CAF CAF Wolfe-Quintero et al Foster &

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1 27 * T T Casanave 1994 Ishikawa 1995 Wolfe-Quintero et al CAF CAF 2010 Ellis 2009 Robinson et al Norris & Ortega 2009 Larsen-Freeman complexity accuracy and fluency Perkins 1980 Cumming & Mellow 2009 Housen & Kuiken 2009 Skehan 2009 CAF Pallotti Ellis 2009 Hunt 1965 T 60 T variation sophistication CAF CAF Wolfe-Quintero et al Foster & * 08XYY007

2 28 Skehan Ishikawa 1995 Sharma 1980 Housen & Kuiken Hunt 1965 Cooper 1976 Monroe Hunt Sharma 1980 T Halliday Halliday Halliday 2004 Halliday 1987 it ll ve been going to ve been being tested every day for the past fortnight soon 2. 3 Halliday & Matthiessen 1999 Ellis 2009 rank shift Halliday In order to argue that this is not so he simply points out that there are no synonyms in mental language. 2 The argument to the contrary is basically an appeal to the lack of synonymy in mental language. 2 1 the argument to the contrary an appeal to the T lack of synonymy in mental language T T there are no synonyms the lack of synonymy he points out an T appeal to this is not so the contrary to argue the argument Wolfe-Quintero et al T Wolfe-Quintero ibid frequency ratio

3 29 Norris & Ortega Wolfe-Quintero et al. T 1998 Norris & Ortega c-unit c communicative AS-unit AS Analysis of Speech Homburg 1984 T St CLEC CLEC Wolfe-Quintero et Evola et al CLEC al T 89% 1 T Hunt

4 SPSS15. 0 One-way ANOVA Post hoc comparisons 2 T p = mean Std. Deviation F p p =. 86 T T p =. 18 p <. 05 T p < p = p <. 05 T p =. 04 Regression Stepwise 3 3 p <. 3 T 05 p =. 37 p < p <. 05

5 31 β R 2 t-value Sig.. 29 T p =. 25 T Ortega 2003 T T Halliday T Ortega 2003

6 32 Casanave C. P Language development in students journals. Journal of Second Language Writing 3. Cooper T Measuring written syntactic patterns of second language learners of German. Journal of Education Research 69. Halliday 2004 Cumming A. & D. Mellow An investigation into the validity of written indicators of second language proficiency. In A. Cumming & R. Berwick Eds. Valida- Ortega tion in Language Testing pp Clevedon England Multilingual Matters Ellis R Task-based Language Learning and Teaching. Oxford OUP. Ellis R The differential effects of three types of task planning on the fluency complexity and accuracy in L2 Oral Production. Applied Linguistics 4. Evola J. E. Mamer & B. Lentz Discrete point versus global scoring for cohesive devices. In J. Woller trade-off hypothesis & K. Perkins eds.. Research in Language Testing pp Rowley MA Newbury House. Foster P. & P. Skehan The influence of planning on performance in task-based learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3. Halliday M. A. K Comprehending Oral and Written Language. Orlando FL Academic Press. Halliday M. A. K. & C. M. I. M. Matthiessen Construing Experience Through Meaning A Language-based Approach to Cognition. London & New York Continuum. Halliday M. A. K The language of early childhood. In J. J. Webster ed.. The Collected Works of M. A. K Halliday Vol. 4. London & New York Continuum Halliday M. A. K An Introduction to Functional Grammar 3rd edition. Arnold. 5. Homburg T. J Holistic evaluation of ESL compositions Can it be validated objectively. TESOL Quarterly 18. Housen A. & F. Kuiken Complexity accuracy and fluency in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics 4. Hunt K. W Grammatical structures written at three grade levels. NCTE Research Report No. 3. Champaign IL USA NCTE.

7 33 Ishikawa S Objective measurement of low-proficiency EFL narrative writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 4. Larsen-Freeman D Adjusting expectations the study of complexity accuracy and fluency in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics 4. Monroe J Measuring and enhancing syntactic fluency in French. The French Review 48. Norris J. & L. Ortega Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA the case of complexity. Applied Linguistics 4. Ortega L Syntactic complexity measure and their relationship to L2 proficiency A research synthesis of college-level L2 writing. Applied Linguistics 4. Pallotti G CAF defining refining and differentiating constructs. Applied Linguistics 4. Perkins K Using objective methods of attained writing proficiency to discriminate among holistic evaluations. TESOL Quarterly 14. Sharma A Syntactic maturity Assessing writing proficiency in a second language. In R. Silverstein ed.. Occasional Papers in Linguistics 6 pp Carbondale Southern Illinois University. Skehan P Modelling second language performance integrating complexity accuracy fluency and lexis. Applied Linguistics 4. Wolfe-Quintero K. S. Inagaki & H. Kim Second Language Development in Writing Measures of Fluency Accuracy & Complexity. Technical Report #17. University of Hawaii at Manroa Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center Towards the measurement of the grammatical complexity in the writings of the learners of English by ZHAO Junhai & CHEN Huiyuan Abstract This paper theoretically and empirically addresses the issue of measuring the grammatical complexity of English language learners writings. For testing the validity of certain measuring indices the authors gauged the sample articles T-units dependent clauses non-finite verbs and connectors based on Chinese Learners English Corpus and found that these indices are valid in measuring second language learners writing grammatical complexity. Meanwhile T-units non-finite verbs and connectors may well predict the development of the grammatical complexity of the second language learners. The study also discovered that non-finite verb is a trustworthy index in measuring second language learners grammatical complexity in writing for its better performance in the statistical tests of this study. The results indicate that the non-finite verb is a special index in measuring learners language complexity while dependent clauses contribute less significantly to the development of learners grammatical complexity. Key words English language writing grammatical complexity measurement index validity