Social structure of a group of Sichuan snub2nosed monkeys ( Rhi nopit hecus roxella na) in the Qinling Mountains of China 3

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1 49 (6) : , 2003 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 33 (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) ( E, N), (One2male unit, OMU) , , (Data recorded with verbal descriptions) (Data recorded with sketches), : 26 13, OMU 719, ; (3 4 ) OMU,, OMU, 45 : > > > > > > >, [ 49 (6) : , 2003 ] ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) Social structure of a group of Sichuan snub2nosed monkeys ( Rhi nopit hecus roxella na) in the Qinling Mountains of China 3 ZHAN G Peng L I Bao2Guo 33 Kazuo WADA Chia L. TAN Kunio WA TANABE ( Biology Depart ment, School of L if e Sciences, Northwest U niversity, Xi an , Chi na) ( Wil dlif e Conservation Society, Inuyama , Japan) ( Center f or Reproduction of Endangered S pecies, The Zoological Society of S an Diego, P. O. Box , S an Diego, CA , USA ) ( Pri mate Research Instit ute, Kyoto U niversity, Inuyama , Japan) Abstract On the basis of provisioning and identifying individuals of a group of Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithe2 cus roxellana) in the north slope of the Qinling Mountains in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi, China ( E, N), we were able to identify each individual and observe the behaviors displayed by these monkeys between 015 and 20 meters away. In the 422 recording hours of 73 observing days, Data recorded with verbal descriptions and sketches revealed that this group was consisted of one2male units (OMU) from October 2001 to February 2002, 63 individuals in total : adult males, 26 adult females, sub adult females, 13 juveniles, and infants. OMU size range from 7 to 12 individuals, the average number of unit s members was 719. Adult males adult females sub2adult females juveniles infants was Due to mature individuals fixing and immature individuals immigrating, OMU s size was increased in the spring (March and April in 2002). A d libitum sampling was used to record the aggres2 sive behavior and submissive behavior. Dominance index analysis showed a linear dominance ranking order existing among these units : HT > HD > CM > TT > J ZT > DZ > ZZ > BZT. No leader male who leads andguards his group was , (No ) [ This research was funded by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No ), Zoological Society of San Diego, Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation, and Daiko Foundation of Japan ] 33 (Corresponding author). E2mail : edu. cn,, 25, : ν 2003 Acta Zoologica Sinica

2 founded in this group [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 49 (6) : , 2003 ]. Key words Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), Social structure, One2male unit (OMU), Individ2 ual identification, Food provisioning, Dominance index, et al., 1996), : (Monogamy group), OMU (One2male group Matri2 lineal2harem group) ( Kirkpatrick et al., 199b ; Fukuda et al., ( Polygamy ) ( Matrilineal2multi2 male group),? ( Patrilineal2multi2male group ) (, 2000 ;, 2002) (Davies et al., 1994),,, 5 20,,,,, ( Struh2, saker et al., 197 ; Davies et al., 1994 ; White2 head et al., 2000),, al., 2002) ( Rhinopithecus roxellana),,, 2001,,,,,,, (Jablonski, 199 ; Kirkpatrick, 199a ;, 2000 ; Whitehead et al., 2000), 111, (199), ( E, N),,,, ( m) ( m), (2000) (2 600 m ) 2, 90,, 110, (One2male unit, OMU), 112, (All2male unit, AMU), m, 15 m 30 m, ( E, N), (Matrilin2 ( 1 3 1), eal or female2bonded societies) ( Srivastava AMU, 2002) OMU OMU (, 2000 ; Fukuda et 1 kg/, 9 : : : 00

3 6 : , 73, %) 2), 5 m ( ( 7 ) : 61 %) ( 33 %) ;, ;,, 15 m,, ( 6 %) ( ( ) ; ; 5 %) 9 % 61 %, ( 5 ) : 90 % 67 %,, ; 6 % 59 %, 90 %,, 63 %, 7 % 5 %,,,, 7 % 59 %,, 90 % 64 %,, ; 91 % 72 % 3) ;, 4) ( 3 4 ) :,,, ; 5),, ; 2 m 1 min,, 2 ( 1 3 ) : m 6) (, 7) ), ;, ( ),,,, ; ( ) : 116, (Verbal ; ; descriptions) ( Sketches),, 10 : : 00 OMU /, ( ) : 9 : : : 00 ;,, ;, ;, ;, OMU, 3 ( A d libit um sampling) ) ( OMU OMU 015 OMU 20 m,, (, ; ) ( ),

