan. 49 masc. nom. sing. aor. mid. part. of γίγνομαι. 50 Adv., nowhere. 51 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of σύμπας, all together, all at once, all in a body. 52 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ὀνομάζω, to name or speak of by name, call or address by name. 53 masc. gen. sing. of Ἀχιλλεύς, Achilles. 54 Adv., whither. 55 masc. nom. pl. of Ἕλλην, a Hellen. 56 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 57 masc. acc. pl. of Δαναοί, the Danaäns. 58 neut. dat. pl. of ἔπος, in pl. poetry in heroic verse, epic poetry. 59 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of Ἀργεῖος, of or from Argos, Argive. 60 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of Ἀχαιός, Achaean. 61 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of ἀνακαλέω, to call by name. 62 οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ = nor again. (Smyth, 2768) 63 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of βάρβαρος, barbarous. 64 3rd sing. perf. act. ind. of ἐρῶ, to say, to speak of, or to tell. 65 masc./fem. acc. pl. of Ἕλλην. 66 Partic., up to this time, yet. 67 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of δοκέω. 68 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀντίπαλος, wrestling against, generally, struggling against, antagonistic, rival; fighting. 69 neut. sing. of εἷς, one. 70 perf. mid./pass. inf. of ἀποκρίνω, set apart.

7 And Homer proves it best, for although he was born at a very much later time than the Trojans he nowhere calls them 71 all together by one name except those with Achilles from Phthia--whither the first Hellens. But in his poems calls them Danaäns, Argives, and Achaeans. Nor again 72 has he used the term barbarian because there were no Hellens at the time, and so their rivalry was not designated under one in name. 73 71 I.e., the Greeks. 72 Οὐ μὴν οὐδέ = nor again, not however that. (Smyth, 2768) 73 I should here note that in the main I find Thucydides frequently falls to the Principle of Intelligibility. His phrases are so convoluted one must at times intuit the gist of what he means to say as opposed to nailing down exactly what he does in fact say. Keeping that in mind, he appears to be saying that Homer did not use the word barbarian to describe the Carians because the Greeks themselves were not united under one name. This lends credence to my assertion that the term βαρβαροφώνων in Homer, supra, is a masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. referring to Nastes in particular, and not to the Carians in general. Thus: "Once again, babbling nonsense, Nastes led the Carians."

8 Strabo, Geography: 14.2.28 74 Τοῦ ποιητοῦ 75 δ εἰρηκότος οὑτωσί Μάσθλης 76 αὖ Καρῶν ἡγήσατο βαρβαροφώνων. Οὐκ ἔχει λόγον πῶς 77 τοσαῦτα 78 εἰδὼς 79 ἔθνη 80 βάρβαρα 81 μόνους εἴρηκε 82 βαρβαροφώνους 83 τοὺς Κᾶρας, βαρβάρους 84 δ οὐδένας. 85 Οὔτ οὖν 86 Θουκυδίδης 87 ὀρθῶς 88 οὐδὲ γὰρ 89 λέγεσθαί 90 φησι 91 βαρβάρους διὰ τὸ μηδὲ Ἕλληνάς πω ἀντίπαλον εἰς ἓν ὄνομα ἀποκεκρίσθαι. Τό τε γὰρ μηδὲ Ἕλληνάς πω ψεῦδος 92 αὐτὸς ὁ ποιητὴς ἀπελέγχει 93 ἀνδρός, 94 τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθ Ἑλλάδα 95 καὶ μέσον Ἄργος. Καὶ πάλιν 96 εἴτ 97 ἐθέλεις 98 τραφθῆναι 99 ἀν 100 Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος. 74 Strabo, ed. A. Meineke, Geographica, Leipzig: Teubner: 1877. 75 masc. gen. sing. of ποιητής, poet. 76 Horace Leonard Jones (1924), et al., hold Μάσθλης here to be an error for the word Νάστης. 77 Partic., in any way, at all, by any means. 78 Adj., neut. pl. of τοσοῦτος. 79 masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of οἶδα. 80 neut. pl. of ἔθνος, a nation or a people. 81 Adj., neut. pl. of βάρβαρος, barbaric. 82 3rd sing. perf. act. ind. of ἐρῶ. 83 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of βαρβαρόφωνος, speaking barbarically. 84 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of βάρβαρος. 85 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of οὐδείς. 86 οὔτε οὖν = nor indeed. (Smyth, 2961) 87 masc. nom. sing. of Θουκυδίδης, Thucydides. 88 Adv. (ὀρθός), correct, correctly. 89 οὐδὲ γὰρ = and in fact are not. (Smyth, 2814) 90 pres. mid./pass. inf. of λέγω. 91 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of φημί. 92 neut. sing. of ψεῦδος, falsehood, lie. 93 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of ἀπελέγχω, to expose, to convict, of to thoroughly refute. 94 masc. gen. sing. of ἀνήρ. 95 fem. acc. sing. of Ἑλλάς. 96 Adv., again. 97 2nd pl. pres. act. opt. of εἰμί. 98 2nd sing. pres. act. ind. of ἐθέλω. 99 aor. pass. ind. of τρέπω, in Pass. to turn one's steps, turn in a certain direction; to turn or betake oneself. 100 2nd sing. pres. act. ind. of to accomplish, achieve, finish.

