Sure I'm sure: Prefrontal oscillations support metacognitive monitoring of decision-making

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1 This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive Sure I'm sure: Prefrontal oscillations support metacognitive monitoring of decision-making Martijn E. Wokke 1,2,3,4,5, Axel Cleeremans 1,2,5 and K. Richard Ridderinkhof 3,4 1 Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Bruxelles 2 Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Bruxelles 3 Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1018, Amsterdam 4 Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018, Amsterdam 5 ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Bruxelles DOI: /JNEUROSCI Received: 21 April 2016 Revised: 14 October 2016 Accepted: 4 November 2016 Published: 12 December 2016 Author contributions: M.E.W. and K.R.R. designed research; M.E.W. performed research; M.E.W. analyzed data; M.E.W., A.C., and K.R.R. wrote the paper. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. The authors would like to thank Sarah L. Knot for helping collecting the data and Simon van Gaal and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. A.C. is a research director of the National Fund for Scientific Research. This work was supported by the ABC talent grant to M.E.W., by the ERC advanced grant RADICAL to A.C and by Interuniversity Poles of Attraction (IUAP) grant P7/33 from the Belgian Science Policy Office to A.C. Correspondence should be addressed to Martijn E. Wokke, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group, Department of Psychology, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels Belgium, martijnwokke@gmail.com Cite as: J. Neurosci 2016; /JNEUROSCI Alerts: Sign up at to receive customized alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Accepted manuscripts are peer-reviewed but have not been through the copyediting, formatting, or proofreading process. Copyright 2016 the authors

2 Sure I m sure: Prefrontal oscillations support metacognitive monitoring of decision-making Abbreviated title: Acknowledgements

3 Abstract Significance Statement

4 Introduction

5 Materials and Methods Participants

6 Task design

7 Behavioral analyses

9 EEG measurements and analyses

10 X

11 Results Behavior

12 EEG results

14 Discussion

15 Information used for first- and second-order task performance

16 Prefrontal theta oscillations

17 Fig 1. Task design

18 Fig 2. Behavioral results a). b) c) d) Fig 3. Time frequency analyses. a) b)c) Fig 4. Multiple linear regression EEG results: early time window (0-1 s) a) b) Fig 5. Multiple linear regression EEG results: late time window ( s) a) b)

19 References NeuroImage127 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance24 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) Implicit learning: Theoretical and empirical issues The Journal of Neuroscience35 In Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Trends in cognitive sciences18 The journal of Neuroscience34 Neuroimage73 Neuron Trends in cognitive sciences Neural Networks20 Frontiers in psychology2 Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice Frontiers in human neuroscience3 Brain132

20 Neuropsychologia Trends in cognitive sciences15 Journal of Neurophysiology98 Journal of Neurophysiology Current Biology19 Current opinion in neurobiology20 American psychologist34 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B367 Frontiers in human neuroscience8 Psychological science26 Brain137 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences108 Front Hum Neurosci6 Cerebral Cortex Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology94 Neuron84 science324

21 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences369 Brain state and changes of mind: Probing the neural bases of multi-stable perceptual dynamics Journal of neurophysiology113 Consciousness and cognition21 Neuroscience of Consciousness2016 Biophysical journal76 The Journal of nervous and mental disease190 Psychological medicine36 Current Opinion in Psychiatry20 Nature neuroscience14 Computational intelligence and neuroscience2011 Neuropsychology review15 Psychological review117 Judgment and Decision Making Nature Reviews Neuroscience13 Journal of experimental psychology71

22 The Journal of Neuroscience35 science306 Cognitive Neuroscience1 BMC neuroscience10 Current opinion in neurobiology Cerebral Cortex The Journal of neuroscience30 Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience15 Dynamics of decision making: from evidence to preference and belief Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology103 Brain97 The Journal of Neuroscience34 Consciousness and cognition27 Consciousness and cognition40

23 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences367

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