1), 2) The mere exposure e#ect as an implicit memory phenomenon. Shinobu IKOMA (Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba)

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1 ), 2) 3) The mere exposure e#ect as an implicit memory phenomenon Shinobu IKOMA (Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba) The mere exposure e#ect, where repeated exposure to a given object increases one s liking of it, has been well-known for decades. This article argues that the e#ect is an implicit memory phenomenon. It is clearly dissociated from explicit memory in a number of ways, such as experimental variables, participant variables, and stochastic independence. However, there also appear to be some differences between this e#ect and direct priming e#ects. Some of the controversies surrounding the mere exposure e#ect (such as the validity of perceptual fluency/attributional models, the relation to classical conditioning, structural evaluations of the mere exposure e#ect, and individual di#erences) are reviewed and directions for future research are discussed. Key words : mere exposure e#ect, implicit memory, perceptual fluency, dissociation Zajonc (1998) Maslow (1937) (1979) Solomon & Postman (1952) Stang (1974) Meyer (1903) Zajonc (1968) 1) 1988; , ; 2001; 1999; , 1982a, 1982b ) 3) 1980 Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc (1980) Zajonc (1980) Zajonc (1968) 1996; (implicit memory) ;

2 Grush (1979), Harrison (1977) (1979), Stang (1974) (dissociation) (1992) 3 2 Graf & Schacter (1985) Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1974 Johnson, Kim, & Risse (1985, Exp. 1) Marie, Gabrieli, Vaidya, Brown, Pratto, Zajonc, & Shaw (2001) (2001) Greve & Bauer (1990) LF (2001) 2 Willems, Adam, & Van der Linden (2002) Winograd, Goldstein, Monarch, Peluso, & Goldman (1999) Halpern & O Connor (2000) Halpern & O Connor (2000) Esiri, Pearson, & Powell, 1986 Willems et al. (2002) Wiggs (1993, Exp. 3) Gaudreau & Peretz (1999) Halpern & O Connor (2000) Jones (1983) (1998)

3 Seamon, Williams, Crowley, Kim, Langer, Orne, & Wishengrad (1995) 3 Seamon et al. (1995) (Krishnan & Shapiro, 1996) (Butler & Berry, 2002) (Wilson, 1979) (M. A. Lee, Sundberg, & Bernstein, 1993, Exp. 1) (Bonnano & Stillings, 1986, Exp. 1 & 2) (Seamon, Ganor-Stern, Crowley, Wilson, Weber, O Rourke, & Mahoney, 1997, Exp. 1 & 2) Seamon et al. (1995) (2003) 2 Moreland & Zajonc (1977, Exp. 2) Moreland & Zajonc (1977) (2000) Brooks & Watkins, 1989; 1982b 2 2 Matlin (1971) (Anand & Sternthal, 1991; Wilson, 1979) Seamon et al. (1995, Exp. 1) Anand, Holbrook, & Stephens (1988) (Vanhuele, 1994) Anand & Sternthal (1991) Anand et al. (1988) Halpern & O Connor (2000) d 3 Sloman, Hayman, Ohta, Law, & Tulving (1988, Exp. 2) 72 (2001) (2000)

4 3 1 Komatsu & Ohta (1984) 5 Mitchell & Brown (1988) 6 Snodgrass & Surprenant (1989) Seamon, Brody, & Kau# (1983a) 1 1 Bornstein (1994) 1 Bornstein (2002) Peretz, Gaudreau, & Bonnel (1998) 1 4 Van den Bergh & Vrana (1998) 6 Pliner (1982) 1 Haller, Rummel, Henneberg, Pollmer, & Köster (1999) 28.8 Garcia-Gomez, Simon, Beauchamp, & Mennella (2001) 2003; 1999; 1998; 2000 U U 2000, 2001; ; Ohta, 2002; 1999 (Gaudreau & Peretz, 1999; Halpern & O Connor, 2000; Wiggs, 1993, Exp. 3) 1999 Bornstein (1989) 12 Fantz (1964) Bornstein (1989) (1999) Smith (2000) 4 Heingartner & Hall (1974, Exp. 2) (2003) (1999) 14 (Trehub, Cohen, Thorpe, & Morrongiello, 1986) (Crowder, Reznick, & Rosenkrantz, 1991) 116

