ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ

Transcript

1 ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ Ενότητα: ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ & ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΚΟΥ ΤΟΜΕΑ ΑΛΤΙΝΗ ΑΓΑΠΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ & ΒΙΟΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΤΕΥΘΥΝΣΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ i

2 Άδειες Χρήσης Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται σε άδειες χρήσης Creative Commons. Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπως εικόνες, που υπόκειται σε άλλου τύπου άδειας χρήσης, η άδεια χρήσης αναφέρεται ρητώς. Χρηματοδότηση Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό έχει αναπτυχθεί στα πλαίσια του εκπαιδευτικού έργου του διδάσκοντα. Το έργο «Ανοικτά Ακαδημαϊκά Μαθήματα στο TEI Δυτικής Μακεδονίας και στην Ανώτατη Εκκλησιαστική Ακαδημία Θεσσαλονίκης» έχει χρηματοδοτήσει μόνο τη αναδιαμόρφωση του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού. Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος «Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόρους. ii

3 Table Of Contents. 1 Σκοποί ενότητας Περιεχόμενα ενότητας Part I Units UNIT 1.Manufacturing processes & machine tools DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING GRAMMAR GLOSSARY UNIT 2.Lathe DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE Practising grammar: Relative clauses GLOSSARY UNIT 3.Milling Machine DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE GLOSSARY UNIT 4.CNC machines DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE PRACTISING GRAMMAR: INFINITIVES & GERUNDS GLOSSARY Unit 5.Internal combustion engines DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE GLOSSARY Unit 7 Electric motors DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE Expanding language Quiz GLOSSARY Unit 7 Electricity generation & renewable sources DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE iii

4 10.5 PRACTISING GRAMMAR:PASSIVE VOICE GLOSSARY Unit 8 Renewable Energy Sources DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING GRAMMAR GLOSSARY Unit 9 Turbines : Hydraulic turbines DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING GRAMMAR GLOSSARY Unit 10 Central heating DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING LANGUAGE EXPANDING LANGUAGE PRACTISING GRAMMAR GLOSSARY Part II:Grammar Section Tenses SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE GOING TO FUTURE D.SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB TO BE COMPARISONS RELATIVE CLAUSES PASSIVE VOICE INFINITIVES & GERUNDS PARTICIPLES LINKING DEVICES IRREGULAR VERBS GRAMMAR PRACTICE References Παράρτημα Contents of Image. Figure 1 Developing language (1) Figure 2 Developing language (2) Figure 3 Reading comprehension Figure 4 Labelling iv

5 Figure 5 Gap filling- Practice Form Figure 6 Matching terms with definitions Practice Form Figure 7 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 8 Matching processes with definitions- Practice Form Figure 9 Matching term with definitions- Practice Form Figure 10 Gap filling - Practice Form Figure 11 Gap filling : S.Past- Practice Form Figure 12 Gap filling : S.Past - Practice Form Figure 13 Developing language Figure 14 Developing language Figure 15 Understanding information Figure 16 Filling in diagrams- Practice Form Figure 17 Choosing the correct item- Practice Form Figure 18 Matching parts with function- Practice Form Figure 19 Filling in information -Practice Form Figure 20 Gap filling-practice Form Figure 21 Matching processes with function-practice Form Figure 22 Choosing the correct item- Practice Form Figure 23 Filling in relative pronouns / adverbs- Practice Form Figure 24 Producing relative clauses - Practice Form Figure 25 Developing language (1)...27 Figure 26 Developing language (2)...28 Figure 27 Choosing the correct item Figure 28 Choosing the correct item Figure 29 Μatching components with function Figure 30 Matching terms with definitions Figure 31 Filling in missing item Figure 32 Filling in information Figure 33 Headings...33 Figure 34 Developing language (1)...35 Figure 35 Developing language (2)...36 Figure 36 Scanning/ understanding language Figure 37 Matching words (synonyms) (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 38 Filling in information Practice Form Figure 39 Choosing the correct item Practice Form Figure 40 Match information Practice Form Figure 41 Filling in information Practice Form Figure 42 Producing short paragraphs Practice Form Figure 43 Text comprehension Practice Form Figure 44 Filling in gerunds / infinitives Practice Form Figure 45 Developing language (1)...46 Figure 46 Developing language (2)...47 Figure 47 Engine components Figure 48 Picture labelling Figure 49 Choosing the correct item Practice Form Figure 50 Filling in items Practice Form Figure 51 Matching items (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 52 Ordering information Writing short paragraph- Practice Form v

6 Figure 53 Matching information - Practice Form Figure 54 Filling in information - Practice Form Figure 55 Developing language (1)...55 Figure 56 Developing language (2)...56 Figure 57 Choosing the correct information Practice Form Figure 58 Understanding information Practice Form Figure 59 Labelling Practice Form Figure 60 Filling in the correct items Practice Form Figure 61 Linking discourse Practice Form Figure 62 Filling in missing information Practice Form Figure 63 Quiz Practice Form Figure 64 Developing language (1)...63 Figure 65 Developing language (2)...64 Figure 66 Scanning / understanding language Practice Form Figure 67 Filling in the correct items Practice Form Figure 68 Choosing the correct item Practice Form Figure 69 Matching items (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 70 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 71 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 72 Describing changes Practice Form Figure 73 Filling in correct item:past Participle Practice Form Figure 74 Rewriting sentences Practice Form Figure 75 Developing language (1)...72 Figure 76 Developing language (2)...73 Figure 77 Choosing the correct item Practice Form Figure 78 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 79 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 80 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 81 Producing collocations Practice Form Figure 82 Paraphrasing Practice Form Figure 83 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 84 Using derivatives Practice Form Figure 85 Developing language (1)...81 Figure 86 Developing language (2)...82 Figure 87 Choose the correct item Practice Form Figure 88 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 89 Filling in information Practice Form Figure 90 Linking discourse Practice Form Figure 91 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form Figure 92 Matching devices with definition Practice Form Figure 93 Paraphrasing Practice Form Figure 94 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 95 Filling in information Practice Form Figure 96 Gap filling: relative pronouns Practice Form Figure 97 Rewriting sentences: participles Practice Form Figure 98 Developing language (1) Figure 99 Developing language (2) Figure 100 Understanding information Practice Form vi

