Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Antioch-on-the-Orontes IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ. 1. Historical framework

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1 Περίληψη : The reaction against the Byzantine imperial power in Antioch was expressed through successive revolts of the citizens after 1071, when the city was directly threatened by the Seljuks. At the same time, Philaretos Brachamios, the ruler of an independent principality of Cilicia, coveted Antioch, which he annexed to Cilicia towards the late From then on, the Byzantine domination ceased, although the city held a strategic position that was important for maintaining Asia Minor territories. Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Antioch-on-the-Orontes 1. Historical framework After emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated and arrested by Sultan Alp Arslan at Manzikert, Byzantine power in Asia Minor collapsed and the road was open for the Seljuks to advance into Byzantine territories. Following an agreement with Romanos, which provided that the Byzantines had to pay ransom, give subsidiary troops and release Seljuk captives, Alp Arslan liberated the captive, who attempted to claim the throne that had been occupied by Michael VII Doukas ( ). The civil conflict that broke out between the new and the deposed emperor made things worse in Asia Minor, as the Seljuks took advantage of the situation in order to advance towards the interior of the peninsula. Their presence, which had already been noticed in the region of northern Syria before the battle of Manzikert, 1 became particularly threatening in the following years. Under these circumstances, the Byzantines should by all means maintain Antioch in order to control southeastern Asia Minor due to the strategic and fortified position of the city, which dominated the nearby area. However, successive revolts threw the city into disorder in the 1070s. The city troops, under the doux of Antioch, Khačatur, participated actively in the civil war on the side of Romanos IV. Even after the elimination of the emperor the city became the bone of contention between Constantinople and Philaretos Brachamios. The latter, an old strategos of Romanos IV, after defecting from the Byzantine army around 1072, refused to recognise Michael VII Doukas as emperor and established his own rule in the district of Cilicia, at the same time laying claims over Antioch. Τhe conditions in the city were favourable for Philaretos, for a large part of the population was on the side of Patriarch Aimilianos and opposed the representatives of the imperial power, which was not an isolated event. In the 11th century a middle class, largely consisting of merchants and craftsmen organised in guilds, becomes stronger in the big cities of the Byzantine Empire (mainly Constantinople) and intervenes in political developments. 2 Members of that class were frequently the instigators of popular revolts. Furthermore, the central administration was a constant burden for the inhabitants of the province because it demanded continuously increasing taxes and was indifferent to their economic distress. It was only natural that the provincial populations were unfriendly to the imperial government, which was always draining the provincial resources. On the other hand, they were not interested in the security of the Empire, which was in the hands of mercenaries. As regards Antioch, the fact that a lot of its citizens were Monophysites was an additional reason for tension and a factor that contributed to the alienation of the local population from the capital, which exerted strong pressure for their conversion to Orthodoxy. 2. The revolt at Antioch 2.1. Khačatur supports Romanos IV Diogenes The Armenian Khačatur had been appointed doux of Antioch in 1068 by Romanos IV Diogenes. When the latter, after the end of his capture by Sultan Alp Arslan (autumn 1071), attempted to reoccupy the throne, Khačatur took sides with him. 3 Accompanied by his troops, he joined the deposed emperor at the fortress of Tyropoios, Cappadocia, where Romanos had escaped after he was Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 1/7

