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1 FOREIGN LANGUAGE RESEARCH 2001, 2 Serial 105 Jakobson : (, ) : Jakobson, Chvany Jakobson, Jakobson,, : ; ; ; :H0206 :A : (2001) Jakobson, (markedness) 50,, Jakobson, ;, Chvany Jakobson, 21 Jakobson Jakobson,, Jakobson Trubetzkoy (phonological correlations) " (marked) " (unmarked) Trubetzkoy Jakobson : (opposition) " (Trubetzkoy 1975 :162) Jakobson, " 1 2 :, (mark),, " (Jakobson 1932 :1),Jakobson, (distinctive features),,, 1 2(1968) :

2 (Jakobson 1932 :1), ; (1942),Jakobson (Waugh & Monville - Burston 1990 :218) Saussure ( : ) Jakobson, (pair of phonemes) (logical opposition), :,ΠaΠ ΠuΠ,, Saussure 8, 28 (distinction) 28 (primary values),8 (secondary values),,jakobson Saussure " ( 1990 :237) ;,28 : ; ;,, (binary opposition),ja2 kobson Saussure (M) (U) 1 : (M) (U) : (M) (U) :,,,, (1941),Jakobson, 1941, 1 2 Jakobson, : :ΠaΠ,ΠiΠ,ΠuΠ :ΠpΠ,ΠtΠ,ΠkΠ :ΠmΠ,ΠnΠ : ΠrΠ, ΠrΠ, ΠhΠ Jakobson (biologically driven hierarchy), (core sounds) ; (peripheral sounds),,,jakobson, : > >,,, (regression hypothesis), ;, Π ;,,Jakobson, : (distributional criterion) :,, 79

3 (frequency criterion) :, (diachronic distribution) :,, (Jakobson & Waugh 1979), (phonological markedness) (semantic markedness), " (1979 :94) ;, " ;, ( 1979 :94) 1 2(Jakobson & Pomorska 1983),,,, (markedness reversal) (, ) ,Jakobson, 2 :, (1932) Π Jakobson,,,, :,Jakobson, A 80

4 " (signalization of A) A " (non - signalization of A), A ", (general meaning) (partial meaning) A, A (signalization of non - A) tiger tigress,tigress,,tiger,, ;,,Jakobson, (neutralization) (1932 :11) ; (zero form) (1932 :13) ;,,Jakobson A" ", A" (1936),Jakobson 1932,,,,, ;,, A" ( A A ), A" (A ),,, (Basque) (Northern Caucasian), ; Π (nominativeπaccusative) (1936 :71) 1 2(1958),Jakobson,,, " (1958 :121),, ( ) ( ) ( G) (P) (N) (S) (1956 :136) G P + + N S - -, :NS( ) < NPΠGS( ) < GP( ), GP, - a, - o, - ov - ej - a, - o 31 Jakobson Chvany(1999) Jakobson, (theory of substantive universals), (coherence) Chvany(1999 :6-7),Jakobson,,,Glovinskaia Jakobson ( ), Jakob2 81

5 son, (inclusive grammatical gender), Etot osel - osel, ili osli2 ca? (lit : Is this ass an ass or a she - ass ) Is this tiger a tiger or a tigress,is this lion a lion or a lion2 ess, (animacy scale), 3 Is this fa2 ther a father or a mother 3 Is this Tsar a Tsar or a Tssarina Chvany (1999 :6), Jakobson, Chvany, Jakobson,,, Is this lion a lion or a lioness Is this tiger a tiger or a tigress Is this ass an ass or a she - ass,,,chvany, Jakobson (invariance) " (formal determinism) (markedness convention) "Jakobson, Chvany, Jakobson (Chvany 1999 :7),( ) (1999 :7), the ( ),the more the merrier,, (homonymy) (polysemy) Jakobson,Jakobson,, (Waugh &Monville - Burston 1990 :5) 1961,Jakobson (Waugh &Monville - Burston 1990 :153),, (com2 pactness) (diffuseness) ( ),, (Waugh & Monville - Burston 1990 :143),, ; Jakob2 son Chvany, Jakobson,Jakobson, (compactness) (diffuseness),,, ;, (essential difference) " Chvany, Jakobson : " (1999 :8) Jakobson,,,, Chvany Saussure (1961) (signifier) (signified) (Waugh &Monville - Burston 1990 :408),, ; (1916 :12) 3,,,, 82

