(0/0) khz 0 P
ii (IPR) (ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC) ITU-R http://www.itu.int/itu-r/go/patents/en http://www.itu.int/publ/r-rec/en BO BR BS BT F M P RA RS S SA SF SM SNG TF V ITU-R 0 ITU 0 (ITU)
khz 0 (0-009-00-003-00-994-990) ITU-R /3 khz 0 khz 60 khz 000 khz 6 khz 60 ITU-R P.47 khz 700 0 LF VLF ELF khz 0 f cos i ITU-R P.47 khz 0 (HF). (VLF) km 00 (LF)
km 000 (VLF). - km 00 (VLF) 3. km 000 khz. h + a = r a = r R < / i g R c T c / i g T > R > T >
T c T R R c 3 i g r = a + h r = a T R 0684-0. () Vu 300 pt V (kw) p t V () E u t cos ψ R D Ft mv/m L (km) L R D F t V (3) E u s cos ψ R D Ft Fr mv/m L
4 3 (4) V E u s (cos ψ) R D Ft Fr L mv/m F r V () E u s cos ψ R R D DG Rg Ft Fr mv/m L D D G R g L R R R R.. ( 3 km 70 (i) km 90 3 khz 0.. L 4 km 70 3 km/s 3 km 90
i i i (km 70 = h) 0 i 0 0 A 0. i h d 0. h = 70 km 0. 0 0 0 00 00 000 000 000 000 (km) d A 0684-0
i i 6 3 0 0 i (km 90 = h) i 0 A 0. i h 0. d h = 90 km 0. 0 0 0 00 00 000 000 000 000 (km) d A 0684-03
(s) 7 4 000 000 00 h = 90 km 70 A 90 70 90 B 70 00 C D 0 D 0 D 40 0 0 0 00 00 000 000 000 000 (km) d A B C D 0684-04 3.. D 6 4.. F r F t 9 7
D D 8 3 = 00 khz 0 0 0 D 0 00 000 00 000 00 (km) d 0684-0 6 3 = 00 khz 0 0 0 0 D 00 000 00 000 00 (km) d 0684-06
r t 9 7 =0 khz 0 0 F t F r 00 3 00 4 0 0 = 80 0 = S/m = 4/3 6 360 km 0684-07
r 8 =0 khz 0 0 00 Fr Ft 3 4 0 0 00 = 0 = 3 S/m = 4/3 6 360 km 0684-08
r t 9 C 4 =0 khz F t 0 F r 3 0 4 0 0 = 3 0 3 = 0.0 S/m = 4/3 6 360 km 0684-09
(S/m) 0 80 0 0 3 3. 0 4/3 km 8 480 F 3 R.. R i R f f cos i f cos i (km 00 < d) (km 00 > d) f cos i VLF MF khz 4 3
3 3 4 f cos i(khz) 0684-3 khz 78 km 00 khz 86 khz 600 khz 00
4 (db) 8 6 4 0 4 6 8 f cos i (khz) 0684-3 3..3.
