The Iwakura Mission in St. Petersburg: Description of Saint Petersburg Foundling Home in Bei-O Kairan Jikki Bannai Tomoko The Iwakura Mission is the last and the greatest of the six government missions during the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the beginning of the Meiji era. It was led by four great statesmen and revolutionaries of the Meiji Restoration, Iwakura Tomomi, the Ambassador; Okubo Toshimichi, Kido Takayoshi and Ito Hirobumi, the Vice-Ambassadors. In addition to preparing conditions for the revision of the unequal treaties, they tried to study the Western countries in order to acquire a new state vision for reborn Japan. The o$cial report of the whole journey Bei-O Kairan Jikki, written by Kume Kunitake described, except political a#airs, all the details of what the Mission had seen and experienced. From a cultural point of view, the most interesting descriptions are the non-economic ones, for the aim of their visits to industrial factories was only to learn how to make a rich nation. When they visited social or cultural facilities, they weren[t ready to think about them. One of these experiences was their visit to the Foundling Home in St. Petersburg. At that time, the social tradition of setting up foundling homes had not yet taken root in Japan. It is a very interesting fact that during the time before the Iwakura Mission, some wrecked Japanese seamen visited Russian foundling homes. After returning to Japan, they were interrogated by the 83
13 2001 authorities, and the information about those facilities is found in the o$cial reports. In this paper by mainly reading the description of Foundling Homes in Bei-O Kairan Jikki and referring to other materials, we study the cultural thinking on social welfare, especially social childcare, of the Iwakura Mission. : 1. 4 1871 11 12 1 1 4 1873 3 30 1873 1 1 6 4 2 1 16 50 13 9 84
5 5 1878 61 65 5 1 2 2. 2 3 33 85
13 2001 30 2 4 86
3. 2 3 64 9 1873 4 9 3 28 5 1977 82 90 3 6 7 87
13 2001 91 1km 1 91 1 3 68 91 1872 6 27 351 351 352 2 4 88
... 91 3 4 92 36 6 4 9 2 5 2 10 1 15 20 250 7,000 8 93 5 93 120 89
13 2001 4 9 7 8 11 12 9 4 6 10 Bir'evye vedomosti 1873 3 28 P. G. 1812 1881 11 3 90
4. 1873 4 9 3 28 Vospitatel;nyj dom 18 1 1706 1 1 2 2 1704 1795 1764 1766 1770 1771 1828 37 2 2 91
13 2001 3 18 1 1701 foundling home, hôpital des enfants trouvés vospitat= 13 16 18 1833 16 19 92
1917 4 1 18 1 1752 1828 12 18 20 18? 93
13 2001 1803 1771 5. 1794 2 1791 10 10 29 12 3 3 1 94
13 14 4 5 18 6 15 1803 1807 16 17 95
13 2001 1866 19 12 18 19 7,000 1882 9,000 94 20 19 21 8 1874 75 96
22 1875 6. 7 18 19 80 17 D. L. 23 1789 97
13 2001 24 155 5 19 1872 6 27 25 98
1871 1874 26 10 1 1993 1995 1976 2 1986 1994 1977 6 1 1984 2 52 3 Verbeck, Guido Herman Fridolin 1830 1898 1859 40 1991 1 1978 1872 8 6 J. M. 210 215 4 1961 1 5 1918 1 19 99
13 2001 12 6 1967 344 7 Anihkov dvorec 39 18 3 8 1901 1872 7582 6280 Ransel, D. L. 1988. Mother of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia. Prinston, Appendix p. 306 9 345 10 342 343 11 1 12 Troyat, H. 1959. La vie quotidienne en Russie au temps du dernier Tsar. Librairie Hachette. 2000 1903 13 1990 188 14 189 15 1986 266 16 1993 436 17 436 18 1972 26 19 26 27 20?nciklopediheskij slovar; Brokgauza i Efrona, t. 7 1892 SPb., str. 277. 21 27 22 1985 32 100 23 Ransel, D. L. 1988 p. 82. 24 1985 1 6 216 25 2000 19 100
50 26 1872 1874 1897 30 Annenkova,?. A. Golikov, {. P. 1997 Russkie Ol;denburgskie i ix dvorcy. SPb. Mixnevih, Vl. sost. 1874 Peterburg ves; na ladoni. SPb. Moskva:?nciklopediq 1997 M. Otehestvennaqistoriq:?nciklopediq. 1994 Moskva. Puwkarev, I. I. 1838 1842 2000 Nikolaevskij Peterburg. SPb. Sankt-Peterburg Petrograd Leningrad:?nciklopediheskij spravohnik. 1992 SPb. Ransel, D. L. 1988. Mother of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia. Princeton. 1988 9 1989 2000 1986 1994 18 1985 Cole, J. 1996. A Sudden and Terrible Revelation: Motherhood and Infant Mortality in France, 1858 1874. Journal of Family History, 21 4. London. Tilly, L. A., Fuchs, R. G., Kertzer, D. I., & Ransel, D. L. 1992. Child Abandonment in European History: A Symposium. Journal of Family History, 17 1. London. 101