9 But when the poet says this: Once again Masthles led the Carian barbarians, 101 he has no reason at all, knowing there are so many barbaric peoples, for saying the Carians alone speak barbarically, but calls not one of them barbaric. Nor indeed is Thucydides correct when he says that he 102 in fact does not say barbarians because there were no Hellens at the time, and so their rivalry was not designated under one in name. By saying that there were no Hellens at the time the poet convicts him 103 of falsehood for there was a widespread report about a man from Hellas and middle Argos. 104 And moreover, if you wish to undertake it, achieve 105 Hellas and middle Argos. 106 101 Il., 2.867. 102 Homer. 103 Thucydides. 104 Τοίην γὰρ κεφαλὴν ποθέω μεμνημένη αἰεί, ἀνδρός, τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος. I ever remember and yearn for the dear head of my man, whose glory is known throughout Hellas and middle Argos. (Od., 1.343-44) 105 I.e., go to. 106 Εἰ δ ἐθέλεις τραφθῆναι ἀν Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος, ὄφρα τοι αὐτὸς ἕπωμαι. But if you are willing to turn towards Hellas and middle Argos, I myself would follow you. (Od., 15.80-81)

10 Μὴ λεγομένων 107 τε βαρβάρων 108 πῶς ἔμελλεν 109 εὖ 110 λεχθήσεσθαι 111 τὸ βαρβαροφώνων; 112 Οὔτε δὴ οὗτος εὖ οὔτ Ἀπολλόδωρος 113 ὁ γραμματικός, 114 ὅτι τῷ κοινῷ 115 ὀνόματι 116 ἰδίως 117 καὶ λοιδόρως 118 ἐχρῶντο 119 οἱ Ἕλληνες κατὰ τῶν Καρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ Ἴωνες μισοῦντες 120 αὐτοὺς διὰ τὴν ἔχθραν 121 καὶ τὰς συνεχεῖς 122 στρατείας: 123 ἐχρῆν 124 γὰρ οὕτως βαρβάρους ὀνομάζειν. 125 Ἡμεῖς 126 δὲ ζητοῦμεν 127 διὰ τί βαρβαροφώνους 128 καλεῖ, βαρβάρους δ οὐδ ἅπαξ. 129 Ὅτι φησί 130 τὸ πληθυντικὸν 131 εἰς τὸ μέτρον οὐκ ἐμπίπτει, 132 διὰ τοῦτ οὐκ εἴρηκε 133 βαρβάρους. 107 masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of λέγω. 108 pres. act. inf. of βαρβαρόομαι, to become barbarous. 109 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of μέλλω. 110 Ion. for οὗ, Lat. sui, gen. of reflexive Pron. of 3rd pers. (Liddell and Scott) 111 fut. pass. inf. of λέγω. 112 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of βαρβαροφωνέω. 113 masc. nom. sing. of Ἀπολλόδωρος, Apollodorus. 114 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of γραμματικός, a scholar or a grammarian. 115 Adj., neut. dat. sing. of κοινός, common, usual. 116 neut. dat. sing. of ὄνομα, name. 117 Adv. (ἴδιος), private, personal. 118 Adv. (λοίδορος), railing, abusive. 119 3rd pl. imperf. mid./pass. ind. of χράω, to furnish the needful answer, to declare, pronounce, proclaim, or to say. 120 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of μισέω, hate. 121 fem. acc. sing. of ἔχθρα, hatred. 122 fem. acc. pl. of συνεχής, continuous. 123 fem. acc. pl. of στρατεία, expedition, campaign. 124 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of χρή, it is fated, or is necessary; it must, must needs, one must or ought to do. 125 pres. act. inf. of ὀνομάζω, to name or speak of by name, call or address by name; of things, to name or to specify. 126 Pron., masc./fem. 1st nom. pl. of ἐγώ. 127 1st pl. pres. act. ind. of ζητέω, to seek, seek for; to inquire for, to ask about a thing; to search after, search out; to inquire into, to investigate. 128 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of βαρβαρόφωνος. 129 Adv., once, once only, once for all. 130 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of φημί. 131 Adj., neut. sing. of πληθυντικός, the plural. 132 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of ἐμπίτνω, to fall upon. 133 3rd sing. perf. act. ind. of ἐρῶ.

