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! : (#θä9ï ôã$$sù óοçfù=è% #sœî) uρ ) :
( 4 4 ( 4 ( šχρã x s? /ä3ª= yès9 ϵÎ/ Νä38 ¹uρ öνà6ï9 sœ (#θèù ρr& «! $# Ï ôγ yèî/ uρ 4 n1öè% # sœ tβ%ÿ2 öθs9uρ Íρr& öνä3å àρ r& # n?tã öθs9 uρ! u!#y pκà ÅÝó É)ø9$Î/ t ÏΒ θ s% (#θçρθä (#θãψtβ#u t Ï%!$# $pκš r' tƒ ) : βr& # uθ oλù;$# (#θãèî7 Fs? Ÿξsù $yϑíκí5 4 n< ρr& ª!$sù #ZÉ)sù ρr& $ ÏΨ xî ï ä3tƒ βî) t Î/ tø% F{$# uρ È ø y Ï9 uθø9 $# ( (#θä9ï ès? ( )
4 : () () " " ( : ) " ) " ( - : : ÍνÉ yδ $t/ tø) s? Ÿωuρ $yϑçfø Ï ß]ø ym ô ÏΒ Ÿξä3 sù sπ Ψ yfø9 $# y7ã_ ρy uρ MΡ r& ô ä3ó $# ãπ yš$t tƒ uρ ) $yϑåκ ] tã y Í ãρ $tβ $yϑçλm; y Ï ö7ãšï9 ß süø ±9 $# $yϑçλm; } uθó uθsù t ÏΗÍ> à9$# z ÏΒ $tρθä3tf sù nο tyf ±9 $# $tρθä3s? ρr& È s3n= tβ $tρθä3s? βr& HωÎ) Íο tyf ±9 $# ÍνÉ yδ ô tã $yϑä3š/ u $yϑä38 uηtρ $tβ tα$s% uρ $yϑîγï? u öθ y ÏΒ $ ϑ n= sù 9 ρáäóî/ $yϑßγ9 9 y sù š Ï ÅÁ Ψ9 $# z Ïϑ s9 $yϑä3s9 ÎoΤÎ)!$yϑßγyϑ y $s% uρ t Ï$Î# sƒø: $# z ÏΒ
( $yϑßγ1 yš$tρ uρ Ïπ Ψ pgø: $# É u uρ ÏΒ $yϑíκö n=tã Èβ$xÅÁøƒ s $s)ïsû uρ $yϑåκèe u öθy $yϑçλm; ôny t/ nο tyf ±9 $# $s%# sœ Ÿω$s% Î7 Β Aρß tã $yϑä3s9 z süø ±9 $# βî)!$yϑä3 9 è% r&uρíο tyf ±9 $# $yϑä3ù=ï? tã $yϑä3pκ Ξr& óο s9 r&!$yϑåκ 5 u - ( z ƒîå y ø9 $# z ÏΒ sðθä3 uζ s9$oψôϑ ymös? uρ $uζs9 öïøó s? óο 9 βî) uρ $uζ àρ r&!$oψ Η s>sß $uζ / u - - - :
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( 4 ( 3 4 ( 3 ( : ÏM tfïζ s)ø9 $# uρ t ÏGÏΖ s)ø9 $# uρ ÏM oψïβ σßϑø9 $#uρ š ÏΖÏΒ σßϑø9 $#uρ ÏM yϑî=ó ßϑø9 $#uρ š ÏϑÎ=ó ßϑø9 $# βî)) t Ï%Ïd Á tfßϑø9$# uρ ÏM yèï± y ø9 $# uρ t Ïèϱ y ø9 $#uρ ÏN ué9 Á9$# uρ t ÎÉ9 Á9$#uρ ÏM s%ï Á9$#uρ t Ï%Ï Á9$# uρ ÏM sàï ysø9 $# uρ öνßγ y_ρãèù ( $Vϑ Ïà tã# ô_r&uρ š ÏàÏ ptø:$#uρ ÏM yϑí Á9 $#uρ t ÏϑÍ Á9 $#uρ ÏM s%ïd Á tfßϑø9$# uρ Zο tïøó ΒΜçλ m; ª!$# tãr& ÏN tå2 %! $# uρ#zïvx!$# š ÌÅ2 %! $# uρ Ç tã tβöθ yγ Ζ tƒ uρ Å ρã èyϑø9$î/ šχρâß ù'tƒ <Ù èt/ â!$ušï9 ρr& öνßγàò èt/ àm oψïβ σßϑø9 $#uρ tβθãζïβ σßϑø9$# uρ) y7í s9 'ρé& ÿ ã&s!θß u uρ!$# šχθãèšïüãƒuρ nο 4θ x 9$# šχθè? σãƒuρ nο 4θ n= Á9$# šχθßϑšé)ムuρ Ìs3Ζßϑø9 $# ( ÒΟŠÅ3ym î ƒí tã!$# βî) ª! $# ãνßγçη xq zy Νä3àÒ èt/ 4 s\ρé& ρr& @x sœ ÏiΒ Νä3ΨÏiΒ 9 Ïϑ tã Ÿ uη xå ßì ÅÊé& Iω ÎoΤr& öνßγš/ u öνßγs9 z>$yftfó $sù ) βtïex _{ (#θè=ïfè% uρ (#θè= tg s% uρ Í? Î6y Îû (#ρèœρé&uρ öνïδì tƒïš ÏΒ (#θã_ì zé&uρ (#ρãy_$ yδ t Ï%!$sù çν y ΨÏã ª! $# uρ <Ù è t/ ÏiΒ «!