Relationship bet ween sexual solicitations and urinary estradiol in the female sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) 3

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1 49 (6) : , 2003 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 33 (, ) (, ) (, ) ,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 49 (6) : , 2003 ] Relationship bet ween sexual solicitations and urinary estradiol in the female sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) 3 YAN Cai2E J IAN G Zhi2Gang 33 L I Chun2Wang ZEN G Yan TAN Ni2Ni XIA Shu2Zhong ( Instit ute of Zoology, Chi nese Academy of Sciences, Beiji ng , Chi na) ( Chengdu Zoo, Chengdu , Chi na) ( S hanghai Wil d A ni mal Park, S hanghai , Chi na) Abstract To evaluate the relationship between solicitation behaviors and estradiol levels in Sichuan golden monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), we observed a group of Sichuan golden monkeys under semi2wild conditions in the Shanghai Wild Animal Park from Oct. to Dec. in 2001 and from Sept. to Nov. in We recorded the frequency of sexual solic2 itation behavior of the four adult females in the family unit. During behavior observation we also collected urine samples in the early morning. Samples were frozen until analyses. We measured urinary estradiol levels by using radioimmunoassay. Levels of creatinine in the urine samples were measured using the standard Jaffe reaction. Hormone levels are expressed as the ratio to creatinine in order to calibrate the dilution of urine samples. In 2001 each female in Shanghai Wild Animal Park experienced two or three estrous cycles. When aligned to the estradiol peak in each female s cycle, the frequency of female solicitation varied systematically with change in estradiol level. Solicitations only occur around the ovulatory period of the female s cycle. The frequency of solicitation rose to a peak following the peak of estradiol level. The strong correla2 tions between solicitation and estradiol level suggests that ovarian steroids modulate sexual behavior during the nonfertile cycle in the Sichuan golden monkey. The peak frequency of solicitation by different females in the same family in 2001 were not synchronized but evenly distributed. In 2002 the dates becoming pregnancy of the four females are also separated ( Sep. 22, 10, 17, 18 and 22). Asynchrony of solicitation may serve to avoid mating competition between females in the same family. Social status can influence the stage of oestrus. Females with high social status become pregnancy earlier than others. The first one becoming pregnancy during our observation is the ordinate one in the group. Based on the level of urinary estradiol we could estimate the date of impregnation. We found that females even frequently solicited mating during pregnancy. The solicitation patterns of the four adult females during pregnancy are the same. During the first , ( KSCX221203, KSCX22SW2118, KSCX32IOZ202 ) ( G ) [ This research was funded by grants from the Knowledge Innovation Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences ( No. KSCX221203, KSCX22SW2118, KSCX32IOZ202) and State Key Program for Basic Research and Development (No. G ) ] 33 (Corresponding author). E2mail : ioz. ac. cn, 25, : ν 2003 Acta Zoologica Sinica

2 6 : days of the pregnancy all of them do not silicate male. They solicit more during the second than the first year of the pregnancy. Most of those solicitations were accepted by alpha male and resulted in copulations and sometimes we can ob2 serve spermatic fluid at the penis. But there was no significant relationship between sexual solicitation and urinary estradiol during pregnancy and 14 days after pregnancy the estradiol levels are much higher than the estradiol peak in nonfertile cy2 cles ( pg/ ml Cr). Thus we cannot consider these behaviors as a mere result of endocrinological changes [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 49 (6) : , 2003 ]. Key words Sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), Ovarian cycle, Pregnancy, Sexual solicitation, Estradiol ( Young, 1961),,,,,, ( Young,? 1937) ;,,,, (Diakow, 1974 ; Pfaff et al., 1978),, 111, 4 (Doyle, 1974) 14,, 1, (12 ), 3 (1 #, 15 ; 2 #,,, 2002 ) 3 ; 1 (Birkhead (10 ), 1 (8 ) 2 et al., 1987 ; Hrdy, 1988 ; Wrangham, 1993), (,, ( M acaca m ulatta) 2000) 900 m 2 ( Goy, 1979),, 5 m 20 m 413 m 3 ( ) ( Hrdy et al., 1987 ), ( Chlorocebus aethiops) (Rowell, 1970),,,, Wallen (2001) 112, 4 ( 1 #, 2 #, 3 #, 4 #, 4 # 2002 ), (2000) ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) :,,, 9 12,,,, 4 5 ( Zhang et al., 2000), (, 1995),,, (Ren et al., 1995) (2002) 1 17 ; 3 #, 11 ), 1 (4 #, 4 ; (5, 3 ) 1,,,, , 2,, 6, 180

3 , 113, , 2001,, 7 : 00 8 : 00,,,,,, ( 1), 2 ml 212,,, - 20 C ( pg/ ml ) (Carosi et al., 0, ) ( 2),,,, (11 3 / 2 ), ( One2 114 Way ANOVA, F (1, 125) = , P < 01001) Abraham ( 1975) Yalow ( 1992) ,, SN2682 : 1 #, 9 22 ; 2 #, 9 17 ; 3 #,, Jaff 9 10 ; 4 #, # ( Czekala et al., 1994), 10 28,,,,, ( 3) Fig. 1 Sexual solicitations initiated by female golden monkeys during Oct. to Dec in the Shanghai Wild Animal Park ( The peaks of sexual solicitations of the three females in the same family distributed evenly)

4 6 : 739 2, (Wallen, 1982), Fig. 2 Daily frequency of sexual solicitation initiated by ( Wallen, female golden monkeys synchronized with 1990) estradiol peak in female cycle stage 313 One2Way ANOVA, F 1,125 = , P < ( Error bars indicate standard errors) 14,, 10 15,,,, ( 3) , 5 7,,,, (Dixon, 1990 ; Aujard et al., 1998) ( Goy, 1979), ( 3) 4 ( Presbytis entell us) (Sommer et al., 1992), ,, (, 2003),, 2002 Zinner et al. (1994) ( Papio ham adryas),,, ( M acaca radiata) ( ( Silk, 1989) ) (Walker et al., 1983),,,, (Asa et al., 1990 ; Creel et al., 1996), ( Harcourt, 1987), 3 #,

5 , 4 Fig. 3 Solicitations by four female golden monkeys and the level of urinary estradiol from Sep. to Nov (Aug. 31 is day 0 of the observation) ; 14,,,, (Arrowheads indicated the date when the level of estradiol begin to increase instead of dropping to the basal level, which is an indication of pregnancy. Note that the pregnant females still launched frequent solicitations)

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