(6) cos(a) = sin(lat t)sin(lat r) + cos(lat t)cos(lat r)cos(dif l) (lonr) (lont) km 6 360 a = gr a lat t lat r dif l (lon m) (lat m) (aztr) (7) latm = / arccos (cos(a/)sin(latt) + sin(a/)cos(latt)cos(aztr)) (8) lonm = lont arccos((cos(a/) sin(latm)sin(latt))/(cos(latm)cos(latt))) (9) cos(aztr) = (sin(latr) sin(latt)cos(a))/(cos(latt)sin(a)) km 000 km 4 000 lon m () cos = sin(latm) sin(sol) + cos(latm) cos(sol) cos(sy-lonm) lat m
6 (stm + tg 80 =) tg stm lat m lon m sol Sy () = arctan (cot(d/(re)) Re cosec(d/(re))/(re + hr)) d (km 8 00) R e h r (km) P () P = Re sin(d/(re)) sec( + d/(re)) (3) I = arcsin (Re cos()/(re + hr)) I (4) Delay time = (P d)/(3 ) s.3. foe D/E 4 3 0 0 h-f 3 ITU-R P.39 y min f b km 0 km 30 km khz h max E y max (y max h max) km 70 (y min h max) km 90 (LF) y max (SID) R h () Rh = hmax ym - (f fb)/(foe) (6) ym = ymm (ymm ymin)(fmax foe)/(fmax fmin) (7) ymm = ymax (ymax ymin)(fk0 fmax)/(fk0-fmin)
(km) 7 foe foe f max 0 = cos foe fk0 ITU- R P.39 foe 4 3.3. 6 4 4 3 0 h-f 3h 4h h 6h 7h 8h 9h h h 90 80 70 60 0 00 000 00 000 00 3 000 3 00 4 000 (khz) ssn:0 fbase: khz ymax:30 June 3 N 0 E ymin: km kmhmax: 0 km 0684-3 4 3 300-00 khz 00 0 0 0 0 khz 0 00 000 00 000 (km) 0684-4
8 4.3. ( in S/m) 0,00 0,000 () 80.3.. 7 0 7 fcosi 0 (E) (W) N (cos) 0,93 0,707 0,37 0,- (S) cos fcosi R c N min N max N min N med N max 3 4 S min S max 3 W min E med fcos I (khz) W max E max E min W min W med W max S min S med S max 0684-6.3. khz f (8) Rv = (n sin() (n (cos()) ) / )/(n sin() + (n (cos()) ) / ) R v (9) n = j8 /f
9 7.3. E s (0) Es = 600 Pt cosrcfcftfr/l mv/m (kw) Pt Ψ R c F c F r F t L () Es = 600 Pt cosrcrc(fc) DgRgFtFr/L mv/m E s R c R c Fc D g R g L E s () Es = 600 Pt cosrc FcRgFtFr/L mv/m /F c D g R c = R c = R c 8.3. S/m : 70: ITU-R P.368 300 00 0 0 7 0 40 S/m 0,0003: 7: S/m 0,003: : khz 00 400 9.3. R s (3) R s = E s + E s + E s E scos (4) R = R s + G + R sgcosθ R
(db V/m) 0 R s θ khz 60 40.3. 004 7 6 khz 40 6 0 90 80 004 khz 40 JJY Field (db strength V/m) (db V/m) 70 60 0 40 30 0 Resultant of - and -hop sky-waves and ground-wave Ground-wave 0 0 00 400 600 800 000 00 400 600 800 000 Propagation (km) distance (km) 0684-6 7 0 90 80 70 60 0 40 30 0 004 khz 40 JJY 0 0 00 400 600 800 000 00 400 600 800 000 (km) 0684-7
(db V/m) 004 9 8 khz 60 8 0 90 80 70 60 0 40 30 0 004 khz 60 JJY 0 0 00 400 600 800 000 00 400 600 800 000 (km) 0684-8 9 90 80 70 60 004 khz 60 JJY (db V/m) 0 40 30 0 0 0 00 400 600 800 000 00 400 600 800 000 (km) 0684-9