4 ( % OMU ), OMU 50 %,,, ( 2), OMU 212 OMU, 3 4 OMU, OMU OMU ( ),, 73 45, 7 / OMU, 20, 1 OMU 117 (Dominant index), OMU,, (Zumpe et al., 196 ;, 1990) : 1), ,, ; 2) ,, 73 ; 3), OMU, > >, > > > > > ( 5) ; 4), ( Presbytis potenziani ) , OMU, 10, 7 (Newton et al., 1994),, : Kanha ( Sem nopithecus entell us) 3 2 1, 11 34, 4 OMU, 63 ( 26 ( T rachypithecus pileat us) ),, 2 5 (Stanford, 1991) OMU = ,,, 3 311, ( Procolobus badius) 15 (Newton, 197), Madhupur, 2 OMU ( One2male unit ), Kawai ( 30 %) ( 2), (1979) ( Theropithecus gelada ) 2, OMU ( ) 50 %, 62 %,,, OMU

5 6 : Table 1 Composition of the provisioned group from Oct. 1, 2001 to Feb. 06, 2002 ( ) Adult male Adult female Subadult female J uvenile Infant Total (excluding new born) ( Heitou) ( Yuanlian) (Baidian) ( Yizuomao) 7 (Xiaokeng) (2 unnamed) (Jingzitou) (Duanweihou) (Jiguan) (Xiaoheiwei) ( Zhaibanhou) (1 unnamed) ( Kuanbanhou) ( Hongxinmei) ( Hongdian) ( Faqia) (Baibei) ( Heipigu) 10 (Baitou Nuxia) ( Xiaojinmao) (2 unnamed) (Aoxian) ( Wuxian) ( Tutou) (Shuanghang) (Shangba) 7 ( Heixian) (1 unnamed) (Banheixian) ( Pianfen) (Duanzhi) (Zamao (Luanwei) (Shuwei) ( Heidian) (1 unnamed) ( Guogaitou) ( Huaxin) (Changmao) ( Heiwei) (Qianqian) (Shuangxuan) ( Tiemao) (Danheimao) (1 unnamed) (Baixian) (Bazitou) ( Xiangchang) ( Hongtoupa) (Naizui) (Zhamao) (Xiaobai) (Beitou) ( Xiaochazi) (Zhongzhi) (Citutou) ( Xiaohuishu) (Zuobai) 7 (Baixuan) ( Erdaomao) (Xiaoban) : (Composition of the provisioned group from October 2001 to February 2002) ( A) ( B) Table 2 Individual number change in the age2sex classes of the provisioned group between Oct Feb ( A) and Mar. - Apr ( B) Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Total (Adult male) (Adult female) (Sub2adult female) A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B (J uvenile) ( Infant) ( Total) : ( Hongdian and Duanzhi units were disappeared temporally from January 10 to February )

6 OMU Table 3 Matrices of aggressive behavior among one2male units ( OMUs) A / R Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Sum ( Heitou) (Jingzitou) ( Hongdian) ( Tutou) (Duanzhi) (Changmao) (Bazitou) ( Zhongzhi) (Sum) A : (A : Actor of aggressive behavior) R : ( R : Receiver of aggressive behavior) 4 OMU Table 1 Matrices of submissive behavior among ( OMUs) R / A Heitou Jingzitou Hongdian Tutou Duanzhi Changmao Bazitou Zhongzhi Sum ( Heitou) (Jingzitou) ( Hongdian) ( Tutou) (Duanzhi) (Changmao) (Bazitou) ( Zhongzhi) (Sum) A : (A : Actor of submissive behavior) R : ( R : Receiver of submissive behavior) 5 OMU ( M S E) Table 5 The dominance index of OMUs of the band ( M S E) Heitou Hongdian Changmao Tutou Jingzitou Duanzhi Zhongzhi Bazitou (Dominance index) ( Ranking order) ( Times aggrieved by other units) ( Times of receiving submissive behavior from other units) M ( M : Dominance index),, OMU :

