Contamination and Risk of Phthalate Esters in Sediments from a Plastic Waste Recycling Area

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1 Research of Environmental Sciences Vol 29 No 4 Apr 2016 J WANG Yuwen ZENG Ning CHAI Miao et al Contamination and risk of phthalate esters in sediments from a plastic waste recycling areaj Research of Environmental Sciences * GC-MS 16 PAEsphthalate esters w 16 PAEs0 527 ~ 102 μgg 18 9 μgg DEHP 2- PAEs w PAEs66 6% PAEs wdehp 14 2 μggwdbp 1 41 μgg DBP ERLs wdibp DIBP μgg DBP DEHP X A DOI j issn Contamination and Risk of Phthalate Esters in Sediments from a Plastic Waste Recycling Area WANG Yuwen 1 ZENG Ning 2 CHAI Miao 1 TANG Zhenwu 1* 1 Environmental Research AcademyNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing China 2 Institute of MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering PhysicsMianyang China AbstractThe contamination features and ecotoxicological risks of phthalate esters PAEs in sediments from a plastic waste recycling area in Hebei Province were investigated to improve our understanding of the extent of PAEs pollution caused by plastic waste recycling operations Samples were detected using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer GC-MS The total concentrations of 16 PAEs ranged from to 102 μgg With a mean concentration of 18 9 μggdi2-ethylhexylphthalate DEHPwas the most dominant congeneraccounting for 66 6% of the total PAEs in the sediments Source assessment indicated that the PAEs in the sediments were mainly derived from the inputs from poorly controlled plastic waste recycling operations The results showed that the concentrations of DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate DBP exceeded the Environmental Risk Limits ERLs and the concentrations of diisobutyl phthalate DIBPexceeded the environmental quality standards for sediment of Washington State0 610 μgg The risk levels from exposure to DBP and DEHP in the sediment were unacceptable for fish and algaerespectivelyand therefore they should be paid attention to Keywordsphthalate esters PAEs plastic waste recyclingsedimentscontamination featuresrisks MS @ 163 com * zwtang@ ncepu edu cn PAEsphthalate esters PAEs 1 2 PAEs t 3

2 t 4 PAEs US EPA DMP DEP DBP BBP DNOP DEHP 2- DEP DBP DNOP PAEs 1 kg < μm PAEs - 20 PAEs PAEs DMP DEP PAEs DIBP DBP 2- DMEP PAEs PAEs BMPP DPP DHXP BBP 2- PAEs DBEP DCHP PAEs 2- DEHP AccuStandard J K Baker 100 ~ ~ 150 μm min h3% - - ABS PE PS h PVC PP PA PC 10 cm 2- DEEP DPHP DNOP DNP 10 mm350 mm 1 cm 4 cm 1 cm 40 ml 278 km g 50 ml

3 ml V V = 1 1 KX-2013TD NCI W 40 khz MS min 30 min 50 ~ 900 amu 100 ml 30 ml SIM 20 min RE52CS PAEs ml 70 V V = 4 1 D ml GCMS 1 5 Agilent 7890GC5975MS 16 PAEs HP-5MS30 m 0 25 mm 0 25 μm min20 min ~ μgl 16 PAEs 84 7% ~ 123 2% ~ min 5 min min μgkg TOC Liqui TOCElementar % 1 0 mlmingermany wtoc 1 29 ~ 6 79 gkg 1 Fig 1 Location of sampling sites PAEs PNEC sed PAEs μgg 1 ERL PAEs RQ MEC PAEs μggpnec 10 RQ > 1 US EPA 5 PAEs RQ < 1 11