7 Figure 101 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 102 Linking discourse Practice Form Figure 103 Matching device with definition Practice Form Figure 104 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 105 Ordering information Practice Form Figure 106 Gap filling Practice Form Figure 107 Gap filling: Past participles Practice Form Figure 108 Linking discourse Practice Form Figure 109 Simple Present Figure 110 Key words...99 Figure 111 Present Continuous Figure 112 Key Words Figure 113 Simple Future Figure 114 Going to Future Figure 115 Simple Past Figure 116 Key Words Figure 117 Simple Past of the verb to be Figure 118 Comparative Figure 119 Relative Clauses Figure 120 Passive Voice Figure 121 Passive Voice: the verb to be Figure 122 Infinitive Figure 123 Participles Figure 124 Linking Devices -Adding ideas Figure 125 Linking Devices -Contrasting ideas Figure 126 Linking Devices -Effect Figure 127 Linking Devices - Cause Figure 128 Linking Devices - Result Figure 129 Producing sentences Figure 130 Gap filling: correct tense Figure 131 Choosing the correct item Figure 132 Asking questions Figure 133 Gap filling: S. Past Figure 134 Producing information: Practice Form Figure 135 Producing derivatives: adverbs - Practice Form Figure 136 Choosing the correct answer- Practice Form Figure 137 Writing sentences: Relative Clauses Practice form Figure 138 Choosing the correct item: Relative Clauses Practice form Figure 139 Gap filling: Past participle - Practice Form Figure 140 Rewriting sentences: Active to Passive - Practice Form Figure 141 Rewriting sentences: Passive Voice - Practice Form Contents of Tables. Table 1 Producing derivatives: nouns - Practice Form Table 2 Glossary Table 3 Producing derivatives -Practice Form Table 4 Glossary Table 5 Glossary vii

8 Table 6 Producing derivatives: adjectives Practice Form Table 7 Producing derivatives: adverbs Practice Form Table 8 Glossary Table 9 Filling in information Practice Form Table 10 Filling in tables Practice Form Table 11 Matching components with definition Practice Form Table 12 Producing derivatives - Practice Form Table 13 Glossary Table 14 Matching information writing short paragraph Practice Form...58 Table 15 Producing derivatives Practice Form Table 16 Glossary Table 17 Producing derivatives Practice Form Table 18 Reading tables filling in the correct item- Practice Form Table 19 Reading tables - Practice Form...68 Table 20 Glossary Table 21 Filling in tables Practice Form Table 22 Writing short paragraph Practice Form Table 23 Glossary Table 24 Filling in tables Practice Form Table 25 Producing derivatives Practice Form Table 26 Glossary Table 27 Producing derivatives Practice Form Table 28 Glossary Table 29 Irregular adjectives and Adverbs Table 30 Irregular Verbs (1) Table 31 Irregular Verbs (2) Table 32 Irregular Verbs (3) Table 33 Revision of Tenses Table 34 Writing the correct item: comparative and Superlative form Table 35 Comparative and Superlative Table 36 Writing sentences: Relative Clauses Practice form Table 37 Rewriting sentences: Passive Voice- Practice Form Contents of diagrams. Diagram 1 Filling in diagrams- Practice Form Diagram 2 Filling in diagrams Practice Form Diagram 3 Filling in diagrams Practice Form Diagram 4 Filling in diagrams Practice Form Diagram 5 Filling in diagrams Practice Form Diagram 6 Filling in diagrams Practice Form Diagram 7 Filling in diagrams Practice Form viii

9 1 Σκοποί ενότητας. The course aims at teaching students to: 1. Identify lexical, grammatical and discourse items in formal ESP written and listening texts. 2. Demonstrate comprehension of ESP linguistic structures in authentic texts by activating previously acquired knowledge of Mechanical Engineering topics. 3. Apply knowledge of the function of specific and specialized grammatical and lexical items in ESP texts in a variety of CALL-based exercises (e.g. filling in information in sentences, paragraphs, or larger and complicated ESP texts, matching information etc.). 4. Assess and use textual information by producing short texts (reports, descriptions, instructions, comparisons of processes/machines etc.). 5. Interpret and analyze information in diagrams, tables etc. 2 Περιεχόμενα ενότητας. Το διδακτικό υλικό του μαθήματος ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ του τμήματος Μηχανολόγων Μηχανικών του ΤΕΙ Δυτ. Μακεδονίας αποτελείται από δέκα (10) διδακτικές ενότητες που περιλαμβάνουν βασικά θέματα Κατασκευαστικού και Ενεργειακού τομέα της Μηχανολογίας, με έμφαση κατά κύριο λόγο στη λεξιλογική δομή και περιεχόμενο των κειμένων και, κατά δεύτερο, στη γραμματική. Το υλικό έχει στόχο να βοηθήσει τους φοιτητές να: αποκτήσουν θεωρητικό και πρακτικό υπόβαθρο στο γνωστικό πεδίο της Tεχνικής Ορολογίας στην Αγγλική Γλώσσα. αναπτύξουν τις δεξιότητες που απαιτούνται ώστε να κατανοούν και να χρησιμοποιούν επιστημονικά και τεχνικά Αγγλικά κείμενα (π.χ. εγχειρίδια, βιβλιογραφία κλπ.) Μηχανολογίας. ενισχύσουν τις ικανότητές τους για να μπορέσουν να προχωρήσουν στο δεύτερο κύκλο σπουδών, να ακολουθήσουν διάφορα Ευρωπαϊκά προγράμματα και να βελτιώσουν την επαγγελματική τους καριέρα. 9

