Journal of Nanjing Normal University( Social Science) Johnson

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1 ( ) Journal of Nanjing Normal University( Social Science) Jul., 2005 No. 4 (, ) : 1970, , : ; ; ; : B84: A : (2005) , : 11 D. W. Johnson & R. T. 1806,,Park Dewey, 1970 [ 1 ] (pp. 4 11) 1960, D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson Johnson,520, 100,,,,,,, [ 4 ] (pp ) 2000, D. W.,, Johnson & R. T. Johnson Stanne,900, 1970, R. E. Slavin [ 5 ] ( Studentπs Team A2 chievement D ivisions, STAD ) [ 2 ] (pp ), ; Elliot A ronson (J igsaw) [ 3 ] (pp ) ,,, ,,, 21,,,, ; : :(1965 ),,, 110

2 ,,,,,,, 31 D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson (1993),, : [ 6 ] (p. 89),,,,,, 41,,,,,,, 1990,, ,,: 11,, group learning, cooperative learning, collaborative learning,,team learn2 ing,, L ight MeVarech (1992), W inzer ( 1995),, [ 7 ] (p. 28) ; D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnson ( 1999),, [ 8 ] (pp ), : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) (4), ( 5),,,,,,,,,, 21, 1990, :, ( ),, [ 9 ] (pp ),,,(), :, [ 10 ] (pp ) ;, ;, [ 11 ] (pp ) 111

3 , 1990, 2004, Dawson Han2 cock, 15, :, [ 12 ] (pp ) ; 2000, A lan Ram say, Dean Han2 lon David Sm ith : / / / /, /, / / [ 13 ] (pp ) Hutchinson & Gul,,, 31, [ 14 ] (pp ) : (1), :,,,,,,, ;,,,, 112,,,,, (2),,:,,,,,,, (3),,, (4) A lexanderw. Chizhik, ( ),,,,,, [ 15 ] (pp ) 41 : (1) ; 1996, Slavin [ 16 ] (pp ),

4 , Lou et al. (1996a, 1996b), :,??? :,, ; ;, [ 17 ] W ebb,,,,, [ 18 ] (pp ) (2) D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson,,,, [ 19 ] (pp ),,,,,,, Robyn M. Gillies 223, :,,,, [ 20 ] (pp ) (3) Paulttelloyd Elizabeth G. Cohen, :, [ 21 ] (pp ) Ian A. G. W ilkinson Irene Y. Y. Fung [ 22 ] (pp ),,,,,,,,, : [ 1 ]. [M ]., 1994: [ 2 ]W ittrock M C. The cognitive M ovem ent in Instruction [ J ]. Educational Psychology, 1978, 71: [ 3 ]R. E... : [ J ]., 1994 (1) : [ 4 ]D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnso. Learning together and alone: cooperative, com petitive, and individualistic learning [ J ]. Needham Heights,MA: A llyn & Bacon. 1999, 3: [ 5 ]D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson, &M. B. S tanne, cooper2 ative learning m ethods: a m eta2analysis. M ethods of coopera2 tive learning: w hat can w e prove w orks? Retrieved August 113

5 42000, from the word wide web: http: /www. clcrc. com /pa2 ges/ cl2methods. htm l. [ 6 ]D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson, & E. G. Holubec. C ir2 cles of L earning: Cooperation in the C lassroom [M ]. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company. 1993: 89. [ 7 ]W inzer, M. Educational Psychology in the Canadian class2 room. [M ]. Canadia Scarbrough, Ontarion: A llyn & Bacon. 1995: 28. [ 8 ]D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnson. & Johnson2Holubec, E. J. Making cooperative learning work [ J ]. Theory into Prac2 tice, 1999, 38 ( 2) : [ 9 ] Azm itia, M., & Crowley, K. The rhythm s of scientific thinking: A study of collaboration in anearthquake m i2 croworld. In K. Crowley & C. D. Schunn & T. Okada ( Eds. ), Designing for science: Imp lications for everyday, classroom, and p rofessional settings. M ahwah, NJ: Erl2 baum, 2001: [ 10 ] Hogan, K., Nastasi, B. K., & Pressley, M. D iscourse patterns and collaborative scientific reasoning in peer and teacher2guided discussions [ J ]. Cognition and Instruction, 2000, 17 (4) : [ 11 ]Berkowitz, M. W., & Gibbs, J. C. M easuring the devel2 opmental features of moral discussion: Merrill2Palmer Quarterly, 1983, 29 ( 4) : [ 12 ]Dawson Hancock. Cooperative learning and peer orientation effects on m otivation and achievem ent[ J ]. Journal of Educa2 tional Research 2004, 97 ( 3) : [ 13 ]A lan Ram say, Dean Hanlon & David Sm ith. The associa2 tion betw een cognitive style and accounting studentsπprefer2 ence for cooperative learning: an em pirical investigation [ J ]. Journal of accounting education2000 ( 18) : [ 14 ] Rachel A. Lotan. Group2w orthy tasks [ J ]. Educational Leadership, 2003, 3: [ 15 ]A lexander W. Chizhik. Can students w ork together equita2 bly? A n analysis of task effects in collaborative group w ork [ J ]. Social p sychology of education1999 ( 3) : [ 16 ] Slavin. Research on cooperative learning and achievem ent: W hat w e know, w hat w e need to know [ J ]. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1996 ( 21) : [ 17 ]Lou, y., ABRAM I. P. C., SPENCE, J. C., DπAPOLLON IA, S. CHAMBERS. B. & POULSEN, A m eta2analysis of the effects of hom ogeneous versus heteroge2 neous group ablity com position on student achievem ent: loo2 king at the best evidence. [ C ] Paper p resentet at the an2 nual meeting of the Amercia Educational Research A ssocia2 tion, New York. 1996a, Ap ril. [ 18 ]W ebb, N. M. Peer interaction and learning in sm all groups [ J ]. International Journal of Education Research (13) : [ 19 ] D. W. Johnson & R. T. Johnson. Cooperative learning and achievem ent[ J ]. S. Sharan ( Ed. ), Cooperative learn2 ing: Theory and research. New York: Praeger. : [ 20 ] Robyn M. Gillies. The effects of cooperative learning on junior high school students during sm all group learning [ J ]. Learning and Instruction ( 14) : [ 21 ] Paulttelloyd & Elizabeth G. Cohen. Peer status in the m id2 dle school: A natural treatm ent for unequal participation [ J ]. Social Psychology of Education, 1999 ( 3 ) : [ 22 ] Ian A. G. W ilkinson & Irene Y. Y. Fung. Sm all2group com position and peer effects[ J ]. International Journal of Ed2 ucational Research ( 37) : ( :) A BAS IC TREND O F COO PERAT IVE L EARN ING RESEARCH D ING Gui2feng (Center for Psychology and Behavior Research, Tianjin Normal Univ., Tianjin , China) Abstract: Cooperative learning is one of the research focuses in the field of educational p sychologicy since the 1970 s. This research analyses the lim itations in recent studies and points out that cooperative learning has been making headway since the 1990 s. and that the suitable conditions for cooperative learning are not clear; the evalua2 tion system is not perfect; the learning strategy is dull and the teacherπs orientation is not accurate. So this research exp lores the trend of cooperative learning. That is to say, team sp irit w ill be taken more seriously, the cognitive construction, task feature and group construction w ill be more underscored. Key words: cooperative learning; team; structure of small group; task character 114