The Origin and Beginning of Institutionalized Invention of Tradition in Indonesia: The Case of Gotong Royong in Java under the Japanese Occupation KD76N6H=> Kazuo* In, the Japanese military administration in Java established The Committee for the Study of Former Customs and Political Systems Kyukan Seido Chosa Iinkai as a consultative body of the administration. Through the participation of Indonesian nationalists, the Committee learned about and came to recognize gotong royong as a Javanese tradition. This tradition functioned as a social safety net in rural society to support people who encountered difficulties like unemployment. At the same time, the military administration focused attention on autonomy and community cooperativeness at the level of the Javanese village, or desa, and tried to leverage them for the administration s benefit. Consequently, the desa was recognized as a place where gotong royong was practiced. One gotong royong practice in particular, the night watch system, or ronda, was institutionalized through reorganization into a function of the defense group Keibodan, newly established by the administration as a subsidiary organ to the police. Ronda became asymbol of autonomy and community cooperativeness, even as it was transformed into a subtle mechanism of support for the military administration. Keywords: tradition, gotong royong mutual aid ronda night watch Java, Indonesia, Japanese Occupation I Hobsbawm and Ranger * Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan, e-mail: RXZ nifty.com 55
Kahin : Hobsbawm : Kanahele : Anderson a; b 56
: : Koentjaraningrat ; Weatherbee ; Bowen Sutter : ; : ; Dahm : ; : ; Sato : ; Cribb and Kahin : ; : II III 57
IV V II : a : : Kan Po No. : Kan 58 A Kanahele : a a
Po No. : a; b a; b : a Hatta : 59
b : tolong-menolong bantumembantu bantu-membantu Anwar : tolong-menolong Pane : Komisi Bahasa Indonesia tolong-menolong Kan Po No. : gotong royong gotong royong tolong-menolong Bowen : gotong royong : 60
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Geertz ; Geertz : Geertz ; a: ; : : b a : 62
: : a; b : Kanahele :, : : 63
: a : Kanahele : : : 64
a Kanahele : : Hobsbawm : ibid.: : Kanahele Kanahele : : 65
III III : Inlandsche Gemeeente Ordonantie Rechtsgemeenschap Adatgemeenschap Rechtsgemeenschap :.. : 66
: : b: i : i : 67
: ; : ; : Hobsbawm : IV IV : 68
: ronda Ronda Kemit : : : Wilkinson : : : i 69
: : : 70
: : : : : : : : : : 71
: : Anderson : : Anggaran Choesoes oentoek Menjoesoen dan Mendjalankan Keibodan Kan Po No. : : Anggaran Dasar oentoek Menjoesoen Keibodan g Kan Po No. : 72
ibid.: :.. : : : 73
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