A Workbook for New Testament Syntax Copyright 2007 by Daniel B. Wallace and Grant G. Edwards

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1 A Workbook for New Testament Syntax Copyright 2007 by Daniel B. Wallace and Grant G. Edwards Requests for information should be addressed to: Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan ISBN Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers printed in this book are offered as a resource to you. These are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement on the part of Zondervan, nor do we vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Interior design by Mark Sheeres Printed in the United States of America _syntax.indd 4 7/10/08 8:16:12 AM

2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments Preface Introduction Nominative and Vocative Genitive Dative Accusative Article (Part I) Article (Part II) Adjective Person and Number; Active Voice Middle and Passive Voice Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood Optative and Imperative Moods Present Tense Imperfect Tense Aorist and Future Tenses Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses Infinitive Participle (Part I) Participle (Part II) Conditional Sentences _syntax.indd 5 7/10/08 8:16:12 AM

3 Lesson 1: Nominative and Vocative Nominative Warm-Up Passages Vocabulary 1. παραγίνομαι : I appear, come, arrive (Mt 3:1) 5. οἱ Φιλίπποι : Philippi (Ph 1:1) 2. ὁ βαπτιστής : Baptist (Mt 3:1) 6. ὁ ἐπίσκοπος : superintendent, guardian, bishop (Ph 1:1) 3. ἔρημος : abandoned, empty, desolate; (subst.) desert, wilderness (Mt 3:1) 7. ὁ διάκονος : servant, minister (Ph 1:1) 4. ὁ Τιμόθεος : Timothy (Ph 1:1) Matthew 3:1 Ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς κηρύσσων ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. παραγίνεται (This is an example of a historical present [Basics ; ExSyn ].) 1. Ἰωάννης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] 2. ὁ βαπτιστής: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] Philippians 1:1 Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Φιλίπποις σὺν ἐπισκόποις καὶ διακόνοις _syntax.indd 15

4 16 WORKBOOK FOR NEW TESTAMENT SYNTAX 3. Παῦλος: Case, case usage? (This noun does not occur in a sentence, nor is a verb even implied. Consequently, there is no word related to for it. In such instances, you may be asked from time to time for the word related to. The answer should be no relation. ) [1+1] 4. Τιμόθεος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] 5. δοῦλοι: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+2+1] πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις (This is an example of a dative of recipient, a dative that would ordinarily be an indirect object, except that it appears in verbless constructions (such as in titles and salutations) [ExSyn 148].) Syntax Passages John 1:6 14 Background The Gospel of John opens with a prologue (1:1 18) in which, like Mark s Gospel, there is no genealogy and no birth narrative. But the reason for this in the Fourth Gospel is that the Son of God has always existed and, in fact, has created all things (1:1 5). His incarnation is mentioned from the divine perspective of why he came to earth (1:6 18), rather than from the human perspective of those who first beheld a newborn babe and wondered what he would become. From the outset, then, John s Gospel presents Jesus as God s Son in fact, as God in the flesh. Our passage begins by introducing Jesus forerunner, John the Baptist, who testifies about the light. Text 1:6 Ἐγένετο ἄνθρωπος, ἀπεσταλμένος παρὰ θεοῦ, ὄνομα αὐτῷ Ἰωάννης 1:7 οὗτος ἦλθεν εἰς μαρτυρίαν ἵνα μαρτυρήσῃ περὶ τοῦ φωτός, ἵνα πάντες πιστεύσωσιν δι αὐτοῦ. 1:8 οὐκ ἦν ἐκεῖνος τὸ φῶς, ἀλλ ἵνα μαρτυρήσῃ περὶ τοῦ φωτός. 1:9 Ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν, ὃ φωτίζει πάντα ἄνθρωπον, ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον. 1:10 ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἦν, καὶ ὁ κόσμος δι αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ ὁ κόσμος αὐτὸν οὐκ ἔγνω. 1:11 εἰς τὰ ἴδια ἦλθεν, καὶ οἱ ἴδιοι αὐτὸν οὐ παρέλαβον. 1:12 ὅσοι δὲ ἔλαβον αὐτόν, ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν τέκνα θεοῦ γενέσθαι, τοῖς πιστεύουσιν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, 1:13 οἳ οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς ἀλλ ἐκ θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν. 1:14 Καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο καὶ ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν, καὶ ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός, πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας _syntax.indd 16