5 Johansen-Berg (2001) U Bornstein (1989) 4 3 (Stang, 1974; Zajonc, 1968, 1971) Zajonc & Rajecki (1969) Hansen & Bartsch (2001) 1 Kitao & Inoue, 1998, Exp. 2 Blum & Yonelinas, 2001; Bowers & Schacter, 1990; 2005 (2005) U Bornstein (1989) Seamon et al. (1995) / Schacter, Cooper, Delaney, Peterson, & Tharan (1991, Exp. 1) 1 Ganor-Stern, Seamon, & Carrasco, 1998 Kitao & Inoue (1998, Exp. 1) , / Schacter, Cooper, & Delaney (1990a, 1990b) / Seamon et al. (1995) 3 Seamon & Delgado (1999), Williams & Tarr (1997) 117

6 ; 1998 Schacter et al. (1990a, 1990b) (Carrasco & Seamon, 1996) Warrington & Weiskrantz (1968) 1999 Bornstein (1989) (1997) U (2001) (2002) Cutting (2003) (1999) Gaudreau & Peretz (1999) Peretz et al. (1998) Schick, McGlynn, & Woolam (1972) (1999) Ye & van Raaij (1997) Martindale, Moore, & West (1988, Exp. 3) (1992) Kruglanski, Freund, & Bar-Tal (1996) Schick et al. (1972) Grush (1979), Harrison (1977), (1979) (Bornstein & D Agostino, 1992) Vanhuele (1995) (false fame e#ect: Jacoby, Kelly, Brown, & Jasechko, 1989; Jacoby, Woloshyn, & Kelley, 1989) 1 118

7 (Squire & McKee, 1993) (Dywan & Jacoby, 1990) 2002, 2 (2001) (2001) 2 Bornstein (1989) 1977 Bornstein (1989) Greene, 1990; 1996, 2; Kitao & Inoue, 1998; 1996, 2 (1998) U Brooks & Watkins, 1989; 2000; Johnson et al., 1985, Exp. 1; M. A. Lee et al., 1993; Moreland & Zajonc, 1977 U U A. Y. Lee (2001, Exp. 2) 1 U U (1999, 2001) (1999, 2001) (1999, 2001) 119

8 3 1 (Bornstein & D Agostino, 1992) 1999 Zajonc (2001) Burgess & Sales (1971) (Exp. 1) (Exp. 2) Saegart, Swap, & Zajonc (1973) 2 Butler & Berry (2002) Burgess & Sales (1971) (Exp. 1) (Exp. 2) (1995) 5 U (Hull, 1943; Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) (Zajonc, 1968, 1971; Stang, 1974) (1995) (Zajonc et al., 1971, Exp. 3) (Van den Bergh & Vrana, 1998) 3 15 U (implicit learning) (1995) (structural mere exposure e#ect) Gordon & Holyoak (1983) 2000; 2003, 2; (2003) Gordon & Holyoak (1983) 120

9 Newell & Bright (2003) Bornstein, 1989; Bornstein & D Agostino, 1992; Zajonc, 2001; Fox & Burns (1993) Newell & Bright (2001) Kuhn & Dienes (2002) Rhodes, Halberstadt, & Brajkovich (2001) Matsuda & Kusumi 2002a, 2002b, 2003; a Maddi, 1968 Bornstein (1989) Burgess & Sales (1971) 5 (Locus of Control (LC)) (Rotter, 1966) Bornstein, Kale, & Cornell (1990, Exp. 1) LC LC Landau, Otani, & Libkuman (1993) Schick et al. (1972) Mueller, Elser, & Rollack, ; Ryan & Eich, 2000; 2003; 1995 Marie et al. (2001) BPRS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) (Overall & Gorham, 1962) Halpern & O Connor (2000) MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) Newlin & Pretorius (1991) (Goodwin, 1985) 121

10 3 1 Newlin & Pretorius (1991) Bornstein (1989) Bornstein et al. (1990, Exp. 1) (boredom proneness) (Farmer & Sundberg, 1986) Van den Bergh & Vrana (1998) 3 (imagery ability) Hansen & Bartsch (2001) PNS (personal need for structure) PNS (1979) (Anand, Holbrook, & Stephens, 1988; Anand & Sternthal, 1991, Exp. 2; Barchas & Perlaki, 1986; Compton, Williamson, Murphy, & Heller, 2002; Seamon et al., 1983b, Exp. 3 & 4; Zárate, Sanders, & Garza, 2000, Exp. 1) Elliot & Dolan (1998) 2003; 2003 Bornstein (1989) Smith (2000) (2002) (1999) Newlin & Pretorius (1991) ; b,

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