10 3 Part I Units. 4 UNIT 1.Manufacturing processes & machine tools. 4.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 1 Developing language (1). Source: "Cutting processes" me.mit.edu/lectures/cutting processes/ intro.html and "Machine Tools," Microsoft (R) Encarta Encarta Online Encyclopedia and 13/05/2015). 10

11 Figure 2 Developing language (2). Source: "Cutting processes" me.mit.edu/lectures/cutting processes/ intro.html and "Machine Tools," Microsoft (R) Encarta Encarta Online Encyclopedia and 13/05/2015). 4.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1.Check which of the statements are TRUE and which are FALSE. Figure 3 Reading comprehension. 11

12 Exe 2. Choose the correct answer. 1. Machine tools shape objects by (manufacturing / machining). 2. Machine tools (remove / grind) materials or press them into shapes. 3. Cutting is a (drilling / manufacturing) process. 4. Machine tools became more (accurate / conventional) in the 20th century. 5. (Conventional / unconventional) machine tools produce chips. 6. (Lathes / Presses) are used for drawing workpieces. 7. Unconventional machine tools are used for shaping (superheated / specialized) materials. 8. The operation of unconventional machine tools is (similar to / different from) the operation of conventional machine tools. 4.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Read the text and label the figure below. Figure 4 Labelling. 12

13 Exe 2. Fill in the missing words. Figure 5 Gap filling- Practice Form. Exe 3. Match the information below. Figure 6 Matching terms with definitions Practice Form. 13

14 4.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Match the words below with their definitions. Figure 7 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form. Exe 2. Match the processes with their description. Figure 8 Matching processes with definitions- Practice Form. 14

15 Exe 3. Fill in the table with the nouns deriving from the verbs given under the appropriate headings. Table 1 Producing derivatives: nouns - Practice Form. Exe 4. Look at the prefixes and their explanations and match the words in the columns below. Figure 9 Matching term with definitions- Practice Form. 15

16 4.5 PRACTISING GRAMMAR. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below with the appropriate form of Comparative or Superlative. Figure 10 Gap filling - Practice Form. Exe 2. Write the verbs in brackets in S. Past. Figure 11 Gap filling : S.Past- Practice Form. 16

17 Exe 3. Fill in the sentences below with the correct form of either S. Present or S. Past. Figure 12 Gap filling : S.Past - Practice Form. 17

18 4.6 GLOSSARY. Table 2 Glossary. 18

19 5 UNIT 2.Lathe. 5.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 13 Developing language. Source: "Lathe", me.mit.edu/lectures/machine tools/ lathe/ intro.html. (Adopted 13/05/2015). 19

20 Figure 14 Developing language. Source: "Lathe", (Adopted 13/05/2015). 5.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Tick off which of the statements below are true. Figure 15 Understanding information. 20

21 Exe 2. Fill in the diagrams below. Figure 16 Filling in diagrams- Practice Form. 5.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Choose the correct item for the sentences below. Figure 17 Choosing the correct item- Practice Form. 21

22 Exe 2. Match the parts of a lathe with their function. Figure 18 Matching parts with function- Practice Form. Exe 3. Read the information below and decide which cutting process should be used. Figure 19 Filling in information -Practice Form. 22

23 5.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the text below choosing from the list. Figure 20 Gap filling-practice Form. Exe 2. Match the processes below with their function. Figure 21 Matching processes with function-practice Form. 23

24 Exe 3. Fill in the table below with the missing derivatives. Table 3 Producing derivatives -Practice Form. Exe 4. Look at the figure showing standard cutting tools and choose the correct item in the brackets. Figure 22 Choosing the correct item- Practice Form. 1. Facing tools are (ground / flat ) to provide clearance with a center. 2. Roughing tools have a (large / small ) side angle to support the cutting edge during deep cuts. 3. Finishing tools have a more (sharp / rounded) nose for a finer finish. 4. Left hand cutting tools are designed to cut best when traveling from (right to left / left to right). 24

25 5.5 Practising grammar: Relative clauses. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below with: who, which, whose and where. In case they may be omitted put them in brackets. Figure 23 Filling in relative pronouns / adverbs- Practice Form. Exe 2. Join the sentences turning the one into a Relative clause. Figure 24 Producing relative clauses - Practice Form. 25

26 5.6 GLOSSARY. Table 4 Glossary. 26

27 6 UNIT 3.Milling Machine. 6.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 25 Developing language (1). Source: "Milling Machine", /05/2015). 27

28 Figure 26 Developing language (2). Source: "Milling Machinee", /05/2015). 6.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Choose the correct answer. Figure 27 Choosing the correct item. 28

29 Exe 2. Fill in the diagram below. Diagram 1 Filling in diagrams- Practice Form. 6.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Choose the correct word for the sentences. Figure 28 Choosing the correct item. Exe 2. Μatch the components with their function. Figure 29 Μatching components with function. 29

