Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Open Dump of Municipal Solid Waste

38 3 2015 3 Environmental Science & Technology Vol. 38 No.3 Mar. 38 2015 * 361021 / CH 4 N 2O CO 2 1 a CH 4 N 2O CO 2 43.93±129.99 mgc/ m 2 h 622.68 ± 1 215.54 μgn/ m 2 h132.57±158.90 mgc/ m 2 h 19.64 kgco 2-eq/ m 2 a CH 4 N 2O 65.31% 13.01% N 2O 20.23% 27.30% CO 2 CH 4 p<0.01 N 2O p<0.05 N 2O p<0.05 CH 4 CO 2 N 2O X511 A doi 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2015.03.026 1003-6504(2015)03-0136-06 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Open Dump of Municipal Solid Waste JIA Mingsheng WANG Xiaojun CHEN Shaohua * LIN Xiangyu XU Ying Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China Abstract Fluxes of methane CH 4 nitrous oxide N 2 O and carbon dioxide CO 2 from an open dump of municipal solid waste were measured using static chamber and gas chromatography GC based techniques in 2012-2013. Influencing factors on greenhouse gases GHGs emissions and seasonal variability of GHGs emissions were discussed as well. The results showed that annual average fluxes of CH 4 N 2 O and CO 2 from this open dump were 43.93±129.99 mgc/ m 2 h 622.68±1 215.54 μgn/ m 2 h and 132.57±158.90 mgc/ m 2 h respectively i.e. 19.64 kgco 2 -eq/ m 2 a in total. CH 4 was the dominate GHG which accounted for 65.31% of the total annual GHGs emissions while the figure for N 2 O was 13. 01%. In terms of seasonal GHGs emissions N 2 O constituted a higher proportion up to 20.23% and 27.30% in summer and autumn respectively. Statistical analysis illustrated that CO 2 fluxes were significantly and positively relevant to that of CH p< 4 0.01 and N 2 O p<0.05. As for environmental factors only N 2 O fluxes had a positive and significant correlations with air temperature p<0.05. In addition N 2 O fluxes had no significant difference among seasons whereas both CH 4 fluxes and CO 2 fluxes presented somewhat considerable difference among seasons. Keywords open dump greenhouse gas flux influencing factors seasonal variability [2] CH 4 N 2 O 100 GWP 100 CO 2 25 298 14.3% CH 4 CH 4 11.1% [3] [1] 7.9% CO 2 N 2 O N 2 O 2014-05-20 2014-08-10 XDA05020603 1988- msjia@iue.ac.cn * 0592-6190995 shchen@iue.ac.cn

3 N 2 O 1~2 [4] 1 1.1 2006 40% [5] 24 37 42 N 118 16 20 E [6] 65% 1.7 m 2 70%~90% [7] 7.5 m 3 2007 1 2010 12 N 2 O 80 t/d IPCC 2009-2010 CH 4 N 2 O [8] 1 HDPE 1 m [9-10] 0.028± 0.006 % 0.74±0.29 % CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 3 1 a 1 Table 1 Properties of municipal solid waste in Xiamen / %(w/w) 2007 39.31 35.69 1.26 1.67 19.33 0.78 0.87 0.48 0.61 0.00 2008 49.3 20.01 1.50 5.10 20.14 0.61 1.12 1.35 0.78 0.09 2009 56.33 11.00 1.83 5.14 21.03 0.63 1.30 1.76 0.98 0.00 2010 41.12 39.77 1.63 1.89 11.75 0.77 1.57 0.45 1.06 0.00 1.2 F= V c 273 1 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 A t T+273 1 F CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 0.126 m 2 38 L mgc/ m 2 h μgn/ m 2 h V m 3 A m 2 c/ t 6 10 m mg/ m 3 h μg/ m 3 h T 0.05 m 1.3 10 min 40 min 0~6 cm 5 MP-406 8 00-11 00 2 1 JM20 2012 4-2013 4 1 a 0~5 cm JM10 1.4 24 h CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 N 2 O CO 2 GC Agilent 7890A Palo Pearson Alto CA CH 4 CO 2 one-way ANOVA p<0.05 FID N 2 O ECD p>0.05 [11] 1 SD IBM SPSS 20.0 [12] IBM Corp. USA