11 If they were not said to be barbaric, how was it possible for you to say it is babbling? Neither he nor Apollodorus the Grammarian who says that the Hellens used this general term in a personal and abusive way against the Carians, and Ionians hate them very much, on account of enmity and continuous expeditions, it was fated for them to be called barbaric. But we ask: Why does he call them barbaric in speech, but barbaric not even once? Because, he says, the plural does not fit into the metre, on account of this he did not call them barbaric.

12 Ἀλλ αὕτη μὲν ἡ πτῶσις 134 οὐκ ἐμπίπτει, ἡ δ ὀρθὴ 135 οὐ διαφέρει 136 τῆς Δάρδανοι 137 Τρῶες 138 καὶ Λύκιοι 139 καὶ Δάρδανοι. Τοιοῦτον δὲ καὶ τό οἷοι Τρώιοι ἵπποι. Οὐδέ γε ὅτι τραχυτάτη 140 ἡ γλῶττα 141 τῶν Καρῶν. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀλλὰ καὶ πλεῖστα 142 Ἑλληνικὰ 143 ὀνόματα ἔχει καταμεμιγμένα, 144 ὥς φησι Φίλιππος 145 ὁ τὰ Καρικὰ 146 γράψας. 147 Οἶμαι 148 δὲ τὸ βάρβαρον κατ ἀρχὰς 149 ἐκπεφωνῆσθαι 150 οὕτως κατ ὀνοματοποιίαν 151 ἐπὶ τῶν δυσεκφόρως 152 καὶ σκληρῶς 153 καὶ τραχέως 154 λαλούντων, 155 ὡς τὸ βατταρίζειν 156 καὶ τραυλίζειν 157 καὶ ψελλίζειν. 158 134 fem. nom. sing. of πτῶσις, a falling, a fall. 135 Adj., fem. nom. sing. of ὀρθός, straight, true, correct. 136 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of διαφέρω, to carry over or across. 137 masc. nom. pl. of Δάρδανος, Dardanus. 138 masc. nom. pl. of Τρώς, Tros, the founder of Troy. 139 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of Λύκιος, the Lycians. 140 Adj., fem. nom. sing. of τραχύς, rugged, rough. 141 fem. nom. sing. of γλῶσσα, tongue; a tongue, or a language. 142 Adj., superl., neut. pl. of πλεῖστος, most, greatest, largest. 143 Adj., neut. pl. of Ἑλληνικός, Hellenic. 144 neut. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of καταμίγνυμι, to mix up or to mingle ingredients. 145 masc. nom. sing. of Φίλιππος, Phillip. 146 Adj., neut. pl. of Καρικός, worthless. 147 masc. nom. sing. aor. act. part. of γράφω. 148 1st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι. 149 fem. gen. sing. of ἀρχή. 150 perf. mid./pass. inf. of ἐκφωνέω, cry out, utter, pronounce, publish, promulgate. 151 fem. acc. sing. of ὀνοματοποιία, the coming of a word in imitation of a sound. 152 Adv. (δυσέκφορος), hard to pronounce. 153 Adv., (σκληρός), of sound, hard, harsh, crashing. 154 Adv. (τραχύς), roughly. 155 masc. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of λαλέω, talk, chat, prattle. 156 pres. act. inf. of βατταρίζω, to stammer, or to stutter. 157 pres. act. inf. of τραυλίζω, to mispronounce a letter, or to lisp. 158 pres. act. inf. of ψελλίζω, to falter in speech, or to speak inaccurately.