30 6.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Underline the appropriate item in the brackets. Different types of cutter are available for (cutting away / grinding)1 large amounts of (material / surface)2, leaving a poor surface finish, that is, roughing, or (rotating / removing)3 a smaller amount of material, but leaving a good surface finish, that is, finishing. A (roughing /finishing)4 cutter may have serrated (flutes / teeth)5 for breaking the (chips / workpieces)6 of material into smaller pieces. The teeth leave a rough (surface / piece)7 behind. A (finishing / roughing)8 cutter may have a large number (4 or more) teeth for removing material carefully. Source: 13/05/2015). Exe 2. Match the terms with the definitions below. Figure 30 Matching terms with definitions. 30

31 Exe 3. Fill in the text below using the verbs given. Figure 31 Filling in missing item. Exe 4. Fill in the gaps in the text below with meaningful phrases choosing from those given. 31

32 Figure 32 Filling in information. 32

33 Exe 5. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the appropriate headlines choosing from the list. Figure 33 Headings 33

34 6.5 GLOSSARY Table 5 Glossary. 34

35 7 UNIT 4.CNC machines. 7.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 34 Developing language (1). Source: "CNC Machine Tools," Microsoft (R) Encarta Online Encyclopedia Encarta. Copyright (c) 2000 Microsoft Corporation.(Adopted 13/05/2015). 35

36 Figure 35 Developing language (2). Source: "CNC Machine Tools," Microsoft (R) Encarta Online Encyclopedia Encarta. Copyright (c) 2000 Microsoft Corporation. (Adopted 13/05/2015). 36

37 7.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Tick which of the following statements are TRUE. Figure 36 Scanning/ understanding language. Exe 2. Fill in the diagrams below. Diagram 2 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. 37

38 7.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Choose which word in the brackets is correct: A. CNC machines operate on the basis of (number / numerical ) control. B. Motion control in CNC machines is automatic and (accurate / manual). C. The (motion control / axis) involves the direction of motion. D. The direction of motion along a straight path is called (straight / linear) axis. E. The direction of motion along a circular path is called (circular / rotary) axis. F. In contrast to (unconventional / conventional) machine tools, CNC machines are operated through a part programme. G. A CNC (command / comment) tells the (feedback device / drive motor) to rotate. H. A (ballscrew / feedback device) confirms that the commanded set of actions has taken place. I. (Circular / Rapid) motion is used to command motion at the fastest rate. J. (Straight line / Circular) motion is used for drilling, turning etc. Exe 2. Match the words in the two columns. Figure 37 Matching words (synonyms) (synonyms) Practice Form. 38

39 Exe 3. Decide what type of motion is required for the following. Figure 38 Filling in information Practice Form. Exe 4. Choose the appropriate item to paraphrase the following. Figure 39 Choosing the correct item Practice Form. 39

40 Exe 5. Write the adjectives that derive from the words below and place them under the proper heading. Table 6 Producing derivatives: adjectives Practice Form. Exe 6. Write the adverbs that derive from the adjectives below. Table 7 Producing derivatives: adverbs Practice Form. 40

41 Exe 7. Match the terms on the left with the statements on the right. Figure 40 Match information Practice Form. Exe 8.Read the paragraph below and fill in the missing information with the appropriate segments choosing from the list given. Figure 41 Filling in information Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 13/06/2015). 41

42 Exe 9. Tick which features are related to a conventional machine tool and which are related to a CNC machine, and ii) write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the two types of machines. Figure 42 Producing short paragraphs Practice Form. Exe 10. Read the text below and answer the questions that follow. Figure 43 Text comprehension Practice Form. 42

43 1. According to the article: A. a personal computer can replace a CNC milling machine. B. a personal computer can be combined with a CNC milling machine. C. a personal computer can be linked to a milling machine and work as a CNC milling machine. 2. Model 1100 costs: A. less than $7,000. B. $10,000. C. $40, The new machine: A. is faster than CNC machines because it has got servomotors. B. is faster than CNC machines because it has not got servomotors. C. is not as fast as CNC machines because it has not got servomotors 4. A major advantage of the new machine is that: A. is accurate. B. high-speed servos have been removed. C. high-speed production. 5. Common prototyping machines generate samples from: A. resin powders. B. 3-D CAD materials. C. Metals. 6. The innovation introduced by Tormach in relation to its machine is that it: A. can produce resin samples. B. is compatible to a CNC milling machine. C. can produce parts from metal samples. 7. The new model can handle workpieces that: A. cost up to 500 pounds. B. weigh up to 500 pounds. C. rotate at 4,500 rpm. 8. The new machine can be offered: A. with extra devices. B. without a table. C. at a better price. 9. The machine is offered at the lowest price: A. without a table. B. without a fourth axis. C. including installation cost. 10. The final price of the machine: A. depends on the installation cost. B. is less than $10,000. C. is more than $12,

44 7.4 PRACTISING GRAMMAR: INFINITIVES & GERUNDS. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below with either the infinitive or gerund of the verb in brackets. Figure 44 Filling in gerunds / infinitives Practice Form. 44

45 7.5 GLOSSARY. Table 8 Glossary. 45

46 8 Unit 5.Internal combustion engines 8.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 45 Developing language (1). Source: "Engines," Microsoft (R) Encarta Encarta Online Encyclopedia (Adopted 13/06/2015). 46

47 Figure 46 Developing language (2). Source: "Engines," Microsoft (R) Encarta Encarta Online Encyclopedia (Adopted 13/06/20150). 8.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Read the text and fill in the table below. Table 9 Filling in information Practice Form. 47