$# Ï ΨÏã ô ÏiΒ $\/#uθ ro ã yγ Ρ F{$# $pκéjøt rb ÏΒ ÌøgrB ;M Ζy_ öνßγ Ψ n=ï{ Š _{uρ öνíκìe$t Íh y öνåκ ] tã uθèδuρ 4 s\ρé& ρr& @Ÿ2 sœ ÏiΒ $[sî= ¹ Ÿ Ïϑtã ô tβuρ ( 5>$ ÏmÎö tóî/ ( É>#uθẄ9$# $yγn= WÏΒ ωî) # t øgä Ÿξsù Zπy ÍhŠy Ÿ Ïϑtã ô tβ ß ó ãm $pκïù tβθè% y öムsπ Ψ pgø:$# šχθè=äzô tƒ y7í s9 'ρé'sù Ñ ÏΒ σãβ ) Zπt6ÍhŠsÛ Zο 4θ u ym çµ Ζ tí ósãζn= sù Ö ÏΒ σãβ uθèδ uρ 4 s\ρé& ρr& @Ÿ2sŒ ÏiΒ $[sî= ¹ Ÿ Ïϑ tã ô tβ) ( tβθè=yϑ è tƒ (#θçρ$ÿ2 $tβ Ç ômr'î/ Νèδtô_r& óοßγ Ψ tƒì ôfuζs9 uρ
: : ( ) x8 y ΨÏã Í< È ø $# Éb> u ôms9$s% øœî) šχöθtãöïù Nr&tøΒ $# (#θãζtβ#u š Ï% #Ïj9 Wξ svtβ ª!$# šu u ŸÑuρ ) zνtƒó s uρ š ÏϑÎ= à9$# ÏΘöθs)ø9 $# š ÏΒ Í_ÅngwΥuρ Ï&Î# yϑ tãuρ šχöθtãöïù ÏΒ Í_ÅngwΥ uρ Ïπ Ψ yfø9 $# Îû $\F t/ $pκíh5 u ÏM yϑî=s3î/ ôms% ¹uρ $oψïmρ ÏΒ ÏµŠÏù $sψ xoψ sù $yγy_ösù ômoψ Áômr& û ÉL 9 $# tβ tôϑïã MoΨö/ $# ( t ÏFÏΖ s)ø9$# z ÏΒ ômtρ%x uρ ϵÎ7çFä uρ
( ) ( ) " " (- : ) " " : " : (Ecclesiasticus 30:3) (Ecclesiasticus 22:3) " " : " " " " " : " (Ecclesiasticus42:11) " " "
3 4 4 4 (Ecclesiasticus 26:10-11) : ÏΒ ÏΘöθs)ø9$# z ÏΒ 3 u uθtgtƒ Λ Ïàx uθèδuρ #tšuθó ãβ çµßγô_uρ sß 4 s\ρw{$$î/ Νèδß ymr& tïe±ç0 #sœî)uρ ) ( tβθßϑä3øts $tβ u!$y Ÿωr& É>#u I9$# Îû çµ ß tƒôθr& Aχθèδ 4 n?tã çµä3å ôϑãƒr& ÿ ϵÎ/ uåe³ç0$tβ Ï þθß : yϑï9 Ü=yγtƒ uρ $ZW tρî) â!$t±o yϑï9 Ü=pκ u â!$t±o $tβ ß,è=øƒ s ÇÚö F{$# uρ ÏN uθ yϑ 9 $# Ûù=ãΒ! ) ) : ) : ( u θä %! $# ( ( â!$t± o
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4 ( 4 ( : ϑïβ Èβ$s? r&zö $# uρ ã_tsù È n=ã_u $tρθä3 tƒ öν 9 βî* sù öνà6ï9%ỳ Íh ÏΒ È ø y Íκ y (#ρß Îηô±tFó $# uρ) (4 3 t z W{$# $yϑßγ1 y nî) tåe2 x çfsù $yϑßγ1 y nî) ÅÒs? βr& Ï!# y pκ 9$# z ÏΒ tβöθ Êös? ßìt/ö r& óοïδï tnr& äο y yγt±sù öνßγý àρ r& HωÎ) â!#y pκà öνçλ ; ä3tƒ óο s9uρ öνßγy_ uρø r& tβθãβötƒ t Ï%! $# uρ) z ÏΒ tβ% x βî) ϵø n= tã «!$# MuΖ è s9 βr& èπ Ïϑ sƒø: $# uρ š Ï%Ï Á9$# z Ïϑ s9 çµ ΡÎ) «!$Î/ N y uηx š Î/É s3ø9 $# z Ïϑs9 çµ ΡÎ) «!$Î/ N y pκ y yìt/ö r& y pκô s? βr& z>#x yèø9 $# $pκ ] tã (#äτ u ô tƒ uρ t Î/É s3ø9 $# ö/ä3ø n= tæ «!$# ã ôòsù Ÿωöθ s9 uρ t Ï%Ï Á9 $# z ÏΒ tβ% x βî)!$pκön= tæ «!$# =ŸÒ xî βr& sπ Ïϑ sƒø:$# uρ çνθç7 øt rb Ÿω 4 ö/ä3ψïiβ πt6óáã Å7øùM}$Î/ ρâ!%ỳ t Ï%! $# βî) îλ Å6 ym ë># θ s?!$# βr&uρ çµçfuη q u uρ çν uö9ï 4 <uθ s? Ï%! $# uρ ÉΟøOM} $# z ÏΒ = tfø $# $ Β Νåκ ]ÏiΒ < Íö $# Èe ä3ï9 ö/ä3 9 ö yz uθèδ ö t/ Νä3 9 #uÿ ( Λ Ïàtã ë># x tã çµs9 öνåκ ]ÏΒ :