4 PAEs PNEC sed Table 1 The predicted no effect concentration of PAEs in sediments 12 PNEC sed μgg 1 33 DMP DEP DBP BBP DEHP PAEs μgg w 16 PAEs P < 0 05 wtocpaes wtoc3 w 16 PAEs P > 0 05 w 16 PAEs PAEs 2 PAEs PAEs w 16 PAEs w 16 PAEs 1 2 ~ 3 wdehp 1 3 wpaes P < 0 05 w 16 PAEs0 527 ~ 1 ~ μgg 18 9 μggwdehp ~ w 16 PAEs 66 7 μgg 14 2 μgg 27# 1 w 16 PAEs 2 2 wdehp w 16 PAEs ~ 2 2 PAEs Fig 2 Levels of PAEs in sediments from waste plastic recycling

5 PAEs Table 2 Phthalate ester concentrations in sediment samples from the waste plastic recycling area and from other areas wdehpμgg w PAEsμgg ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ nd ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PAEs 16 PAEs DEP DCHP 76 6% 23 3% DBP PAEs 100% DEHP PAEs DEHP 3 w 16 PAEs14 6% ~ 96 9% PAEs 66 6% DIBP DBP PAEs DBP DEP w 16 PAEs9 00% 7 30% PAEs wdehp w DIBPw DBP w 16 PAEs82 9% DEHP DIBP DBP PAEs PAEs DIBP DBP PAEs DEHP 2 3 PAEs PAEs 23 DEHP PAEs 24 lg K OW K OW -PC1 PC2 67 8% % 4 DBP DIBP PAEs 3 PAEs Fig 3 Congener patterns of PAEs in sediments from waste plastic recycling PAEs R ~ PAEs DEHP 0 968P < 0 05 DMP DEP DIBP 4 PAEs Fig 4 Factor loadings of PAEs congeners in two principal components DEP DMP BBP DEHP DIBP DHXP DPHP DNOP DNP DPP

6 4 563 DPP DHXP DNOP R > 1 00 μgg P < DMP DEP PVC 26 BBP DEHP DNOP wdbpw DEHP PVC μgg ERLs wdibp 2 31 μgg PVC PVC μgg PAEs DBP DEEP μgg 34 PAEs DCHP DMEP R ~ 0 875P < 0 05 DBP 16 PAEs RQ ~ 25 4 DMP DEP 31 DCHP 32 RQ 1 BBP 3 DBP DEEP DCHP RQ < 1 DBP DMEP RQ > 1 DEHP 2 4 PAEs RQ < 1 DBP DEHP ERLs RQ > 1 PAEs 3 PAEs RQ Table 3 The RQ values of PAEs DMP ~ ~ ~ DEP nd ~ nd ~ nd ~ DBP ~ ~ ~ BBP ~ ~ ~ DEHP ~ ~ ~ PAEs ~ ~ ~ DBP DEHP a PAEs w 16 PAEs0 527 ~ 102 μgg 18 9 μgg w DEHP 14 2 μgg PAEs w 16 PAEs66 6% w 16 PAEs 1 ~ 2 b References PAEs PVC Pollution WANG Jun BO Luli c wdbpwdehp μgg 4 WANG Jun wdibp 2 31 μgg 16 PAEs 1 WANG WeiWU FuyongHUANG Minjuan et al Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indooroutdoor dust and risk assessment of human exposure J Journal of Hazardous Materials ZENG Feng CUI KunyuanXIE Zhiyong et al Phthalate esters PAEs emerging organic contaminants in agricultural soils in peri-urban areas around GuangzhouChina J Environmental LI Lina et al Occurrence of phthalate esters in river sediments in areas with different land use patternsj Science of the Total Environment CHEN Gangcai CHRISTIE P et al Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters PAEsin vegetables and soils of suburban plastic film greenhousesj Science of the Total Environment