48 Exe 2. Fill in the diagram below. Diagram 3 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. Exe 2. Label the engine components on the picture. Figure 47 Engine components. Source: 0495c86b9dcbdd/ d74cafd6ee23fb0bc425a0afc85e65a0392e9bad2b625abf e?m13= &m21= e 06&m22= &m23= &m11= &m12= e-06 (Adopted 25/05/2015). 48

49 Exe 3. Label the components on the picture an identify the strokes. Figure 48 Picture labelling. Source: 4D09-B0E2-E170B55F5F09}.(Adopted tineye 25/05/2015). Exe 4. Read the text and find the correct answer. Figure 49 Choosing the correct item Practice Form. 49

50 8.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the paragraphs describing two strokes of the engine and identify the strokes. Figure 50 Filling in items Practice Form. Exe 2. Below is a diagram of the basic functions and positions of the piston and the valves during the four strokes. Fill in the missing details. Table 10 Filling in tables Practice Form. 50

51 8.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Match the engine components with their definitions. Table 11 Matching components with definition Practice Form. Exe 2. Match the items in the two columns. Figure 51 Matching items (synonyms) Practice Form. 51

52 Exe 3. Put the sentences below in the correct order, and ii) join them with time words/phrases (when, after, before, as soon as, while). Figure 52 Ordering information Writing short paragraph- Practice Form. Exe 4. Match the two columns below. Figure 53 Matching information - Practice Form. 52

53 Exe 5. Fill in the table below with verbs ending ize and fy. Table 12 Producing derivatives - Practice Form. Exe 6. Fill in the text below. Figure 54 Filling in information - Practice Form. 53

54 8.5 GLOSSARY. Table 13 Glossary. 54

55 9 Unit 7 Electric motors. 9.1 DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 55 Developing language (1). Source: 25/05/2015). 55

56 Figure 56 Developing language (2). Source: 25/05/2015). 9.2 SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Tick off the components of an electric motor. Figure 57 Choosing the correct information Practice Form. 56

57 Exe 2. Find which of the statements below are TRUE and which are FALSE. Figure 58 Understanding information Practice Form. Exe 3. Look at the diagram of a DC motor and fill in its components. Diagram 4 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. 57

58 Exe 4. Look at the picture of a motor below and label its components. Figure 59 Labelling Practice Form. 9.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Match the components of a motor with their function. Write sentences using the phrase the function of the is to. Table 14 Matching information writing short paragraph Practice Form. 58

59 Exe 2. Fill in the paragraph below choosing words from the list. Figure 60 Filling in the correct items Practice Form. Exe 3. Choose the appropriate words in brackets in the paragraph below. The armature is an electromagnet made by coiling thin (brushes / wire) around two or more (bars / poles) of a metal core. The armature has a (shaft / coil), and the (commutator / pole) is attached to it. The commutator is simply a pair of (brushes / plates) attached to the (shaft / armature). The commutator and (poles / brushes) work together to let current flow to the electromagnet, and also to reverse the (direction / motion) of the current. The brushes are two pieces of (carbon / steel) that make contact with the contacts of the (armature / commutator). 9.4 Expanding language. Exe 1. Write the nouns that derive from the verbs below. Table 15 Producing derivatives Practice Form. 59

60 Exe 2. Link the sentences below using the linking device given in brackets. Figure 61 Linking discourse Practice Form. Exe 3. Fill in the missing verbs. Choosing from the list and write a paragraph using linking words (first, second/ after that/ next, finally). Figure 62 Filling in missing information Practice Form. 60

61 9.5 Quiz. Figure 63 Quiz Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015). 61

62 9.6 GLOSSARY. Table 16 Glossary. 62

63 10 Unit 7 Electricity generation & renewable sources DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 64 Developing language (1). Source: 25/05/2015). 63

64 Figure 65 Developing language (2). Source: 25/05/2015) SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Read the text and decide which of the statements are TRUE and which are FALSE. Figure 66 Scanning / understanding language Practice Form. 64

65 10.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 67 Filling in the correct items Practice Form. Exe 2. Choose the correct item. Figure 68 Choosing the correct item Practice Form. 65

66 10.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Match the items in the two columns. Figure 69 Matching items (synonyms) Practice Form. Exe 2. Fill in the table below with the appropriate derivatives. Table 17 Producing derivatives Practice Form. 66

67 Exe 3. Fill in the sentences below with words from the table above. Figure 70 Gap filling Practice Form. Exe 4. Fill in the paragraph below with the correct word from the list given. Figure 71 Gap filling Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015). 67

68 Exe 5. Look at the table below and fill in the missing information in the paragraph that follows. Table 18 Reading tables filling in the correct item- Practice Form. Source: renewable_source. (Adopted 25/05/2015). Exe 6. Look at the table below and complete the sentences which explain it. Table 19 Reading tables - Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015). 68

69 Exe 7. Describe the change choosing from: Figure 72 Describing changes Practice Form PRACTISING GRAMMAR:PASSIVE VOICE. Exe 1. Fill in the gaps below with the appropriate p.participle of the verbs in brackets. Figure 73 Filling in correct item:past Participle Practice Form. Source: on (Adopted 25/05/2015). 69

70 Exe 2. Rewrite the sentences below using Passive voice. Figure 74 Rewriting sentences Practice Form. 70

71 10.6 GLOSSARY. Table 20 Glossary. 71

72 11 Unit 8 Renewable Energy Sources DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 75 Developing language (1). Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015). 72

73 Figure 76 Developing language (2). Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015) SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1.Read the passage and fill in the diagram below. Diagram 5 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. 73