km 700 600 db khz 60.3. 0 004 8 0 khz 60 JJY 004 8 80 70 Measured Predicted / Field strength (db) and / of phase delay to ground-wave (degrees) 60 0 40 30 0 Predicted Ground-wave Phase delay of resultant wave to ground-wave in degree Measured 0 0 4 6 8 4 6 8 0 4 Propagation (km) distance (km) 0684-0 km 4 000 4. Es k km 6 000 K mv/m K K 600 p t cos K RcK, L FcK Rg K Ft K FrK K L () Es K exp K jk PlK, L L Pl L K, L
3 K (kw) K L K p t K Ψ K Rc K,L 4 Fc K (9) (8) Rg K 9 8 7 Fr K Ft K K L Pl K,L (6) Es Eg exp( jkd) Es K K Es 8.3. ITU-R P.368 km Eg d Es
4 Log ( Rc ) 0.0 0..0..0. 3.0 3. a) Solar minimum cos 0. 0.3 0. 0.0 0. 0.37 0. 0.707 0.8.0 4.0 4. 0.0 0..0 b) Solar medium cos 0. 0.3 0.. 0.0 Log ( Rc ).0. 0. 0.37 3.0 3. 0. 0.707 0.8.0 4.0 4. 0.0 0..0 c) Solar maximum cos 0. 0.3 0.. 0.0 Log ( Rc ).0. 3.0 3. 4.0 0. 0.37 0. 0.707 0.8.0 4. 0 000 fcos i(khz) 0684-
3 LF VLF ELF ().3.3 (7) F ( θ) R d (θ) Rd (θ) 0 (8) R d R (θ) R d d (θ) (θ) R R d d (θ) (θ) d R (θ) 0 (9) R (θ) d d 0 Rd(θ) d R R R (9) (8) R R R R d 96 ((8) R d R R R d
6 n (7) R().3 R x z y x-z K z 80 > 90 B R R d (7) d d d
7 z K B y x 0684- R d ().3 h h (9) d h, (30) zh, 0 d z R d Airy /3 h h ( MODESRCH ) 3.3 n (7) MODESRCH khz 60 khz LF VLF MODESRCH n - n (7) F() n F() 0 F() 0 F() 0 F() F() 0 F() 0 0
8 (3) F() F R( r i) j F I ( r i) Re (F ) j Im (F ) (3) r j i jθ (33) F( θ) ( F R (θr θi) FI (θr θi) ½ e (34) (θ tg FI FR (θ θi) θ ) r r i F() F() F R() F I() r i (3) 0 (or 80) F I( r i) 0 F R( r i) 0 90 (or 70 ) 3 (rad) 0 F() F() F() 4 F() F() c F() 0 F() 80 0 80 0 Im 0 (F) 80 0 Im (F)
Im () 9 G D A Im F() 80 0 E B F() H G 3 80 H F C F C 80 0 F() G D A 3 F() 90 4 3 0 0 3 80 0 70 0 0 0684-3 80 0 3 70 90 F() Re (F) 0 Re (F) Re (F) 80 0 70 90 F()
30 MODESRCH n 0 0 0 F() (7) 0 (3) θ F(θ0) θ F(θ0 θ) F(θ0) i r (33) i r 4 F() F H Im (F) 70 80 90 0 A J G Im ( 0 B E 90 80 70 0 C Re () D F() F() J 0684-4
3 4.4 n (36) (37) c V K(sinθn ) r 8,689 k K (sin n) I (db/mm) (38) c.99798 km/s h K 4 (39) / a 3.4 / km z x-z z y x k exp (ik sin x) x y z exp (it) E x E y E z ( B) ( E) ( V) Ex Ey Ez B S ( R ) ( R R ) R D B R ( R ) ( R) S D B ( R ) ( R R ) R D V B S ( R ) ( R R ) R D B R ( R ) ( R) S D B ( R ) ( R R ) R D E B R ( R) ( R ) S D B ( R) ( R R ) S R D B R ( R) ( R ) D B
3 d R R B B (40) / S B F B n B S n S 4 z z y x M φ γ z M y x 0684-90 90 0 WKB.4 WKB
33 WKB T R T R T R T R (4) λ λ, λ λ and λ λ. Also S S V V B B E E n n LF VLF 3.4 990 6-40 ھ 36 AGARDograph y 6 j k k p p a k NTR (p ) (4) j p p p p p a ik I n, j In, k for p NTR j p p, p i k S xp xp I j p a jk j n, k for p < NTR j ½ () i k p S j j