5 LESSON 1: NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE 17 Vocabulary 1. ἡ μαρτυρία : testimony, witness (v. 7) 5. σκηνόω : I tabernacle, dwell (v. 14) 2. ἀληθινός : true, genuine (v. 9) 6. θεάομαι : I behold, see (v. 14) 3. φωτίζω : I shine, give light, illuminate (v. 9) 7. μονογενής : only (v. 14) 4. παραλαμβάνω : I receive, accept (v. 11) 8. πλήρης : full, filled (v. 14) John 1:6 ἐγένετο (In the prologue to John s Gospel [1:1 18], the author displays a tendency to use εἰμί when referring to one who exists eternally, and γίνομαι to refer to one who has a beginning. In the first five verses, εἰμί is used only in reference to God and Christ, while γίνομαι speaks of creation. When we come to v. 6, ἐγένετο ἄνθρωπος at first blush seems to mean a man was created, especially in light of v. 3. Although this is not an appropriate rendering in this context, there does indeed seem to be a hint that the one we are looking at is a creature, a mere human.*) 6. ἄνθρωπος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] ἀπεσταλμένος (This use of the passive voice indicates that ἄνθρωπος receives the action expressed by the participle. The ultimate agent in this situation is indicated by παρὰ θεοῦ [Basics ; ExSyn ].) 7. ὄνομα: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+2] 8. Ἰωάννης: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] * This is not the e mn, was, used of the Word in vss. 1 2, but the egeneto used of creation in vss John the Baptist is a creature (Brown, John, 1.8). When we come to v. 14, how should we interpret the ἐγένετο there, which clearly refers to Christ? _syntax.indd 17

6 18 WORKBOOK FOR NEW TESTAMENT SYNTAX John 1:7 9. οὗτος: Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] εἰς μαρτυρίαν (The preposition εἰς is probably communicating purpose here [Basics 166; ExSyn 369]. Literally it is rendered for [a testimony]. ) μαρτυρήσῃ (This is an example of a subjunctive following a ἵνα clause expressing purpose [Basics 206; ExSyn 472].) 10. πάντες: Case, case usage, word related to? (Treat this word as a noun [Basics ; ExSyn ].) [1+1+1] πιστεύσωσιν δι αὐτοῦ (Notice the care with which some prepositions are used in this passage. John s goal of testifying about Christ is that people would believe through him i.e., by means of John s testimony rather than believe in John. Jesus Christ is the object of belief in this Gospel, and the appropriate preposition after πιστεύω that speaks of belief in Christ is εἰς. Cf. John 1:12; 2:11; 3:16, etc. But since John is not the object of faith, διά + genitive is used here.) John 1:8 11. ἐκεῖνος: How can you tell if this is the subject or the predicate nominative? What kind of proposition is this in convertible or subset? [2+2] 12. τὸ φῶς: Case, case usage, word related to? [2+2+2] ἀλλ ἵνα (BDF notes that an ellipsis of ἐγένετο or a similar verb can be implied by ἀλλ ἵνα [ 448.7]. An appropriate gloss here would be but [he came] in order that... ) _syntax.indd 18

7 LESSON 1: NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE 19 John 1:9 τὸ φῶς (There are two ways to understand τὸ φῶς: (1) it can be taken as the predicate nominative related to the understood he that is embedded in ἦν, or (2) it can be regarded as the subject of the sentence, with ἦν as part of a periphrastic participle construction with ἐρχόμενον.) John 1: ὁ κόσμος 2 : Case, case usage, word related to? [1+1+1] John 1:11 τὰ ἴδια (BDAG notes that ἴδιος, when acting as a substantive, can refer to one s relatives, associates, home, possessions, or property [BDAG, s.v. ἴδιος 4]. As a neuter, which of these do you think is in view? See BDAG for help.) 14. οἱ ἴδιοι: Case, case usage, word related to? (Treat ἴδιοι as a noun [Basics ; ExSyn ].) [1+1+1] John 1: ὅσοι: In addition to being the subject of the verb ἔλαβον, what is the usage of the nominative here? Make sure and read the entire verse before answering. [2] ἐξουσίαν (BDAG notes that the use here indicate[s] the thing that one is able to do [BDAG, s.v. ἐξουσία 2]. Those who receive him have the capacity or ability to become children of God. ) _syntax.indd 19