7 phthalate esters in water and sediment of urban lakes in a J CHEN Bo NI Jing Toxicological effects of phthalic acid esters on human health J Technology Development of Chemical Industry inference with urbanization and river flow regimej Journal of J Hazardous Materials LI Mengfang ZHANG Dahai DUAN Xiaoyong et al Distribution of phthalic acid esters PAEsin surface sediments of the Southern Yellow Sea J Marine Environmental Science LIU Xiaowei SHI Jianghong BO Ting et al Occurrence and risk assessment of selected phthalates in drinking water from waterworks in China J Environmental Science and Pollution Research D J CUI XuehuiLI BinghuaCHEN Honghan et al A review of phthalic acid esters contamination and sorption in soil and sediment ChinaJ Ecology and Environmental Sciences TANG Zhenwu HUANG Qifei CHENG Jiali et al Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils sediments and human hair in a plastic waste recycling areaa neglected heavily polluted area J Environmental Science & Technology YU WenwenLIU RuiminXU Feiet al Environmental risk assessments and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Yangtze River Estuary China J Marine Pollution Bulletin European Union Technical guidance document on risk assessment in support of the commission directive 9367EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances Commission Regulation EC No on risk assessment for existing substances directive 988EC of the European Parliament and of the council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the markets Ispra ItalyEnvironmental Chemicals Bureau NET SSEMPERE RDELMONT Aet al Occurrence fate D behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different 13WANG FanXIA Xinghui SHA Yujuan Distribution of phthalic acid esters in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River ChinaJ Journal of Hazardous Materials SHA Yujuan XIA Xinghui YANG Zhifeng et al Distribution of PAEs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River China J Environmental Monitoring and Assessment LIU HongCUI KunyanZENG Fenget al Occurrence and distribution of phthalate esters in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta region South ChinaJ Marine Pollution Bulletin ZENG FengCUI KunyanXIE Zhiyonget al Occurrence of subtropical cityguangzhousouth China J Environment International SUN Jianqiang HUANG Jing ZHANG Anping et al Occurrence of phthalate esters in sediments in Qiantang RiverChina and 18 J HU Xiongxing HAN Zhonghao Distribution of phthalic acid esters in surface sediments from Suzhou River and its risk evaluation J The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring SELVARAJ K K SUNDARAMOORTHY G RAVICHANDRAN P K et al Phthalate esters in water and sediments of the Kaveri River Indiaenvironmental levels and ecotoxicological evaluations J Environmental Geochemistry and Health HASSANZADEH NESMAILI S AKHODABANDEH S et al Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea Iran J Marine Pollution Bulletin ADENIYI A A OKEDEYI O O YUSUF K A Flame ionization gas chromatographic determination of phthalate esters in water surface sediments and fish species in the Ogun River catchments Ketu Lagos NigeriaJ Environmental Monitoring and Assessment LIU HuiLIANG HechengLIANG Ying et al Distribution of phthalate esters in alluvial sedimenta case study at Jianghan Plain Central China J Chemosphere HUANG P C TIEN C J SUN Y M et al Occurrence of phthalates in sediment and biotarelationship to aquatic factors and the biotasediment accumulation factor J Chemosphere environmental matricesj Environmental Science & Technology PAEs D SANNA RMEDAS DPODDA Fet al Binding of bis-2- ethylhexylphthalate at the surface of hydrozincite nanocrystalsan example of organic molecules absorption onto nanocrystalline minerals J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science J WU Zeying ZHU Ye LI Wei et al Fast screening of phthalates in

8 4 565 plastic productsj Plastics Science and Technology PVC 6 J WANG Chengyun ZHANG Shaowen ZHANG Weiya Simultaneous determination of six kinds of restricted phthalates in PVC toys and childcare articles J Polyvinyl Chloride PVC J XU Yang XIONG Ying GUO Shaoyun Issues caused by migration of plasticizers from flexible PVC and its countermeasuresj Progress in Chemistry J XU Lianying CHEN Yuxu CHEN Boliang et al Study on toxicity of phthalate dibutylj Journal of Toxicology D VAN WEZEL A P VAN P POSTHUMUS R et al Environmental risk limits for two phthalates with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties J Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 34Department of Ecology of Washington Guidance on the development of sediment sampling and analysis plans meeting the requirements of the sediment management standards Chapter WAC S Washington DCEcology Publication 2003 檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪

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