Περίληψη : The theme of Boukellarion has been evidenced since 767/768. It was established in the northwestern territories of the theme of Opsikion, while its barracks were at Ankyra (most possible) and the inspection camp at Colonea. The theme of Boukellarion reached its full military power in 766-828 and was dissolved in the late 11 th century. Άλλες Ονομασίες Boukellarios, theme of Boutellarion Ιστορική Περιοχή Galatia, Paphlagonia 1. Establishment - Presentation of the Theme of Boukellarion The kaballarikon thema (equestrian theme) of Boukellarion has been evidenced in the sources since 767/768, together with the first reference to the strategos of Boukellarion. It is believed that it was established between 743 and 756, possibly as a result of the reforms introduced by Constantine V the Isaurian (740-775), after he had vanquished the usurper Artabasdos and his supporters. The seals of officials, domestikoi and tourmarchs serving in the theme of Boukellarion, which were dated to the first half of the 8 th century, 1 strengthen this assumption, although no special policies by Constantine V have been attested in relation to the thematic division. The strategos (general) and the army of the theme must have been stationed in Ankyra. The Boukellarioi used to meet the emperor at the aplekton of Colonea, which was successively incorporated into the themes of Anatolikon and Cappadocia. The roga of the Boukellarioi was paid every four years together with those of the Opsikion and the Cappadocians. 2. Geographical Position The theme of Boukellarion was established in the northwestern territories of the theme of Opsikion, which had been previously included in the early Byzantine provinces of Honorias, Galatia I (partly) and Galatia II (partly), and probably Paphlagonia (partly). To the north, the theme controlled a part of the Black Sea coast, while to the south it initially bordered the theme of Anatolikon. The theme of Armeniakon was to the east, while the themes of Optimaton and Opsikion were to the west and southwest, respectively. In the 9 th century, after the establishment of the theme of Paphlagonia to the east and the themes of Cappadocia and Charsianon to the south and southeast, the jurisdiction of the theme of Boukellarion was restricted. Moreover, the reforms introduced by Leo VI (886-912) deprived the theme of eight banda to the south, that is, the military forces together with their bases. During the reign of Michael IV the Paphlagon (1034-1041), more regions were detached from the theme of Boukellarion. According to modern research, Michael s reforms were introduced as a punishment for the theme because it had been loyal to the Amorian dynasty. As a geographical term, the theme of Boukellarion is attested in the sources until 1263, when the thematic army had long ago been disbanded. 3. Administration Until 766 the theme of Boukellarion was governed by a domestikos. Then the military command of the theme was assumed by a strategos, while in the 11 th century it was exercised by a doukas. The katepano of the Boukellarioi and the Paphlagonians, an official whose 10 th -c. seal has been preserved, was probably based in the Paphlagonian city of Amastris and was responsible for naval issues in the Black Sea. It should be noted that in the 11 th century, the Boukellarioi demonstrated remarkable naval activity with Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 1/7
