5 2 2008 177 185 3 Cognitive psychology of visual illusion Akiyoshi KITAOKA (College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University) Visual illusion refers to the visual phenomenon where the perception of an object is not consistent with its real characteristics. Visual illusions have traditionally been studied within the psychology of perception, because there is relatively little influence of high-order or cognitive processing. In this paper, I present various face illusions and discuss the feasibility of a cognitive psychology of visual illusions. Key words : visual illusion, cognitive psychology, geometrical illusion, motion perception, color, face 3 2 2007 (cognition) (perception) (visual illusion) (Robinson, 1972/1998) 2007b (Figure 1) 1998, 2000 Figure 1 177
2 5 2 Figure 1. / (a) 0123 / + 4 56 (Popple and Sagi, 2002; Popple and Levi, 2002) 78 9:; <= >?@ ABC DEF <GHIJ 5@ 78 KL A 9:; (b) S / + J T U V W H X M NOPQ R BC (Logvinenko, 1999) Y Z [+\(78 K] ^ 5 _ ` NOab A c), (c) f / + ghh (Munker, 1970) i SdedSdedS BC NOjfAklHmf <nc@ jof <pc@ BC NOqfArqf <ns@ tqf <p (d) u v w A x B C / + y z D{ }F <~ 2005 a; s@ B C Murakami, Kitaoka, & Ashida, 2006@ [ A }+ BC ῐῌῑῒ 178 (Thatcher illusion)!"#$% &'( ) * +, -.( ) *
Figure 2. (Thompson, 1980) Figure 3. 4 2 (dramatically di#erent) (Thompson, 1980) Figure 2 (face inversion e#ect) (Arnheim, 1954; Ellis, 1975; Goldstein, 1965; Rock, 1974; Valentine, 1988; Yin, 1970) (upside-down face) Figure 3 4 2 179
5 2 Figure 4. (Wollaston, 1824) Figure 5. (thatcherization) (Murray, Yong, & Rhodes, 2000; Stürzel & Spillmann, 2000) Figure 6. (luminance-induced gaze shift) (bloodshot illusion) (Ando, 2002) 3 Ando (2002) 180
Figure 7. 3 (Purkinje-Sanson image) Figure 8. 3 Figure 3 (Wollaston, 1824) Figue 4 Figure 5 Ando (2002) (bloodshot illusion) (Figure 6) 181
5 2 Figure 9. (a) (b) (Figure 7) (Figure 8) (Figure 9a) (Figure 9b) 2007 (Figure 10a) 2007 (Figue 10b) Bourdon, 1902; 2005b Figure 11 2006 182
Figure 9. Figure 10. (a) (b) 183
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