13 But although this falling 159 does not fall, 160 but is this not true of the Dardanian Trojans, both "Lycians," and "Dardanians." 161 And in like manner: "What kind of Trojan horses." 162 And that in fact is not because of the rough tongue of the Carians. Because it isn't but in fact has most Hellenic words have been mixed into it, so says Phillip who wrote The Carica. 163 I think the word barbarian from the beginning was pronounced in the manner of making a word by the imitation of a sound for those who babble both harshly and roughly, in the manner of stammering and stuttering--both lisping and faltering in speech. 159 I.e., declension. 160 I.e., within the metre. 161 Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι ἀγχιμαχηταὶ ἀνέρες ἔστε φίλοι, μνήσασθε δὲ θούριδος ἀλκῆς. Tojans, Lycians, and Dardanians, men fighting hand to hand, you are friends, but remember a strong shield. (Il., 11.286-87) 162 Ὄφρα ἴδηαι οἷοι Τρώϊοι ἵπποι ἐπιστάμενοι πεδίοιο κραιπνὰ μάλ ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα διωκέμεν ἠδὲ φέβεσθαι. In order that you may see the kind of Trojan horses on the plain running very swiftly running hither and thither and fleeing in terror. (Il., 5.222) 163 I.e., The Worthless Things.

Εὐφυέστατοι 164 γάρ ἐσμεν 165 τὰς φωνὰς 166 ταῖς ὁμοίαις φωναῖς 167 κατονομάζειν 168 διὰ τὸ ὁμογενές. 169 ᾟ 170 δὴ καὶ πλεονάζουσιν ἐνταῦθα αἱ ὀνοματοποιίαι, οἷον τὸ κελαρύζειν καὶ 14 κλαγγὴ 171 δὲ καὶ ψόφος 172 καὶ βοὴ 173 καὶ κρότος, 174 ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα 175 ἤδη καὶ κυρίως 176 ἐκφέρεται. 177 Πάντων δὴ τῶν παχυστομούντων 178 οὕτως βαρβάρων λεγομένων, 179 ἐφάνη 180 τὰ τῶν ἀλλοεθνῶν 181 στόματα 182 τοιαῦτα, λέγω 183 δὲ τὰ τῶν μὴ Ἑλλήνων. 164 Adj., superl., masc. nom. pl. of εὐφυής, well-grown, shapely; goodly; of good natural disposition; naturally suited or adapted. 165 1st pl. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί. 166 fem. acc. pl. of φωνή, sound, tone; sound of the voice; the voice or cry of animals; any articulate sound. 167 fem. dat. pl. of φωνή. 168 pres. act. inf. of κατονομάζω, to name; to express in terms of numbers, characters, or symbols; to be devoted to the Gods. 169 Adj., neut. sing. of ὁμογενής, of the same race or family. 170 Adv., which way, where, whither; wherefore. 171 fem. nom. sing. of κλαγγή, any sharp sound, such as the twang of a bow, the scream of cranes, the grunting of swine, the hissing of serpents, the barking of dogs. 172 masc. nom. sing. of ψόφος, any inarticulate sound, a sound, a noise. 173 fem. nom. sing. of βοή, a loud cry, or a shout; the cry of birds or beasts. 174 masc. nom. sing. of κρότος, the sound made by striking; the clapping of the hands. 175 Adj., superl. neut. pl. of πλεῖστος, most, greatest, largest. 176 Adv., having power, dominance; lord, master; legitimately, regularly, properly. 177 3rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of ἐκφέρω, in Pass., to be carried beyond bounds, be carried away. 178 masc./neut. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of παχυστομούντων, thick at the brim. 179 masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of λέγω. 180 3rd sing. aor. pass. ind. of φαίνω. 181 Adj., masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. of ἀλλοεθνής, of a foreign nation; an other ethnic group. 182 neut. pl. of στόμα, mouth. 183 1st sing. pres. act. subj. of λέγω.

15 We are most naturally disposed to name sounds with sounds of equal force according to their family. 184 Wherefore there are in fact more than enough words that have come about through the imitation of sounds around here, such as the trickling of water or the barking of a dog, most of their authority is already carried away, for indeed all of those being called barbarians speak with a thick accent. It seems to me, all the men of other ethnic groups which are called barbarians have a mouth with thick lips, and whom I say would not be of the Hellens. 184 I.e., to name sounds with sounds of like meaning according to their genre.