6 , Jakobson (parts of speech) (asemantic syntagmatic features) " Jakobson " " Chvany, (Chvany 1999 :8),,,, ( 1999 :8-9) Chvany,Jakobson (1932),,,Jakobson,,,Jakobson, (obligatoriness) (privativity) 1Boas 2(1959),Jakobson Boas (grammatical 4 meaning) (lexical meaning) Chvany,,,,,- u s, ( - a - u ) ;u, (Comrie et al : ),, Chvany, (analytic expressions) He arrived at the city He arrived,arrived at, arrived,chvany,,, Jakobson : The man killed the bull. The bull was killed by the man., the man, the bull, :,,,Jakobson, (neutralization) (principle of compensation) Jakobson,, (Chvany 1999 :10),,Chvany, (1999 :10-13),, (1),, + (iterative) (skazal told, skazyval used to tell ) ; (M) (U) ; ( ) (U), (M) 83

7 (2) ( ),,,Jakobson (1958) ( ) 41 Jakobson, Ch2 vany, Jakobson,, Jakobson (, ) : 1 Battistella, Edwin L The logic of markedness M. New York : Oxford University Press. 2 Chvany, Catherine V Jakobsonian markedness notions : Six paradoxes in search of a theorya. In Michael Sha2 piro ( Eds. ), Pierce Seminar Papers, 4C(pp. 1-39). New YorkΠOxford : Berghahn Books. 3 Jakobson, Roman Structure of the Russian verba. In Linda R. Waugh &Morris Halle ( Eds. ), Rus2 sian and Slavic grammar : Studies C (pp. 1-15). Berlin : Mouton Publishers. 4 Jakobson, Roman Contribution to the general theory of casea. In Linda R. Waugh &Morris Halle ( Eds. ), Russian and Slavic grammarc(pp ). Berlin : Mouton Publishers. 5 Jakobson, Roman Russian conjugationa. In Linda R. Waugh & Morris Halle ( Eds. ) Russian and Slavic grammarc ( pp ). Berlin : Mouton Publishers. 6 Jakobson, Roman The relationship between genitive and plural in the declension of Russian nounsa. In Linda R. Waugh &Morris Halle ( Eds. ) Russian and Slavic gramma.c(pp ). Berlin : Mouton Publish2 ers. 7 Jakobson, Roman Shifters, verbal categories, and the Russian verba. In Linda R. Waugh & Morris Halle ( Eds. ) Russian and Slavic grammarc(pp ). Berlin : Mouton Publishers. 8 Jakobson, Roman Boas view of grammatical meaninga. In Waugh, Linda R. &Monique Monville - Burst2 on ( Eds. ) On language : Roman JakobsonC(pp ). Cambridge : Harvard university Press. 9 Jakobson, Roman Child language aphasia and phonological universals (Allan R. Keiler trans. ) M. The Hague : Mouton. 10 Jakobson, Roman & Krystyna Pomorka Dialogues with Drysyna Pomorska M. Cambridge : MIT Press. 11 Jakobson, Roman &Linda Waugh The sound shape of languagem. Berlin, New York, &Amsterdam : Mou2 ton. 12 Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Letters and notes M. Roman Jakobson ( Eds. ) The Hague : Mouton. 13 Waugh Linda R. & Monique Monville - Burston ( Eds. ) On language : Roman Jakobson M. Cambridge : Harvard university Press M. :, M. :,19981 : 11 M U Marked Unmarked, 21, 31 Saussure 1 2, (1988) 1 2, 41 (Waugh & Monville - Burston 1995 : ) : 84