their commercial rather than military ships. The strategoi of Boukellarion held the titles of royal spatharios, protospatharios and spatharokandidatos. The strategos Gregoras, head of the Boukellarioi in the 10 th century, held also the title of patrikios. These were most usually the titles of the theme s judges (kritai), who were civil officials serving in the geographical division from the 10 th century onwards. The judge (krites) Romanos Genesios was a consul and patrikios in the 11 th century. 4. Cities - castles The fortified city of Ankyra, the political metropolis of the Early Byzantine province of Galatia I, which was displaced to the southern border of the theme after the 9 th c. reforms, was probably the base of the strategos and the military camp of the Boukellarioi. The castle of Samalu (Semalouos) was a strategic position along the border finally given to the Boukellarioi (most possible) or to the theme of Armeniakon in 781. Only five cities with their fortified acropolises were reportedly included in the theme of Boukellarion in the 10 th century. Claudioupolis was the base of a tourma, as evidenced by the seal of Eustathios, the royal strator and tourmarch of Claudioupolis, dated to the second half of the 9 th century. 2 5. Military operations The city of Ankyra suffered most of the Arab attacks directed against the Boukellarioi, as it happened in 776, 797 and 805/806, though without success. The theme of Boukellarion reached its ultimate military power in 766-828. The army of the theme campaigned alongside the armies of the themes of Anatolikon and Armeniakon against Syke of Isauria in 771 and alongside the armies of all the themes except Optimaton against Germanikeia in 778. The darkest moment of that period was when the strategos of Boukellarioi defected to the Arabs in 782 and the castle of Kriotauros surrendered. The Boukellarioi fought bravely during the battle of Lalakaon (863) under strategos Nasar, when the theme had an estimated army of about 8000. In the following decade, the Paulicians under Chrysocheir threatened certain positions of the theme and plundered the countryside. Fortunately, the Arabs became less dangerous for Asia Minor in the following period and the Paulicians were vanquished. However, Ankyra was assaulted and sacked in 838, during the successful attack against Amorion in the theme of Anatolikon. The citizens of Ankyra were enslaved. The attack of the emir of Tarsus against the city in 931 was fruitless. Around the mid-10 th century, the coastal regions of the theme of Boukellarion were probably occasionally threatened by Rus invaders, but the danger was soon averted. The last references to the Boukellarioi are dated to the late 11 th century. 6. The Origin of the Boukellarioi The Boukellarioi or Boutellarioi were initially low rank military officials of Roman or Goth origin. The term Gothogreeks (γοτθογραίκοι) referring to the theme of Opsikion is associated by modern research with the Boukellarioi. It is quite likely that the latter served in the imperial guard before they formed a cavalry unit in the theme of Opsikion with jurisdiction over the territories later forming the independent theme. 3 According to researchers, the history of the theme of Boukellarion is closely connected with the appointment of domestikoi of the equestrians and protectores in Galatia and other regions by Justinian I (527-656). The title of comes of Opsikion is possibly associated with the title held by the head of these officials, the comes domesticotum of the equestrians. 4 The Boukellarioi derived their name from the boukellion or boutellion, the dry bread-roll offered to Roman soldiers during their dinner. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 2/7
1. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 4: the East, Mc Geer, E. Nesbitt, J. Oikonomidès, N.(+) (ed.) (DORLC, Washington D.C. 2001), pp. 1-14. 2. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 4: the East, Mc Geer, E. Nesbitt, J. Oikonomidès, N.(+) (ed.) (DORLC, Washington D.C. 2001), p. 19. 3. See Toynbee, A., Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World (OUP, London New York Toronto 1973), p. 24. 4. Bλυσίδου, B. et al., H Mικρά Aσία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.) (Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1, ΙΒΕ/EIE, Athens 1998), esp. θέμα Bουκελλαρίων (T. Λουγγής), pp. 245-247, and Haldon, J.F., Byzantine Praetorians. An Administrative, Institutional, and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata ca. 580-900 (Ποικίλα Bυζαντινά 3, Bonn 1984), pp. 96, 369. Βιβλιογραφία : Lilie R.J., Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, München 1976, Miscellanea Byzantina Monacensia 22 Brandes W., Die Städte Kleinasiens im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Amsterdam 1989, Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten 56 Toynbee A., Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World, OUP, London New York Toronto 1973 Haldon J.F., Byzantine Praetorians. An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580-900, Bonn 1984, Ποικίλα Βυζαντινά 3 Haldon J.F., Recruitment and conscription in the byzantine Army c. 550-950, Wien 1979 Haldon J.F., Warfare, State and Society, in the Byzantine World 565-1204, London 1999 Treadgold W.T., The Byzantine Revival 780-842, Stanford California 1988 Βλυσίδου Β., Λουγγής Τ., Λαμπάκης Σ., Σαββίδης Α., Κουντούρα-Γαλάκη Ε., Η Μικρά Ασία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος-11ος αι.), Αθήνα 1998, Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1 Speck P., Artabasdos, der rechtgläubige Vorkämpfer der göttlichen Lehren: Untersuchungen zur Revolte des Artavasdos und ihrer Darstellung in der byzantinischen Historiographie, Bonn 1981, Ποικίλα Βυζαντινά 2 Lilie R.J., Ludwig C., Rochow I., Pratsch T., Zielke B., Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Erste Abteilung 641-867 Abkurzungen, Addenda Und Indices, Berlin New York 1989, Prolegomena, Germany Berlin Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Cheynet J.-C., "Du stratège de thème au duc: chronologie de l évolution au cours du XIe siècle", Travaux et Mémoires, 9, 1985, 181-187 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 3/7
Γλωσσάριo : aplêkton, fossaton Since late Antiquity the terms aplêkton (< applicitum) and fossaton (< fossa: ditch) meant the military camp. During the middle Byzantine period aplêkton took a more specific meaning defining the place where the imperial troops were raised before a campaign. The imperial aplêkta in Asia Minor were six: Malagina, Dorylaion, Lopadion, Καβόρκιν, η Δαζυμών, ο Βαθύς Ρύαξ. The list of the aplêkta of the empire is preserved under the title «Ὑπόθεσις τῶν βασιλικῶν ταξειδίων καὶ ὑ πόμνησις τῶν ἀπλήκτων», which is incorporated in the most complete manuscript of the work of Constantine Porphyrogenetus (944-959) De ceremoniis aulae byzantinae (Περί βασιλείου τάξεως), in the codex of Lipsia of 12th century. bandon Byzantine military and administrative term. It originally meant flags, the banners of military units. It then indicated a part of the tourma and a small military unit (50-100 people in case of mountain troops and 200-400 in case of infantry). Gradually the term carried an administrative meaning as well, indicating a division of the theme. In the Empire of Trebizond it indicated the administrative territory. comes 1. A title in the Roman and the Byzantine Empires, designating an official with political but mostly military jurisdiction. Especially the comes Orientis held the position corresponding to that of a vicar in Early Byzantine period. In the years of Justinian I, the comes in head of wider provinces assumed political and military powers, while in the Middle Byzantine period the Opsikion theme was one of the few themes which was the jurisdiction of a comes instead of a strategos. 