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( 4 4 4 ( " " : : z yϑ ƒ F{$# ãν? )tã $yϑî/ Νà2ä Ï{#xσムÅ3 s9 uρ öνä3ïζ yϑ ƒ r& þ Îû Èθøó =9$Î/ ª!$# ãνää Ï{#xσムŸω ) ãƒìøt rb ρr& óοßγè? uθó Ï ρr& öνä3šî= δr& tβθßϑïèôüè? $tβ ÅÝ y ρr& ô ÏΒ t Å3 tβ Íοu ³tã ãπ$yèôûî) ÿ çµè? t s3 sù (#þθýà xôm$# uρ óοçføn= ym # sœî) öνä3ïψ yϑ ƒr& äοt x y7ï9 sœ 5Θ$ ƒ r& ÏπsW n= ro ãπ$u ÅÁ sù ô Ågs óο 9 yϑsù 7πt6 s% u ( : ) ( tβρãä3ô±n@ /ä3ª= yès9 ϵÏG tƒ#u öνä3s9 ª!$# ß Îi t7ムy7ï9 x x öνä3 oψ yϑ ƒ r&
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3 4 4 ( : (#ρä è{ù's? Ÿξsù #Y $süζï% ßγ1 y nî) óοçf s?#u uρ 8l ρy šχ%x6 Β 8l ρy tα# y ö7ïgó $# ãν?š u r& βî) uρ) ( $YΨÎ6 Β $VϑøOÎ)uρ$YΨ tgôγç/ çµtρρä äzù's? r& $º ø x çµ ΖÏΒ : yšρß ãm $yϑšé)ムωr&!$sù$sƒ s βr& HωÎ) $º ø x èδθßϑçf s?#u!$ ϑïβ (#ρä è{ù's? βr& öνà6 s9 Ït s Ÿωuρ ) «! $# ߊρß ãn y7ù=ï? ϵÎ/ ôn y tgøù$# $uκ Ïù $yϑíκön= tã y$oψã_ Ÿξsù «! $# yšρß ãn $uκ É)ムωr& Λä øåz βî*sù ( tβθãκî= à9 $# ) : ) : ãνèδ y7í s9 'ρé'sù «!$# yšρß ãn yètgtƒ tβ uρ «! $# $yδρß tg è s? Ÿξsù : - - (
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3 4 ( 3 4 ) : ( : ( ) : ô ÏΒ (#θà)xρ r&!$yϑî/ uρ <Ù è t/ 4 n?tã óοßγÿò èt/ ª! $# Ÿ Ò sù$yϑî/ Ï!$ ÏiΨ9$# n?tã šχθãβ θs% ãα% ỳ Ìh9 $# ) tβθèù$sƒ rb ÉL 9 $# uρ ª! $# xáïym $yϑî/ É=ø tóù=ïj9 M sàï ym ìm tgïζ s% àm ysî= Á9$sù öνîγï9 uθøβ r& Ÿξsù öνà6uζ èsû r& βî*sù èδθç/îôñ $# uρ ÆìÅ_$ŸÒ yϑø9 $# Îû èδρãàf δ $# uρ èδθýàïè sù èδy θà±èσ (#θèwyèö/$sù $uκíκè] t/ s $s)ï óοçføåz βî)uρ #ZÎ6Ÿ2 $wšî= tã šχ% x! $# βî) ξ Î6 y Íκön= tã (#θäóö7s? tβ% x!$# βî)!$yϑåκ s]øš t/ ª!$# È,Ïjùuθム$[s n=ô¹î)!#y ƒìムβî)!$yγî= δ r& ô ÏiΒ $Vϑ s3ymuρ Ï&Î# δr& ô ÏiΒ $Vϑs3 ym ( #ZÎ7yz $ ϑšî= tã
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The Globe and Mail, Oct 4,1994 Leonard J Swidler, Women in Judaism: the Status of Women in Formative Judaism (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976) p 115 Thena Kendath, "Memories of an Orthodox youth" in Susannah Heschel, ed On being a Jewish Feminist (New York: Schocken Books, 1983), pp 96-97 Swidler, op cit, pp 80-81 Rosemary R Ruether, "Christianity", in Arvind Sharma, ed, Women in World Religions (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987) p 209 For all the sayings of the prominent Saints, see Karen Armstrong, The Gospel According to Woman (London: Elm Tree Books, 1986) pp 52-62 See also Nancy van Vuuren, The Subversion of Women as Practiced by Churches, Witch- Hunters, and Other Sexists (Philadelphia: Westminister Press) pp 28-30 Swidler, op cit, p 140 Denise L Carmody, "Judaism", in Arvind Sharma, ed, op cit, p 197 Swidler, op cit, p 137 Ibid, p 138 Sally Priesand, Judaism and the New Woman (New York: Behrman House, Inc, 1975) p 24 Swidler, op cit, p 115