74 Exe 2. Read the text and choose the correct item for the sentences below. Figure 77 Choosing the correct item Practice Form. 74

75 11.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 78 Gap filling Practice Form. Exe 2. Match the words in the two columns. Figure 79 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form. 75

76 Exe 3. Fill in the text with the appropriate words. Figure 80 Gap filling Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015) EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1.Fill in the table below with the appropriate information given. a) When it is burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases. b) Volcanic activity might calm down leaving power stations redundant. c) Decaying plant or animal waste, organic materials. d) Movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams. e) It can be expensive to set up and only works in areas of volcanic activity. f) It can cause the flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes. g) It is used successfully in some countries, such as New Zealand and Iceland. h) It is a cheap and readily available source of energy. i) If it is replaced, it can be a long-term, sustainable energy source. j) Dangerous elements found underground must be disposed of carefully. Table 21 Filling in tables Practice Form. 76

77 Exe 2. Compose the information in the table above in meaningful paragraphs using linking devices (although, however, because, as etc.). Table 22 Writing short paragraph Practice Form. Exe 3. Write as many collocations as possible with the words given. Figure 81 Producing collocations Practice Form. 77

78 Exe 4. Expand / paraphrase the compound phrases below using relative clauses or expressing relation between the given nouns. Figure 82 Paraphrasing Practice Form. Exe 5. Fill in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 83 Gap filling Practice Form. Source: 25/05/2015). 78

79 Exe 6.Fill in the sentences in pairs below with the appropriate form of either the verb or the noun. Figure 84 Using derivatives Practice Form PRACTISING GRAMMAR. Exe 1. Choose the correct answer. 1. Fossil fuel burning, (producing / produced) greenhouse gases, contributes to global warming. 2. Solar power converts sunlight into electricity, (used / using) photovoltaics. 3. PV converts light into electric current (using / used) the photoelectric effect. 4. The (produced / producing) solar power is used for heating and electricity generation. 5. (Captured / Capturing) by wind turbines, wind energy is used to generate electricity. 6. Water is a constantly (recharging /recharged) renewable resource. 7. (Flowing / Flowed) water can be used to power water wheels that drive mechanical processes. 8. Geothermal energy can be drawn from deep underground reservoirs (drilling/drilled) the earth. 9. The generator, (driving / driven) by the force of water on the wheel, generates hydropower. 10. Pollution rates are often (frustrating / frustrated). 11. People are often (frustrating / frustrated) by pollution rates. 12. Renewable energy is an (interesting / interested) engineering topic. 79

80 11.6 GLOSSARY. Table 23 Glossary. 80

81 12 Unit 9 Turbines : Hydraulic turbines DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 85 Developing language (1). Source: Turbine," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 81

82 Figure 86 Developing language (2). Source:" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Read the passage and fill in the diagram below. Diagram 6 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. 82

83 Exe 2. Read the text and choose the correct item for the sentences below. Figure 87 Choose the correct item Practice Form. Exe 3. Fill in the table below with information from the text, ticking off under the appropriate heading. Table 24 Filling in tables Practice Form. 83

84 12.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 88 Gap filling Practice Form. Exe 2. Decide what type of water turbine is required for the following. Figure 89 Filling in information Practice Form. Exe 3. Join the two sentences with the appropriate linking device.use :which, therefore, before / after, because / as / since, however /although. Figure 90 Linking discourse Practice Form. 84

85 12.4 EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1.Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. Figure 91 Matching words (synonyms) Practice Form. Exe 2.Match the devices with their definitions. Figure 92 Matching devices with definition Practice Form. 85

86 Exe 3. Expand / paraphrase the compound phrases below using relative clauses or expressing relation between the given nouns. Figure 93 Paraphrasing Practice Form. Exe 4. Fill in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 94 Gap filling Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015). Exe 5. Derive nouns from the verbs below. Table 25 Producing derivatives Practice Form. 86

87 Exe 6. Fill in the gaps in the paragraph below with meaningful phrases choosing from the list. Figure 95 Filling in information Practice Form. Source: 2.htm. (Adopted 25/05/2015) PRACTISING GRAMMAR. Exe 1. Fill in the sentences below with the appropriate relative pronouns (who, which, whose). Figure 96 Gap filling: relative pronouns Practice Form. 87

88 Exe 2. Analyze the participles below into their corresponding clauses. Figure 97 Rewriting sentences: participles Practice Form. 88

89 12.6 GLOSSARY. Table 26 Glossary. 89

90 13 Unit 10 Central heating DEVELOPING LANGUAGE. Figure 98 Developing language (1). Source: "Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 90

91 Figure 99 Developing language (2). Source: "Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved SCANNING/ UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fill in the diagram below with central heating components. Diagram 7 Filling in diagrams Practice Form. Exe 2. Check which of the statements are TRUE and which are FALSE. Figure 100 Understanding information Practice Form. 91

92 13.3 PRACTISING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Fil in the sentences below choosing from the list. Figure 101 Gap filling Practice Form. Exe 2.Rewrite the sentences below so that they mean the same as the ones before them. Use the words given. Figure 102 Linking discourse Practice Form. 92

93 Exe 3. Match the device with its definition. Figure 103 Matching device with definition Practice Form EXPANDING LANGUAGE. Exe 1. Look at the picture below and fill in the text. Figure 104 Gap filling Practice Form. 93

94 Exe 2. Write the nouns deriving from the verbs in the table. Table 27 Producing derivatives Practice Form. Exe 3. Look at the picture below and put the sentences that follow in the correct order. HOW DOES HOME CENTRAL HEATING WORK? Figure 105 Ordering information Practice Form. 94