2. A nobility title in medieval Europe. comes domesticorum Official of the highest rank of the late antique Roman peditum or the equitum; he had primarily military responsibilities. consul, -lis An official of the Roman state. In the period of the Republic, it was the highest military and political office: two consuls were elected each year. The consular office survived into the Imperial period (and further into the early Byzantine period), becoming a honorary post. domestikos A term that during Byzantine times denoted a wide array of ecclesiastic, civil and military officials. In church hierarchy the domestikoi were in charge of special groups connected with liturgical rites, such as lectors, sub-deacons but mainly cantors. In the military chain of command during the 6th, 7th and 8th century the domestikoi were the commanders of the tagmata, the regiments under the direct command of the Emperor. doukas (lat. dux) Antiquity: Roman military commander who, in some provinces, combined military and civil functions. Buzantium: a higher military officer. From the second half of the 10th c. the title indicates the military comander of a larger district. After the 12th c., doukes were called the governors of small themes. katepano (from "epano","above") Governor of a katepania. Title that from the end of the 10th century characterized the commanders of large provinces as Italy or Mesopotamia and from the 11th century, it was used also in the regions of Bulgaria, Antioch etc. patrikios (from lat. patricius) Higher title of honour, placed, according to the "Tactika" of the 9th and the 10th centuries, between anthypatos and protospatharios. It was given to the most important governors and generals. Gradually, however, it fell into disuse and from the 12th century did not exist any more. protectores The origin of this office is unclear. In the Early Byzantine period they were one of the corps of the Emperor's personal guard. The protectores were soon placed in the scholae. In the 6th C. it was more of a honorary title, while already from an earlier period their service could be bought out and they had the choise not to accompany the Emperor in a campaign. protospatharios The first spatharios. A higher byzantine official of the imperial hierarchy which usually permitted participation in the senate. It was awarded even to eunuchs. After the 11th century, it gradually lost its importance. It was also an honorary title. roga (Byzantine): The regular, annual salary for administrative officials (8% return on the sum paid for buying off the title); also the regular, quadrennial salary of the soldiers and the military officials of all ranks of the themes. Sometimes the term was used to designate an imperial donation, in money, to an individual. spatharios Early Byzantine period: Office as well as honorary title. In Early Byzantine period spatharioi were called the guards of the Emperor or other high functionaries. From the years of Theodosios II onwards, the imperial spatharioi belonged to the corps of cubicularii and they were eunuchs. Middle Byzantine period: A honorary title, probably from early 8 th c. In the 9 th c. it gradually lost its status; in the 11 th c., it is rarely to be found in the Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 4/7
sources, while in the 12 th it is used to denote lesser personnages. As an actual functionary, spatharios had an active role in administration as well as in the affairs of the court. As an honorary title, it was conferred to courtiers, members of the administration and military dignitaries, members of notable lineages and even clerics. spatharokandidatos A lesser title in the Byzantine court hierarchy. The title first emerges in 645 and probably designates the kandidatoi who were also granted the title of spatharios. strategos ("general") During the Roman period his duties were mainly political. Οffice of the Byzantine state s provincial administration. At first the title was given to the military and political administrator of the themes, namely