Lesley Hazleton, Israeli Women The Reality Behind the Myths (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977) p 41 Gage, op cit p 142 Jeffrey H Togay, "Adultery," Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol II, col 313 Also, see Judith Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1990) pp 170-177 Hazleton, op cit, pp 41-42 Swidler, op cit, p 141 Matilda J Gage, Woman, Church, and State (New York: Truth Seeker Company, 1893) p 141 Louis M Epstein, The Jewish Marriage Contract (New York: Arno Press, 1973) p 149 Swidler, op cit, p 142 Epstein, op cit, pp 164-165 Ibid, pp 112-113 See also Priesand, op cit, p 15 James A Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987) p 88 Ibid, p 480 R Thompson, Women in Stuart England and America (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974) p 162 Mary Murray, The Law of the Father (London: Routledge, 1995) p 67 Gage, op cit, p 143 For example, see Jeffrey Lang, Struggling to Surrender,
(Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 1994) p 167 Elsayyed Sabiq, Fiqh al Sunnah (Cairo: Darul Fatah lile'lam Al-Arabi, 11th edition, 1994), vol 2, pp 218-229 Abdel-Haleem Abu Shuqqa, Tahreer al Mar'aa fi Asr al Risala (Kuwait: Dar al Qalam, 1990) pp 109-112 Leila Badawi, "Islam", in Jean Holm and John Bowker, ed, Women in Religion (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994) p 102 Amir H Siddiqi, Studies in Islamic History (Karachi: Jamiyatul Falah Publications, 3rd edition, 1967) p 138 Epstein, op cit, p 196 Swidler, op cit, pp 162-163 The Toronto Star, Apr 8, 1995 Sabiq, op cit, pp 318-329 See also Muhammad al Ghazali, Qadaya al Mar'aa bin al Taqaleed al Rakida wal Wafida (Cairo: Dar al Shorooq, 4th edition, 1992) pp 178-180 Ibid, pp 313-318 David W Amram, The Jewish Law of Divorce According to Bible and Talmud ( Philadelphia: Edward Stern & CO, Inc, 1896) pp 125-126 Epstein, op cit, p 219 Ibid, pp 156-157 Muhammad Abu Zahra, Usbu al Fiqh al Islami (Cairo: al Majlis al A'la li Ri'ayat al Funun, 1963) p 66 Epstein, op cit, p 122 Armstrong, op cit, p 8 Epstein, op cit, p 175