95 Exe 4.Fill in the paragraph below choosing from the list given. Figure 106 Gap filling Practice Form. Source: (Adopted 25/05/2015) 13.5 PRACTISING GRAMMAR. Exe 1. Write the Past Participles of the verbs in brackets. Figure 107 Gap filling: Past participles Practice Form. 95

96 Exe 2. Link the sets of actions below with appropriate time words (after, as, until, when etc.). Figure 108 Linking discourse Practice Form. 96

97 13.6 GLOSSARY. Table 28 Glossary. 97

98 Part II:Grammar Section. 14 Tenses SIMPLE PRESENT. Figure 109 Simple Present. 98

99 Figure 110 Key words PRESENT CONTINUOUS. Figure 111 Present Continuous. B. ΧΡΗΣΗ. Ο Present Continuous χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει : Πράξεις που βρίσκονται σε εξέλιξη π.χ. They are measuring temperature now. Πράξεις που γίνονται στο πολύ κοντινό παρόν π.χ. I am studying for my exams this week. 99

100 Πράξεις που έχει προγραμματιστεί να γίνουν στο άμεσο μέλλον π.χ. He is starting a new business in February. Με το always πράξεις που θέλουμε να εκφράσουμε την ενόχληση, έκπληξη ή κριτική μας π.χ. You're always making noise!. Ορισμένα ρήματα δεν χρησιμοποιούνται σε Continuous χρόνους. Αυτά είναι: Τα ρήματα αισθήσεως, π.χ. see, hear, smell, taste, feel. Τα ρήματα αντίληψης, π.χ. know, remember, forget, understand, think, seem, sound, realise. Τα ρήματα αρέσκειας / δυσαρέσκειας, π.χ. like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy. Άλλα, όπως want, belong, appear, mean, own, believe, need, include, consist. Figure 112 Key Words. 100

101 14.3 SIMPLE FUTURE. Figure 113 Simple Future. 101

102 14.4 GOING TO FUTURE. Figure 114 Going to Future D.SIMPLE PAST. Figure 115 Simple Past. 102

103 B. ΧΡΗΣΗ. Ο Simple Past χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει: Πράξεις που έγιναν στο παρελθόν σε καθορισμένη χρονική στιγμή π.χ. I stayed at home yesterday. Πράξεις που έγιναν για ένα χρονικό διάστημα στο παρελθόν ή γινόταν κατά τακτά χρονικά διαστήματα π.χ. She lived there for 5 years before I telephoned him every Friday. Figure 116 Key Words SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB TO BE. Figure 117 Simple Past of the verb to be. 103

104 15 COMPARISONS. Σχηματισμός & Χρήση. Figure 118 Comparative. 104

105 Ορισμένα Επίθετα και Επιρρήματα τον Συγκριτικό και Υπερθετικό βαθμό εντελώς διαφορετικά (Irregular). Table 29 Irregular adjectives and Adverbs.. 105

106 16 RELATIVE CLAUSES. Figure 119 Relative Clauses. Η αναφορική αντωνυμία παραλείπεται όταν αναφέρεται στο αντικείμενο της πρότασης π.χ. The machine tools (which/that) they use in this plant are not conventional. ΔEN παραλείπεται : Όταν αναφέρεται στο υποκείμενο της πρότασης π.χ. We need engineers who / that are trained. Όταν εισάγει αναφορική, παρενθετική πρόταση π.χ. My computer, which is an Olivetti, is old. Όταν η αναφορική αντωνυμία βρίσκεται μετά από πρόθεση. Σε περίπτωση παράλειψης της αντωνυμίας η πρόθεση πηγαίνει στο τέλος της πρότασης π.χ. This is the new schedule about which I am talking. This is the new schedule I am talking about. 106

107 Το αναφορικό that μπορεί να αντικαταστήσει τα who/which, κυρίως όταν το αναφορικό βρεθεί μετά από επίθετο υπερθετικού βαθμού ή μετά από: every, some, any, first, second, last, all, none, few, such, the only. π.χ. This is the best job (that) I have ever had.he is the only man (that) can operate NC machines. 107

108 17 PASSIVE VOICE. Figure 120 Passive Voice. 108

109 Figure 121 Passive Voice: the verb to be. 18 INFINITIVES & GERUNDS. Infinitive. Figure 122 Infinitive.. 109

110 Gerund. To γερούνδιο (gerund) σχηματίζεται με την κατάληξη - ing στα ρήματα. Χρησιμοποιείται: Ως ουσιαστικό ή στη θέση ουσιαστικών ή αντωνυμιών π.χ. Annealing is a heat process. Μετά από συγκεκριμένα ρήματα, και εκφράσεις, όπως keep, avoid, prevent, finish, stop, suggest, mind, involve, it's worth, be used to etc π.χ. She keeps heating metals. Μετά από προθέσεις (in, for, before, etc.) π.χ. Before tempering we use quenching. 19 PARTICIPLES. Figure 123 Participles. 110

111 20 LINKING DEVICES. Figure 124 Linking Devices -Adding ideas. Π.χ. Α car engine is an internal combustion engine; it is a water -cooled engine, as well / too. Figure 125 Linking Devices -Contrasting ideas. π.χ Otto engines have got a crankshaft. However, / On the other hand, diesel engines have got no crankshaft. Although Otto engines have got a crankshaft, diesel engines have got no crankshaft. Figure 126 Linking Devices -Effect.. π.χ Tool steel is hard and tough.therefore, it is used for making cutting tools. 111