38 2 5.05~1 014.86 mgc/ m 2 h 132.57±158.90 mgc/ m 2 h n=115 CH 4 2.1 3 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 1 3 3 [4 13-14] CH 4-0.51~ 1 051.88 mgc/ m 2 h CO 2 43.93 ±129.99 mgc/ m 2 h CO 2 -eq 3 n=105 2 n=9 333.86 t CO 2 -eq CH 4 CH 4 CH 4-0.513 mgc/ m 2 h 65.31% CO 2 21.68%N 2 O 13.01% CO 2 [8] CO 2 N 2 O 16.61% 2 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 Table 2 Contribution of CH4 N2O and CO2 to total GHGs emission as CO2-eq CO 2-eq CO -1 /mgc m -2 h N 2 O CH 4 IPCC N 2 O [8] Rinne [4] N 2 O 3% Zhang [12] 3 1.5% N 2 O -15.41~5 947.09 μgn/ m 2 h 622.68±1215.54 μgn/ m 2 h n=83 N 2 O 1.67 mgn/ m 2 h 3 12.10% CH 4 N 2 O n=8 [16] [13] N 2 O N 2 O 5 a N 2 O CH 4 NH 3 N 2 O [4] [15] N 2 O -15 μgn/ m 2 h N 2 O [13] Jha [7] 2 N 2 O CO 2 4.54% 13.06% 2-eq /t a -1 /% CH 4 /mgc m -2 h -1 43.93 399.33 218.05 65.31 N 2O/μgN m -2 h -1 622.68 79.53 43.42 13.01 CO 2/mgC m -2 h -1 132.57 132.57 72.39 21.68-611.43 333.86 100.00

3 2.2 3 p>0.05 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 N 2 O CO 2 p< 3 0.05 p<0.05 0~6 cm 5 CO 2 2 3 CH 4 CO 2 p<0.01 p<0.05 3 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 Table 3 Pearson correlation analysis between CH4 N2O and CO2 fluxes and environmental factors CH 4 N 2O CO 2 CH 4 1-0.032 0.560** -0.081 0.274-0.017 N 2O 1 0.224* -0.03 0.278 0.240* CO 2 1-0.156 0.446* 0.203* 1-0.106-0.329** 1 0.891** 1 n=21~115 * 0.05 ** 0.01 p<0.05 N 2 O 4 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O [17-18] p<0.05 Mandernack [19] N 2 O -2.0 MPa -0.6 MPa N 2 O 20 Zhang [12] HDPE CH 4 N 2 O p<0.05 McBain [20] CH 4 R=0.245 p<0.001 Rinne [4] CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 N 2 O CO 2 -eq 4 3 Zhang [9] CH 4 3 N 2 O 3.56% % 27.30% 7.59% 4 CH 4 2.3 3 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 1 a CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 2 CH 4 100.57 mgc/ m 2 h 22.45 mgc/ m 2 h p<0.05

38 2.4 CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O [9 21] 4 5 CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 Perungudi CH 4 Table 4 4 CH 4 CH4 fluxes from Zhukeng open dump and comparison with published literatures data -1 /mg C m -2 h 1997-2007 -0.041 NG [22] 2008.06 2008.08 NG 0.121~62.023 [23] 2006.11-2007.06 233.25 NG [9] Palermo 2009.05 1 107 0.72~21 735 [24] Perungudi 2003.10 2004.09 43.49 a 0.675~324.75 [7] 2012.04-2013.04 43.93-0.51~1 051.88 a NG Table 5 5 N 2 O N2O fluxes from Zhukeng open dump and comparison with published literatures data -1 /mg N m -2 h 1997-2007 0.003 NG [22] 2008.06 2008.08 NG -0.004~0.667 [23] 2006 7 0.018 0.008~0.047 [13] Ho 咬 gbytrop 1991.11-1992.07 3.460-0.011~16.7 [25] Perungudi 2003.10 2004.09 0.254 a 0.002~0.764 [7] 2012.04-2013.04 0.62-0.015~5.95 a NG Palermo 1/5 1/25 N 2 O N 2 O 3 N 2 O N 2 O 13.01% N 2 O 20.23% 27.30% N 2 O N 2 O Ho 咬 gbytrop CH 4 N 2 O [] Perungudi [1] IPCC. Contribution of Working Group to the Fourth 3 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on 1 2~3 a CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 43.93 ±129.99 mgc/ m 2 h 622.68±1 215.54 μgn/ m 2 h 132.57±158.90 mgc/ m 2 h CO 2 19.64 kgco 2 -eq/ m 2 a 2 1 a CH 4 methane cycle for future predictions [ J ]. Environmental N 2 O p<0.05 Microbiology 2013 15 9 2395-2417. CH 4 CO 2 [4] Rinne J Pihlatie M Lohila A et al. Nitrous oxide emissions N 2 O from a municipal landfill [ J ]. Environmental Science & Climate Change[R]. Cambridge United Kingdom and New York NY USA Cambridge University Press 2007. [2] Ravishankara A R Daniel J S Portmann R W. Nitrous oxide N 2 O the dominant ozone -depleting substance emitted in the 21st century[j]. Science 2009 326 5949 123-125. [3] Nazaries L Murrell J C Millard P et al. Methane microbes and models fundamental understanding of the soil Technology 2005 39 20 7790-7793.

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