Monitoring the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the Sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) by measuring urinary estradiol and progesterone 3

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1 49 (5) : , 2003 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 33 (, ) (, ) (, ) Monitoring the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the Sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) by measuring urinary estradiol and progesterone 3 YAN Cai2E J IAN G Zhi2Gang 33 L I Chun2Wang ZEN G Yan TAN Ni2Ni XIA Shu2Zhong ( Instit ute of Zoology, Chi nese Academy of Sciences, Beiji ng , Chi na) ( Chendu Zoo, Chengdu , Chi na) ( S hanghai Wil d A ni mal Park, S hanghai , Chi na) Abstract During two consecutive mating seasons from August 2001 to December 2002, we observed the sexual behavior of Sichuan golden monkeys in the Chengdu Zoo and the Shanghai Wild Animal Park. We collected urine samples from fe2 males in the early morning. We also measured urinary estradiol and progesterone levels using radioimmunoassay. Based on the estradiol concentration during the menstrual cycle, we discovered that the length of the menstrual cycle was days. The length of pregnancy was about 200 days. The level of estradiol after impregnation was significantly different with the level during the same period in the non2receptive part of the cycle. Thus we could diagnose early pregnancy in female Sichuan golden monkeys by checking their urinary estradiol level [ Acta Zoologica Sinica 49 (5) : , 2003 ]. Key words Sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), Estradiol, Progesterone, Radioimmunoassay, Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy 2001),,,, (Li et al., 2001 ; Wasser et al., 1988),, ( Zhang et al., 2000 ;, (Lasley et al.,, 2002) 1991 ; J urke et al., 2000),, ( Whitten et (Ren et al., 1995) (1995) al., 1998 ; Carosi et al., 1999 ; Bardi et al.,, 9 12, , (No. KSCX221203, No. KSCX22SW2118) [ This research was funded by Knowledge Innovation Pro2 gram of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX221203, No. KSCX22SW2118) ] 33 (Corresponding author). E2mail : ioz. ac. cn, 25, : E2mail : ioz. ac. cn ν 2003 Acta Zoologica Sinica

2 , Abraham (1975) Yalow (1992),,,,,,, SN2682, , 1, 1 2 ( 1 ) 1,, 610 m 510 m 515 m,, , , 14 3, (2002, 4 ) 3 ; 1 1, ( pg/ ml ) m 2, 5 m 20 m, 0,, m 3 (31 22 pg/ ml ), 1,,, 112,, 1, 7 : 00 8 : 00,,,, 2 ml,, - 20 C,, Fig. 1 Changes in estradiol concentration during 1 non2conceptive cycles in the Sichuan golden, 46, 2, , 3 6 monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana)

3 5 : (1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # ), , # 9 10, 4 # # (012 ng/ ml ) 212, 1995), 200, 2 : 1 # , 3 # 3 29,, 4 # 4 6 : 1 # , + 14, 4 12, 3 # 3 31, 4 # 4 10, (52 47 pg/ ml ),, ( pg/ ml ) (One2Way ANOVA, F 1,8 = 51489, P < 0105), , 311 ( He et 212 al., 2001), ,, 200, ( ),, , 204 ( He et al.,,, 2001),, He et al. (2001) , : 1 # 9 22, 2 # 9 17, 3 ( Zhang et al., 2000 ; 3,, ( Hodges et al., 1986 ;, 2002 Nadler et al., 1993), 2 Fig. 2 Concentration of urinary estradiol before and after impregnation in the Sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) ( The arrow indicates the estimated impregnate date)