of the big geographic and administrative unities of the Byzantine empire. Gradually the title lost its power and, already in the 11th century, strategoi were turned to simple commanders of military units, responsible for the defence of a region. strator A term that in Roman and Byzantine times denoted grooms in the service of the Emperor or provincial officials. From the 8th-9th centuries the term "royal strator" was used also as a title within Byzantine court hierarchy, given to low-ranking military commanders or members of the provincial administration. tourmarch Civilian and military commander of a tourma, subdivision of a theme. Πηγές Haldon, J. (ed.), Constantine Porphyrogenitus Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions (Constantini Porphyrogeniti, Tres Tractatus de Expeditionibus Militaribus Imperatoris) (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 28, Wien 1990), pp. 78 151, esp. p. 80, 134. Moravcsik, G. Jenkins, R.J.H. (eds), Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 1, Washington DC 1967), p. 236. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 4: the East, Mc Geer, E. Nesbitt, J. Oikonomides, N.(+) (eds) (DORLC, Washington D.C. 2001), σελ. 1 14. Oikonomides, N. (ed.), Les listes de Preseance Byzanitnes des IXe et Xe siecles (CNRS, Paris 1972). Pertusi, A. (ed.), Constantino Porphyrogenito, De Thematibus, Introduzione, Testo critico, Commento (Studi e Testi 160, Citta del Vaticano 1952), ch. X. Reiske, J.J. (ed.), Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Cerimoniis aulae byzantinae (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1829). Παραθέματα 1. The soldiers of the themes were paid the roga every four years: ἰστέον, ὅτι τὸ παλαιὸν τύπος ἦν, τὰ θέματα ῥογεύεσθαι κατὰ τέσσαρα ἔτη, οἱονεὶ τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ ὁ Ἀνατολικὸς, ὁ Ἀρμενιακὸς, ὁ Θρᾳκήσιος τῷ δὲ ἑτέρῳ χρόνῳ ὁ Ὀψικιανὸς, ὁ Βουκελλάριος, ὁ Καππάδοξ τῷ δὲ ἄλλῳ χρόνῳ ὁ Χαρσιανίτης, ὁ Κολωνείας, ὁ Παφλαγωνίας καὶ πάλιν τῷ ἑτέρῳ ὁ τῆς Θρᾴκης, ὁ Μακεδονίας, ὁ Χαλδίας. καὶ τῶν δʹ χρόνων διελθόντων, πάλιν ἐῤῥογεύοντο τὰ ῥογευθέντα θέματα τῷ πρώτῳ χρόνῳ. Haldon, J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti, Tres Tractatus de Expeditionibus Militaribus Imperatoris (Constantine Porphyrogenitus Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions) (CFHB, 28 Wien 1990), p. 134. 2. The borders of the theme of Boukellarion: Τὰ δὲ πρὸς θάλασσαν καὶ τὸν βορρᾶν πλατύνεται πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν Πόντον καὶ τὴν καλουμένην πόλιν Ἡράκλειαν καὶ μέχρι τοῦ Παρθενίου ποταμοῦ καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Τίον. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 5/7
Pertusi, A. (ed.), Constantino Porphyrogenito, De Thematibus, Introduzione, Testo critico, Commento (Studi e Testi 160, Citta del Vaticano 1952), pp. 64 65. 3. The inspection and the outset of the campaign: ὅτε ὁ στρατηγὸς τῶν Θρᾳκησίων καὶ ὁ στρατηγὸς τῶν Ἀνατολικῶν ὀφείλουσιν ὑπαντᾷν τῷ βασιλεῖ εἰς τὰ Μαλάγινα. ὁ δομέστικος τῶν σχολῶν καὶ ὁ στρατηγὸς τῶν Ἀνατολικῶν καὶ ὁ στρατηγὸς Σελευκείας ὀφείλουσιν ὑπαντᾷν τῷ βασιλεῖ εἰς τὸ Καβόρκιν. ὅτε εἰ μέν ἐστι τὸ ταξείδιον εἰς Ταρσὸν, τὰ λοιπὰ θέματα ὀφείλουσιν ἀποσω ρεύεσθαι εἰς Κολώνιαν, εἰ δὲ πρὸς τὰ μέρη τῆς Ἀνατολῆς, ὀφείλουσιν ὑπαντᾷν τῷ βασιλεῖ ὁ μὲν Καππάδοξ καὶ ὁ Χαρσιανίτης καὶ ὁ Βουκελλάρις εἰς Κολώνιαν, ὁ δὲ Ἀρμενιακὸς καὶ ὁ Παφλαγὼν καὶ ὁ Σεβαστείας εἰς Καισάρειαν. ὅτε τὰ Ἀρμενιακὰ θέματα ὀφείλουσιν ἀποσωρεύεσθαι εἰς Τεφρικὴν εἰς τὸν βαθὺν Ῥύακα. Haldon, J. (ed.), Constantini Porphyrogeniti, Tres Tractatus de Expeditionibus Militaribus Imperatoris (Constantine Porphyrogenitus Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions) (CFHB 28, Wien 1990), p. 134. 