34 (4) m, p mt p (43) I j, k Aj Gk dz z y p G t p k m A j 6 Z M M NTR X M XMTR X X X 0684-6 WKB (LF) (VLF) kw m/v db 4.4 LF VLF ELF Z
3 Z r (44) ω ( ) p Z q N ( Z) N ( ) ( Z) N Z ( Z) e r ν ( Z) ε0 me νe ( Z) m ν ( Z) m ν ( Z) (s ) (s ) (s ) (cm 3 ) (cm 3 ) (cm 3 ) p (Z) q 0 e N e N N m e m m r (Z) (LF) (VLF) (4) r (Z ) 0 exp [ (Z H)] H (km) H (km ) (km) Z (el/cm 3 ) N (Z) (46) N (Z) {.43 7 exp ( 0. H) } { exp ( 0.) (Z H) } el/cm 3 (47) (Z ) 0 exp ( Z ) (km),8 km 0, Z 0
36 (48) r (Z ), exp [ (Z H)] H (VLF) 74 = H 0,3 = (LF) khz 60-0,8 khz -0,3 3 km 80 H km 87 H khz 30 3 khz 30 D H (km) β χ D < 70 74,0 0,3 χ < 90,0 70 < D < 7 76, 0,33 90,0 < χ < 9,8 7 < D < 74 78,3 0,37 9,8 < χ < 93,6 74 < D < 90 (Pole) 80, 0,40 93,6 < χ < 9,4 7 < D < 74 8,7 0,43 9,4 < χ < 97, 70 < D < 7 84,4 0,47 97, < χ < 99,0 D < 70 87,0 0,0 99,0 < χ < ( ) 8 7 9 (ELF) 4
37 7 FIGURE 7 Daytime electron density profiles and collision frequency profile (km) Height (km) = 0.3 km, H = 7 km 0. km, H' = 70 km (N/cm ) 0684-7 8 FIGURE 8 Night-time electron density profiles and collision frequency profile = 0.8 km, H' = 88 km = 0. km, H' = 87 km Height (km) (km) 3 (N/cm )
38 9 0 00 b 0 (km) 0 N N b a N N a 0 a 0 3 4 6 3 (cm ) a: b: 0684-9 4 (s ) (km),0,0 6,6 60,00,00,3 30 3, 3, 4,8 4,00 4,00,0 00,30,30 6,0 80,40,40 8,0 70 9,00 9,00,6 3 0 6,00 6,00,0 4,60 4,60 4 3,9 4 0,4,4 4,3 0
39 (s ) (km) 4,0 4,0,0 0 9,00 9,00 3,0,00,00 3,00 0,30,30 3,30,00,00 4,0 00 4,0 4,0,60 3 0 3,00 3,00,00 4 8,00 3 8,00 3 3,90 4 0,07,07 4,30 0.4 (VLF) (LF) (ELF) WKB N g (49) N g ε / ε 0 i σ ω ε 0 σ ε / ε 0 ε 0 ω (Hz 3 000-0) (ELF) khz 0
40 3 d 9 km f 80 khz σ ε ε0 σ S/m ε 80 ε 0 p t 0,4 kw 3 S/m 90 V 0,36 8 0,36 0,67 46 s 9 km,6, khz 0, V u 300 i F t F r 0,4 L d L 9 (46 6 3 ) D f cos i 80 cos 8 R 8 7 4 p t 0,4 kw d 9 km 0,36 0,36 d 9 km c 3 km/s d 9 km f 80 khz i 8 f cos i, khz 0 0 03 04 0 06 07 08,4 3 mv/m 67 47 0 s,6 cycle (i.e. 76) at 80 khz E s 4 h 70 km ( ) h 90 km ( ) d 9 km ( ) 09
4 (MF) (LF) khz 0 60 ITU-R P.368 ITU-R H khz 60 74 0,3 ITU-R P.83 khz 70 LF db 0 db db 0 khz 60 (LF) (MF) khz 60 LF VLF khz 60 9 H 7 km km H 70 km km 6
(db(v/m)) 4 0 30 80 60 40 0 0 0 0 3 4 (Mm) 0684-30
43 ms/m 3 ( f cos i) H 7 H 74 0,3 3 3.4 (VLF) khz 4 kw (db(v/m)) 3 33 34 33 34 khz 3 khz 3
44 3 kw (db(v/m)) khz 4 0684-3
4 3 (ms/m) (VLF) 0684-3
(db) 46 3 33 kw N 340 ) ( db el L e v (db) 0 90 80 70 60 0 40 30 0 0 khz 3 khz khz 0 0 3 4 (Mm) Distance (Mm) 0684-33 34 3 kw N 340 0 90 80 70 60 0 40 30 0 0 3 khz khz khz 0 0 3 4 (Mm) 0684-34