16 Ἐκείνους 185 οὖν ἰδίως 186 ἐκάλεσαν 187 βαρβάρους, ἐν ἀρχαῖς 188 μὲν κατὰ τὸ λοίδορον, 189 ὡς ἂν παχυστόμους 190 ἢ τραχυστόμους, 191 εἶτα 192 κατεχρησάμεθα 193 ὡς ἐθνικῷ 194 κοινῷ ὀνόματι 195 ἀντιδιαιροῦντες 196 πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας. Καὶ γὰρ δὴ τῇ πολλῇ 197 συνηθείᾳ 198 καὶ ἐπιπλοκῇ 199 τῶν βαρβάρων οὐκέτι 200 ἐφαίνετο 201 κατὰ παχυστομίαν 202 καὶ ἀφυΐαν 203 τινὰ τῶν φωνητηρίων 204 ὀργάνων 205 τοῦτο συμβαῖνον, 206 ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰς τῶν διαλέκτων 207 ἰδιότητας. 208 185 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ἐκεῖνος. 186 Adv. (ἴδιος), peculiarly, severally, separately, privately. 187 3rd pl. aor. act. ind. of καλέω. 188 fem. dat. pl. of ἀρχή. 189 Adj., neut. sing. of λοίδορος, abusive. 190 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of παχύστομος, thick around the brim. 191 Adj., masc./fem. acc. pl. of τραχύστομος, rough speech. 192 Adv., εἶτα and ἔπειτα...introduce questions expressing surprise, indignation, irony, etc.; and often indicate a contrast between what a person has or has not done and what is or was to be expected of him. (Smyth, 2653) 193 1st pl. aor. mid. ind. of χράω. 194 Adj., masc./neut. dat. sing. of ἐθνικός, a nation, a people, or an ethnic group. 195 neut. dat. sing. of ὄνομα. 196 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ἀντιδιαιρέω, to distinguish logically. 197 Adj., fem. dat. sing. of πολύς. 198 fem. dat. sing. of συνήθεια, habit, custom, habituation; the customary use of a phrase. 199 fem. dat. sing. of ἐπιπλοκή, complexity, confusion, muddle. 200 Adv., no more, no longer, no further. 201 3rd sing. imperf. mid./pass. ind. of φαίνω. 202 fem. acc. sing. of παχυστομία. 203 fem. acc. sing. of ἀφυία, want of natural power or faculty. 204 neut. gen. pl. of φωνητήριος, of speech. 205 neut. gen. pl. of ὄργανον, instrument, implement, tool, for making; organ of sense. 206 neut. sing. pres. act. part. of συμβαίνω. 207 fem. gen. pl. of διάλεκτος, discourse, conversation; the language of a country, dialect; a way of speaking, enunciation. 208 fem. acc. pl. of ἰδιότης, peculiar nature, property, specific character; idiosyncrasy.

17 Privately they call those men barbarian, in the beginning it was because it was an abusive thing, because of their thick lips and their rough speech, after that we proclaimed it to be the name for common peoples, logically distinguishing them from the Hellens. And of course through a lot of mutual exchange and much confusion the term came no longer to be used for barbarians on account of their thick lips and want of natural ability--it being agreed that it was due to their organs of speech--but because of the peculiar manner of speaking.