4. Reforms by Leo VI (886-912): Ἰστέον, ὅτι ἐπὶ Λέοντος, τοῦ φιλοχρίστου δεσπότου, ἀπὸ τοῦ θέματος τῶν Βουκελλαρίων εἰς τὸ Καππαδοκῶν θέμα μετετέθησαν ταῦτα τὰ βάνδα, ἤτοι ἡ τοποτηρησία Βάρετας, ἡ τοποτηρησία Βαλβαδώνας, ἡ τοποτηρησία Ἄσπονας καὶ ἡ τοποτηρησία Ἀκαρκοῦς Ἰστέον, ὅτι ἐπὶ Λέοντος, τοῦ φιλοχρίστου δεσπότου, ἀπὸ τοῦ θέματος τῶν Βουκελλαρίων εἰς τὸ θέμα Χαρσιανοῦ μετετέθησαν ταῦτα τὰ βάνδα, ἤτοι ἡ τοποτηρησία τοῦ Μυριοκεφάλου, ἡ τοποτηρησία τοῦ Τιμίου Σταυροῦ καὶ ἡ τοποτηρησία Βερινουπόλεως, καὶ ἐγένοντο τοῦρμα ἡ νῦν Σανίανα λεγομένη. Moravcsik, G. Jenkins, R.J.H. (eds), Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio (CFHB 1, Washington DC 1967), p. 236. 5. A Promotion: Ἔχει δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς Μανουὴλ υἱοὺς τέσσαρας, τὸν Παγκρατούκαν, τὸν Ἰαχνούκαν, τὸν Μουδάφαρ καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην. Καὶ τὸν μὲν Παγκρατούκαν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἱκανᾶτον πεποίηκεν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο στρατηγὸν εἰς τοὺς Βουκελλαρίους... Moravcsik, G. Jenkins, R.J.H. (eds), Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio (CFHB 1, Washington DC 1967), p. 237. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι 1. The cities of the theme of Boukellarion, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Ankyra, Claudioupolis, Herakleia Pontike, Prusias, Tios 2. The banda Leo VI detached from the theme of Boukellarion: a. Bareta, Balbandon, Aspona, Akarkou (given to the theme of Cappadocia) b. Myriokephalon, Timios Stavros, Berinoupolis (given to the theme of Charsianon) 3a. List of strategoi (generals) of Boukellarioi: Manes (767 771), royal spatharios George (mid 8 th c.), Tatzates (777 782), Chrysocheres (791 792), patrikios Nikephoros (8 th c.), royal protospatharios Bardanes (8 th /9 th c.), royal spatharios John/Ioannes (8 th /9 th c.), royal protospatharios Niketas (8 th /9 th c.), Theodore Krateros (837 838), royal spatharios Leo (first half of 9 th c.), Nasar (863), royal spatharokandidatos Basil (9 th c.), royal protospatharios Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 6/7
Andronikos (9 th /10 th c.), royal protospatharios Leo (9 th /10 th c.), Pagkratoukas (904 914), royal protospatharios Eudokimos (first half of 10 th c.), patrikios/ royal protospatharios Gregoras (10 th c.), royal protospatharios Christoforos (10 th c.), royal protospatharios Theodore (Agiozacharites) (10 th /11 th c.), royal protospatharios Leo (10 th /11 th c.), Prousianos (1024 1025), protospatharios John/Ioannes (11 th c.), Leo Iasites (11 th c. magistros bestes) 3b. List of krites of Boukellarioi: Royal protospatharios Leo (9 th /10 th c.), royal protospatharios Peter (10 th /11 th c.), protospatharios Peter (10 th /11 th c.), spatharokandidatos Theodore (first half of 11 th c. asekretis royal notarios του vestiarion), protospatharios Morocharzanes (1042 1078)/ επί του Xρυσοτρικλίνου Constantine (mid 11 th c. katepano of the royal offices), Nikolaos Skleros (second half of 11 th c. bestes), protospatharios Basil Xeros (11 th c. megas chartoularios), Basil (second half of 11 th c. bestarches), patrikios Basil (11 th c.), protospatharios επί του Xρυσοτρικλίνου Basil (11 th c. megas chartoularios), royal protospatharios Gregory (11 th c. asekretis), protospatharios Michael (11 th c. protonotarios του κοιτώνος), Michael Barys (11 th c. magistros megas chartoularios), patrikios / hypatos Romanos Genesios (11 th c. megas chartoularios) Lists 1 and 2 are based on sources. Lists 3 (a and b) were compiled according to Bλυσίδου, B. κ.ά., H Mικρά Aσία των θεμάτων. Έρευνες πάνω στη γεωγραφική φυσιογνωμία και προσωπογραφία των βυζαντινών θεμάτων της Mικράς Aσίας (7ος 11ος αι.) (Eρευνητική Bιβλιοθήκη 1, ΙΒΕ/EIE Athens 1998), s.v. θέμα Bουκελλαρίων (T. Λουγγής), esp. pp. 431 440. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 6/10/2017 Σελίδα 7/7