Ibid, p 121 Gage, op cit, p 142 B Aisha Lemu and Fatima Heeren, Woman in Islam (London: Islamic Foundation, 1978) p 23 Hazleton, op cit, pp 45-46 Ibid, p 47 Ibid, p 49 Swidler, op cit, pp 144-148 Hazleton, op cit, pp 44-45 Eugene Hillman, Polygamy Reconsidered: African Plural Marriage and the Christian Churches (New York: Orbis Books, 1975) p 140 Ibid, p 17 Ibid, pp 88-93 Ibid, pp 92-97 Philip L Kilbride, Plural Marriage For Our Times (Westport, Conn: Bergin & Garvey, 1994) pp 108-109 The Weekly Review, Aug 1, 1987 Kilbride, op cit, p 126 John D'Emilio and Estelle B Freedman, Intimate Matters: A history of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988) p 87 Ute Frevert, Women in German History: from Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation (New York: Berg Publishers, 1988) pp 263-264
Ibid, pp 257-258 Sabiq, op cit, p 191 Hillman, op cit, p 12 Nathan Hare and Julie Hare, ed, Crisis in Black Sexual Politics (San Francisco: Black Think Tank, 1989) p 25 Ibid, p 26 Kilbride, op cit, p 94 Ibid, p 95 Ibid Ibid, pp 95-99 Ibid, p 118 Lang, op cit, p 172 Kilbride, op cit, pp 72-73 Sabiq, op cit, pp 187-188 Abdul Rahman Doi, Woman in Shari'ah (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1994) p 76 Menachem M Brayer, The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature: A Psychosocial Perspective (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing House, 1986) p 239 Ibid, pp 316-317 Also see Swidler, op cit, pp 121-123 Ibid, p 139 Susan W Schneider, Jewish and Female (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984) p 237 Ibid, pp 238-239
Alexandra Wright, "Judaism", in Holm and Bowker, ed, op cit, pp 128-129 Clara M Henning, "Cannon Law and the Battle of the Sexes" in Rosemary R Ruether, ed, Religion and Sexism: Images of Woman in the Jewish and Christian Traditions (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974) p 272 Donald B Kraybill, The riddle of the Amish Culture (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989) p 56 Khalil Gibran, Thoughts and Meditations (New York: Bantam Books, 1960) p 28 The Times, Nov 18, 1993 :) ( : ) ( : ) ( ( :) :) ( : ) (