4 Fig. 3 Changes in the level of estradiol and progesterone in a female Sichuan golden monkey during pregnancy in the Chengdu Zoo,,,, Ziegler et al. (2000), ( He et al., 2001) 40,, 312 ( References),, 14 ids. J.,,,, hcg ( ), (1995), CG,,, Behav. 36 : , Czekala, N., S., Shideler et al. ( 1983) Astrid et al. ( 1995) Czekala et al. (2000), ( M acaca silenus) ( Gorilla goril2 la) ( Gorilla gorilla beringei) Abraham, G Radioimmunoassay of steroids in biological flu2 Steroi d. Biochem. 6 : Astrid, C. B., S. L. Monfort and K. L. Goodrowe 1995 Monitor2 ing reproductive development, menstrual cyclicity, and pregnancy in the Lowland Gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla) by nzyme Immunoassay. J. Zoo. Med. 26 (1) : Bardi, M., K. Shimizu, S. Fujita, S. Borgognin2Tarli and M. Huff2 man 2001 Hormonal correlates of maternal style in captive macaques ( Macaca f uscata and M. m ulatta). A m. J. Pri ma2 tol. 22 : Carosi, M., M. Heistermann and E. Visalberghi 1999 Display of proceptive behaviors in relation to urinary and fecal progestin levels over the ovarian cycle in female tufted capuchin monkeys. Horm. Pascale 2000 Reproductive monitoring of free2 ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. A m. J. Pri matol. 51 : He, Y. M., Y. J. Pei, R. J. Zou and W. Z. Ji 2001 Changes of urinary steroid conjugates and gonadotropin excretion in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the Yunan snub2nosed monkey ( Rhi nopithecus bieti). A m. J. Pri matol. 55 : Hodges, J. K., R. Tarara, J. P. Hearn and J. G. Else 1986

5 5 : 697 The detection of ovulation and early pregnancy in the baboon by di2 rect measurement of conjugated steroids in urine. A m. J. tol. 10 : Pri ma2 J urke, M. H., L. R. Hagey, S. J urke and N. M. Czekala 2000 Monitoring hormones in urine and feces of captive bonobos ( Pan paniscus). Lasley, B. L. and J. Pri mates 41 (3) : F. Kirpatrick 1991 Monitoring ovarian func2 tion in captive and free2ranging wildlife by means of urinary and fe2 cal steroids. J. Zoo. Wil dl. Med. 22 : Li, C., Z. Jiang, G. Jiang and J. Fang 2001 Seasonal changes of reproductive behavior and fecal steroid concentrations in P re David s deer. Hormones and Behavior 40 : Nadler, R. D., J. F. Dahl and C. D. Collins 1993 Serum and urinary concentrations of sex hormones and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of the gibbon. J. Endocri nol. 136 : Qi, H. J., B. Liang, W. Y. Bao, Y. C. Jia, N. Hama, N. M. Czekala and N. C. Harvey 1995 The hormone change in the urine of female snub2nosed monkeys. Acta Theriol. Sin. 15 (2) : [,,,,, N. M. Czekala, N. C. Harvey 1995 matings and births in captive Sichuan golden monkeys ( Rhi nop (2) : ] Ren, B. P., S. Z. Xia, Q. F. Li, S. Y. Zhang, B. Liang and J. H. Qiu 2002 Male copulatory patterns in captive Sichuan snub2 nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana). Acta Zool. Sin. 48 (5) : [,,,,, (5) : ] Ren, R., K. Yan, Y. Su, H. Qi, B. Liang and W. Bao 1995 The reproductive behavior of golden monkeys in captivity ( Rhi nop2 ithecus roxellana). Pri mates 36 : Shideler, S. E., N. M. Czekala, L. H. Kasman, D. G. Lindburg and B. L. Lasley 1983 Monitoring ovulation implantation in the lion2tailed macaque ( Macaca silenus) through utinary estrone con2 jugate evaluations. Biol. Reprod. 29 : Wasser, S. L., L. Risler and R. A. Steiner 1988 Excreted steroids in primate feces over the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Biol. prod. 39 : Whitten, P. L., D. K. Brockman and R. C. Stavisky 1998 Re2 Re2 cent advances in noninvasive techniques to monitor hormone2behav2 ior interactions. A m. J. Phys. A nthropol. 27 ( Suppl. ) : Yalow, R Radioimmunoassay of hormones. In : Wilson, J. and D. Foster ed. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadel2 phia : W. B. Saunders Co. Zhang, S. Y., B. Liang and L. X. Wang 2000 Seasonality of ithecus roxellana). A m. J. Pri matol. 51 : Ziegler, T., K. Hodges, P. Winkler and M. Heistermann 2000 Hormonal correlates of reproductive seasonality in wild female Hanuman langurs ( Presbytis entellus). A m. J. Pri matol. 51 :

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Relationship bet ween sexual solicitations and urinary estradiol in the female sichuan golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana) 3

49 (6) :736 741, 2003 A cta Zoologica S inica 3 33 (, 100080) (, 610081) (, 201300) 2001 10 12 2002 9 11,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 49 (6) : 736 741, 2003 ] Relationship bet ween sexual solicitations and urinary