18 Ἄλλη 209 δέ τις ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ 210 διαλέκτῳ 211 ἀνεφάνη 212 κακοστομία 213 καὶ οἷον βαρβαροστομία, 214 εἴ τις ἑλληνίζων 215 μὴ κατορθοίη, 216 ἀλλ οὕτω λέγοι 217 τὰ ὀνόματα ὡς οἱ βάρβαροι οἱ εἰσαγόμενοι 218 εἰς τὸν ἑλληνισμὸν 219 οὐκ ἰσχύοντες 220 ἀρτιστομεῖν, 221 ὡς οὐδ ἡμεῖς 222 ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων διαλέκτοις. 223 Τοῦτο δὲ μάλιστα συνέβη 224 τοῖς Καρσί, τῶν γὰρ ἄλλων οὔτ ἐπιπλεκομένων 225 πω σφόδρα τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οὔτ ἐπιχειρούντων 226 ἑλληνικῶς 227 ζῆν 228 ἢ μανθάνειν 229 τὴν ἡμετέραν 230 διάλεκτον, 231 πλὴν 232 εἴ τινες 233 σπάνιοι 234 καὶ κατὰ τύχην 235 ἐπεμίχθησαν 236 καὶ κατ ἄνδρα 237 ὀλίγοις τῶν Ἑλλήνων τισίν, 238 οὗτοι δὲ καθ ὅλην 239 ἐπλανήθησαν 240 τὴν Ἑλλάδα μισθοῦ 241 στρατεύοντες. 242 209 Adj., fem. sing. of ἄλλος. 210 Adj., fem. dat. sing. of ἡμέτερος, our. 211 fem. dat. sing. διάλεκτος, dialect. 212 3rd sing. aor. pass. ind. of ἀναφαίνω, bring to light, produce, show forth, make known. 213 fem. nom. sing. of κακοστομία, faulty pronunciation. 214 fem. nom. sing. of βαρβαροστομία, barbarous way of speaking. 215 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ἑλληνίζω, to speak Greek. 216 3rd sing. pres. act. opt. of κατορθόω, to set upright, or to erect; set straight, keep straight, set right. 217 3rd sing. pres. act. opt. of λέγω. 218 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of εἰσάγω, to lead in or into; to introduce; in Mid., to admit; to bring in, or to bring forward. 219 masc. acc. sing. of Ἑλληνισμός, imitation of the Greek. 220 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ἰσχύω, to be strong in body; to be strong, mighty, powerful, prevail. 221 pres. act. inf. of ἀρτιστομέω, to speak in good idiom, accurately. 222 Pron., 1st masc./fem. nom. pl. of ἐγώ. 223 fem. dat. pl. of διάλεκτος. 224 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of συμβαίνω. 225 masc. gen pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἐπιπλέκω, to be interwoven with. 226 masc. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of ἐπιχειρέω, to try or to attempt. 227 Adv., Ἑλληνικός, Hellenically. 228 pres. act. inf. of ζάω, to live. 229 pres. act. inf. of μανθάνω. 230 Adj., fem. acc. sing. of ἡμέτερος, our. 231 fem. acc. sing. of διάλεκτος, dialect, language; manner of speaking. 232 Prep., except. 233 Pron., masc. nom. pl. of τις. 234 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of σπάνιος, to be rare or scarce. 235 fem. acc. sing. of τύχη, the good which man obtains by favor of the Gods, luck, or success. 236 3rd pl. aor. pass. ind. of ἐπιμίγνυμι, to add by mixing, to mix with; to mingle with others. 237 masc. acc. sing. of ἀνήρ. 238 Pron., masc. dat. pl. of τις. 239 Adj., fem. acc. sing. of ὅλος. 240 3rd pl. aor. pass. ind. of πλανάω, to cause to wander, or to lead astray. 241 masc. gen. sing. of μισθός, wages, pay, hire. 242 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of στρατεύω, to advance with an army; to serve in war, serve as a soldier, do military service.

19 And when someone in discourse with us shows faulty pronunciation and it is in a barbarous manner, and if someone is speaking Greek incorrectly, but should pronounce words like a barbarian not accurately imitating Greek, and not like us in their dialect. And it is mostly in agreement with the Carians, because others who were neither being very well assimilated with the Greeks nor even attempting to live either Hellenically or even to learn our dialect, unless some rare men, by the favor of the Gods, happened to mix together (with us), 243 on account of the fact that a Greek man is one of the few, but there are whole groups of those wandering through Hellas marching with the army for pay. 243 I.e., to assimilate.