112 Figure 127 Linking Devices - Cause. π.χ. Tool steel is used for making cutting tools because / since / as it is hard and tough. Figure 128 Linking Devices - Result.. π.χ. They installed a computer network in order to / so as to improve manufacturing. π.χ. They installed a computer network so that they could improve manufacturing. 112

113 21 IRREGULAR VERBS. Table 30 Irregular Verbs (1). 113

114 Table 31 Irregular Verbs (2). 114

115 Table 32 Irregular Verbs (3). 115

116 22 GRAMMAR PRACTICE. Exe 1.Study the table and turn the prompts below in sentences in the tense indicated. Table 33 Revision of Tenses. Figure 129 Producing sentences. 116

117 Exe 2. Write the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. Figure 130 Gap filling: correct tense 117

118 Exe 3. Choose the correct answer. Figure 131 Choosing the correct item. Exe 4.Underline the correct time expression in the sentences below. 1. Jack is not here. He is driving to work (right now / every day). 2. Do you (always / at the moment) start work at 7.30 a.m.? 3. I'm making drafts for the new machinery parts (usually / this week). 4. Where is the manufacturing manager? I think he's doing the planning and control (this morning / every morning). 5. (Look!/Every day) the materials are flowing from one machine to the other. 118

119 Exe 5. Ask questions for the following answers (remember to omit the underlined item in the question. Figure 132 Asking questions Exe 6. Write the correct S. Past form for the verbs in brackets. Figure 133 Gap filling: S. Past. 119

120 Exe 7. Fill in the Comparative and Superlative form of the adjectives below. Table 34 Writing the correct item: comparative and Superlative form. Exe 8. Look at the table below and write sentences comparing the materials on the basis of their properties (Use both Comparative and Superlative). Table 35 Comparative and Superlative. 120

121 Figure 134 Producing information: Practice Form. Exe 9.Write the adverbs deriving from the adjectives below. Figure 135 Producing derivatives: adverbs - Practice Form. Exe 10. Underline the correct item (adjective or adverb) in the brackets. When I finished University I found it very (hard / hardly) to get a job soon, but after three months I tried to get a (good / well) job in a multinational manufacturing company in Liverpool. On my (first / firstly) day at work I didn't feel very (well / good) because I was (completely / complete) inexperienced. I wanted to be (real / really) good and work (careful / carefully) and (efficient / efficiently). I knew it was not so (easily / easy) because I had to check production charts every day and prepare (good / well) and (meaningfully / meaningful) reports. 121

122 Exe 11. Choose the correct answer. Figure 136 Choosing the correct answer- Practice Form. Source: Η διδάσκουσα Α.Αλτίνη (2015) 122

123 Exe 12. Write sentences using the information in the columns below. Table 36 Writing sentences: Relative Clauses Practice form. 123

124 Exe 13.Fill in the sentences below with meaningful information. Figure 137 Writing sentences: Relative Clauses Practice form. Exe 14. Choose the correct answer. Figure 138 Choosing the correct item: Relative Clauses Practice form. 124

125 Exe 15. Write the following sentence in all tenses of both Active and Passive. The engineer (check) temperature. Table 37 Rewriting sentences: Passive Voice- Practice Form. Exe 16.Choose the correct sentence. 1. Fred tested the workpiece. A. The workpiece has been tested by Fred. B. The workpiece was tested by Fred. C. The workpiece was being tested by Fred. 2. They are building a nuclear plant in the area. A. A new nuclear plant is being built in the area. B. A new nuclear plant is built in the area. C. A new nuclear plant being built in the area. 3. External forces stress weak materials. A. Weak materials are stressed by external forces. B. Weak materials are being stressed by external forces. C. Weak materials are stressing by external forces. 4. The company has used automated systems. A. Automated systems had been used by the company. B. Automated systems has been used by the company. C. Automated systems have been used by the company. 5. We will sort out the satisfactory parts. A. The satisfactory parts will sorted out. B. The satisfactory parts will sort out. 125

126 C. The satisfactory parts will be sorted out. Exe 17. Fill in the gaps below with the appropriate p.participle of the verbs in brackets. Figure 139 Gap filling: Past participle - Practice Form. 126

127 Exe 18.Turn the sentences from Active to Passive. Figure 140 Rewriting sentences: Active to Passive - Practice Form 127

128 Exe 19. Put the verbs in brackets in passive. Choose the correct tense. Figure 141 Rewriting sentences: Passive Voice - Practice Form. 23 References. Dooley, J. E. (1998). Grammarway Express Publishing. Swansea. Hornby, A. (1978 ). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English,. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McDonough, J. (1984 ). ESP in Perspective. London : Collins ELT. P., P. (1998). Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd, Harlow and London. Perry R., C. C. (1998 ). Chemical Engineers' Handbook. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill- Kogakusha. Raymond, M. (1985). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ryder G H & Bennett M D,,. (1975). Mechanics of machines. London: Macmillan. S., P. (1998). Αγγλοελληνικό Λεξικό Μηχανικών. Θεσ/νίκη: Τζιόλας-McGraw-Hill. Wagnall, F. &. (2006 ). Multimedia Encyclopedia, Microsoft (R) Encarta,. Microsoft Corporation. White W., N. J. (1977). Machine Tools & Machining Practices. Canada: Kibbe R. & Meyer R.,, Wiley &sons Inc. Α., Σ. (2000). Ηλεκτρονικό Λεξικό Ελληνο-Αγγλικό & Αγγλο-Ελληνικό,. Αθήνα: Magenta Ε.Π.Ε. Ε., Γ. Γ. (2003). Λεξικό Επιστημονικών & Τεχνικών Όρων. Αθήνα: Michigan Press. 128