7 6 : 733 OMU OMU 50 %,, OMU ;,, 26 13, 313 OMU 313 1, (1990), 30 % 57 %,, OMU,, OMU ( R. bieti) ( OMU 14 ) ( R. av uncul us) (, 1512 ), ( R. brelichi) ( 611 ) ( Kirkpatrick et al., 199b ; Boonratana et al., 199 ; Bleisch et al., 1993 ) OMU ( 313 1) ( ) (311 1), (212 1) OMU, (11 1) ( Wu, 1993 ; Bleisch et al., 1993 ; Boon2 ratana et al., 199) OMU,,, (, 2000 ; Li et al., 2000), OMU,, ( 719 ) ( 1, ), (313 1),, (6196 1), 6, OMU (, 2000),, 312 OMU OMU, OMU,, OMU, > OMU, 63 > > > > > > 2 ( 30 %) ( 5) OMU ( Kawai, OMU, 1979), OMU,, OMU,, , 719, 10, 7 ( 5), OMU OMU,,, OMU ( 2 m),,,,, OMU, 7, 13,, 5,,, OMU OMU, OMU ( 50 %) (, 62 %) ( %), OMU,,

8 ,, nosed Monkeys.,, OMU,, OMU OMU OMU, OMU, OMU OMU Fukuda, F., D. Wada and B. OMU 314, OMU, (, 199 ;, 2000), 1),, ; 2) OMU, OMU OMU,, OMU ( ),,, ; 3), OMU, OMU Fumio Fukuda, ( References) Bleisch, W., A. S. Cheng, X. D. Ren and J. H. Xie 1993 Pre2 liminary result from a field study of wild Guizhou snub2nosed mon2 keys ( Rhi nopithecus brelichi). Folia Pri matol. 60 : Boonratana, R. and X. C. Le 199 Preliminary observations of the ecology and behavior of the Tonkin snub2nosed monkey [ ( Rhi no2 pithecus ( Presbytiscus) avunculus) ] in northern Vietnam. In : Jablonski, N. G. ed. The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub Chen, F. G., Z. L. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 207 Min, S. Y. Luo and W. Z. Xie 199 An ob2 servation on the behavior and some ecological habits of the golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in Qinling Mountains. In : Chen, F. G. ed. Progress in the Study of Golden Monkey. Xi an : Northwest University Press, [,,, 199 ( Rhi nopithecus rox2 ellana). :.. :, ]. Davies, A. G 1994 Colobine populations. In : Davies, A. G. and J. F. Oates ed. Colobine Monkeys : Their Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, G. Li 2002 Social organization of golden monkeys ( Rhinopithecus). A nthropological Science 110 :. Jablonski, N. G. 199 The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub2 nosed Monkeys. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 1 9. Kawai, M Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Ba2 boons. Tokyo : Kodansha Ltd., Kirkpatrick, R. C. 199a Ecology and behavior in snub2nosed and douc langurs. In : Jablonski, N. G. ed. The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub2nosed Monkeys. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, Kirkpatrick, R. C., Y. C. Long, T. Zhong and L. Xiao 199b Social organization and range use in the Yunnan snub2nosed monkey Rhi nopithecus bieti. Int. J. Pri matol. 19 : Li, B. G., C. Chen, W. H. Ji and B. P. Ren 2000 Seasonal home range changes of the Sichuan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhi nopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Folia Pri matol. 71 : Newton, P. N. 197 The social organization of forest Hanuman lan2 gurs ( Presbytis entell us). Int. J. Pri matol. : Newton, P. N. and R. I. M. Dunbar 1994 Colobine monkey soci2 ety. In : Davies, A. G. and J. F. Oates ed. Colobine Monkeys : Their Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. University Press, Cambridge : Cambridge Quan, G. Q. and J. H. Xie 2002 Research on the Golden Monkey. Shanghai : Shanghai Technology and Education Press, [, :, ] Ren, R. M., Y. J. Su,, K. H. Yan, H. J. Qi and W. Y. Bao 1990 Social relationships among golden monkeys in breeding case. Acta Psychol. Si n. 3 : [,,,, : ] Ren, R. M., K. H. Yan, Y. J. Su, Y. Zhou, J. J. Li, Z. Q. Zhu, Z. L. Hu and Y. F. Hu 2000 The Society of Golden Monkey ( Rhi nopithecus roxellanae). Beijing : Beijing University Press, [,,,,,,, :, ]

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