Ἤδη οὖν τὸ βαρβαρόφωνον 244 ἐπ ἐκείνων πυκνὸν 245 ἦν 246 ἀπὸ τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα αὐτῶν στρατείας, 247 καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπεπόλασε 248 πολὺ μᾶλλον, ἀφ οὗ τάς τε νήσους 249 μετὰ τῶν 20 Ἑλλήνων ᾤκησαν, 250 κἀκεῖθεν 251 εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν 252 ἐκπεσόντες 253 οὐδ ἐνταῦθα 254 χωρὶς 255 Ἑλλήνων οἰκεῖν 256 ἠδύναντο, 257 ἐπιδιαβάντων 258 τῶν Ἰώνων 259 καὶ τῶν Δωριέων. 260 Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας 261 καὶ τὸ βαρβαρίζειν 262 λέγεται, 263 καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν κακῶς 264 ἑλληνιζόντων 265 εἰώθαμεν 266 λέγειν, 267 οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν καριστὶ 268 λαλούντων. 269 244 Adj., neut. sing. of βαρβαρόφωνος. 245 Adj., neut. sing. of πυκνός, close-packed, crowded, thick, close, dense, firm, solid. 246 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 247 fem. acc. pl. of στρατεία, expedition, campaign. 248 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ἐπιπολάζω, to come to the surface, to be prevalent. 249 fem. acc. pl. of νῆσος, island. 250 3rd pl. aor. act. ind. of οἰκέω. 251 Adv. (ἐκεῖθεν) from that place, thence. 252 fem. acc. sing. of Ἀσία, Asia. 253 masc. nom. pl. aor. act. part. of ἐκπίτνω, = ἐκπίπτω. 254 Adv., here, there. 255 Adv., separately, apart, without. 256 pres. act. inf. of οἰκέω. 257 3rd pl. aor. mid. ind. of δύναμαι. 258 masc. gen. pl. of ἐπιδιαβαίνω, cross over after another, spread. 259 masc. gen. pl. of Ἰωνός. 260 Adj., masc./fem. gen. pl. of Δώριος. 261 Adj., fem. gen. sing. of αἴτιος, culpable, responsible, being the cause. 262 pres. act. inf. of βαρβαρίζω, to behave like a barbarian, to speak like one; to speak broken Greek, to speak gibberish. 263 3rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of λέγω. 264 Adv. (κακός), badly. 265 neut. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of ἑλληνίζω, to speak Greek. 266 1st pl. perf. act. ind. of ἔθω, to be accustomed to; customary, usual. 267 pres. act. inf. of λέγω. 268 Adv., in Carian language, barbarously. 269 neut. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of λαλέω, talk, chat, prattle, babble.

21 Therefore the barbaric, on account of the military campaigns, was already firmly established in Hellas, and later on this became much more prevalent, and from that it afterwards came to inhabit the Greek islands, thence it fell out in Asia, and even there they were unable to live separately from the Greeks, after having first spread through the Ionians and the Dorians. But it is for the same reason it is called speaking gibberish, for this we have become accustomed to say it is for speaking Greek badly, not because they are babbling in Carian.

Οὕτως οὖν καὶ τὸ βαρβαροφωνεῖν 270 καὶ τοὺς βαρβαροφώνους 271 δεκτέον 272 τοὺς κακῶς ἑλληνίζοντας, 273 ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ καρίζειν 274 καὶ τὸ βαρβαρίζειν 275 μετήνεγκαν 276 εἰς τὰς περὶ 22 Ἑλληνισμοῦ 277 τέχνας 278 καὶ τὸ σολοικίζειν, 279 εἴτ ἀπὸ Σόλων 280 εἴτ ἄλλως τοῦ ὀνόματος 281 τούτου πεπλασμένου. 282 270 pres. act. inf. of βαρβαροφωνέω, speak Greek barbarously. 271 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of βαρβαρόφωνος. 272 Adj., neut. sing. of δεκτέος, to be received. 273 masc. acc. pl. pres. act. part. of ἑλληνίζω, to speak Greek. 274 pres. act. inf. of καρίζειν, to act like a Carian. 275 pres. act. inf. of βαρβαρίζω, to act like a barbarian. 276 3rd pl. aor. act. ind. of μεταφέρω, in Rhetoric, to use a word in a changed sense, to employ a metaphor. 277 masc. gen. sing. of Ἑλληνισμός, the imitation of the Greeks, Hellenism. 278 fem. acc. pl. of τέχνη, the art of something, or the skill to do something. 279 pres. act. inf. of σολοικίζω, to speak incorrectly, or to commit a solecism. 280 masc. nom. sing. of Σόλων, the Soli. 281 neut. gen. sing. of ὄνομα. 282 neut. gen. sing. neut. gen. sing. of πλάσσω, to form, mould, shape; generally, to mould and form by education, training; to form in the mind, form a notion of a thing.

23 It therefore was in this way speaking barbarically and doing barbaric things became the received opinion, 283 and from speaking Carian and acting barbarically came metaphors for the art of bad Hellenism, and makeing a solecism came either from the Soli or was otherwise forged from this word. 283 I.e., came to be synonymous in meaning.