2 defeated at Dokeia by the protoproedros Constantine Doukas. Khačatur returned along with Romanos Diogenes to Cilicia, where he aimed to spend the winter, taking advantage of the safety provided by the Taurus Mountains and the fact that he was quite close to Antioch and could watch over it. He organised his defence by blocking the way of the imperial troops through the mountain passes and expected for reinforcements from Alp Arslan. However, the domestikos ton scholon of the East, Andronikos Doukas, managed to take Khačatur by surprise by choosing a road that led him to Tarsus unobstructed. In the ensuing battle the imperial troops prevailed and Khačatur was killed The revolt of the people of Antioch, After Michael VII prevailed, Joseph, a member of the Tarchaneiotes family, was sent to Antioch as doux. When the latter died, he was succeeded by his son, magistros Katakalon Tarchaneiotes. Because he did not manage to restore order in Antioch, where the situation was unsettled and followed by a constant reaction against the imperial power, 4 he was replaced by Isaac Komnenos in The latter was assigned the task of removing from the city Patriarch Aimilianos, 5 who opposed the government of Constantinople, as well as the task of getting rid of Philaretos Brachamios, since the establishment of his rule in the district of Cilicia was seriously worrying the capital. 6 As soon as he arrived in the city, the newly appointed Isaacios Komnenos quickly realised that it was difficult to effectively deal with the opposition and immediately remove the patriarch, who was the main obstacle to the restoration of the order, because Aimilianos circle would react. Thus, he decided to postpone the fulfillment of the imperial orders and establish friendly relations with the patriarch. 7 At some moment he pretended that he fell sick and the doctors advised that he be taken to a place with better climatic conditions. Patriarch Aimilianos was willing to offer his summer house to the allegedly sick doux. When a few days later the patriarch went to visit him, Isaac had escaped and returned to Antioch, closed the gates of the city and sent a message to the patriarch informing him that by imperial order he should go directly to Constantinople. Immediately after Aimilianos was expelled, riots broke out and the crowd forced the doux and the nobles into the citadel of Antioch and plundered the houses of the nobles. 8 The revolt was backed by Philaretos Brachamios, who aspired to control the city. In order to deal with the infuriated mob, Isaac Komnenos had to ask for reinforcements from the guards of nearby cities. When a sizeable army was gathered, the doux attacked the rebels, while the inhabitants were massacred. The properties of aristocrats, plundered by the enraged crowd, prove that there was a deep displeasure in the city with the upper class, reflecting the contrasts in late-11th c. society. On the other hand, the fact that a considerable part of the population of Antioch was gathered around a side that reacted immediately as soon as their leader was injured clearly indicates the bourgeois character of local society an advanced social form that had appeared only in the people of Constantinople until then The surrender of Antioch to Philaretos Brachamios Doux Isaac Komnenos left Antioch in the first half of 1078 in order to return to Constantinople by order of the new emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates. He left behind the Armenian prince Vasak Pahlawuni, an enemy of Philaretos, who was capable of defending the city against the expansionary aspirations of Philaretos. However, Vasak was murdered by local Byzantines in late The vacuum of power created by his death made his troops summon Philaretos to Antioch, thus fulfilling the wish of a large part of the population that belonged to the opposition. Philaretos took advantage of the opportunity and entered the city. Immediately he punished the culprits of the murder. Under the pretence of a military operation, he gathered the dissident Byzantines in a nearby village and ordered his soldiers to kill them. Nikephoros III did not hesitate to officially recognise Brachamios control over southeastern Asia Minor, on condition that he, in turn, would recognise the dominion of Constantinople. Towards the late 1078 Antioch was incorporated in the realm of Brachamios, which extended from Tarsus in Cilicia as far as Harput to the north and Mesopotamia to the east, including Edessa (occupied by Philaretos in 1077). 3. Consequences The revolts that broke out in Antioch in affected both the defence of the area and the territorial integrity of the Byzantine Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 2/7

3 Empire. On the one hand, the central administration was in the difficult position of trying to impose its power on the city and maintain the region of N. Syria in its sphere of influence. For this reason, the government sacrificed battle-worthy troops in order to succeed, thus neglecting the defence against the Seljuks. On the other hand, when Antioch came under Philaretos in 1078 and Nikephoros Botaneiates recognised the autonomy of his realm, the empire lost permanently a city of great strategic importance for the defence of the empire in SE Asia Minor and, what is more, when it was necessary more than ever. Antioch was the most important base of the empire, securing defence on the eastern border and protecting Asia Minor regions against Turkish raids. As regards the people who were involved in the revolts, there is little information about Khačatur, while the antagonistic activities of Patriarch Aimilianos were not suspended after he was removed from Constantinople. Even when he was in the capital, Aimilianos acted against Michael VII Doukas and led the party that helped Nikephoros III Botaneiates assume power in March Finally, the suppression of the revolt and the subsequent predominance of Brachamios caused heavy casualties, since in both cases the order was restored after bloody conflicts and massive executions of Antiochean citizens. 1. Emir Afşin plundered the area around Antioch in Two years later Khačatur, the doux of Antioch, was defeated by a Seljuk force that had plundered Ikonion. See Βρυώνης, Σ., Η παρακμή του μεσαιωνικού Ελληνισμού της Μικράς Ασίας και η διαδικασία του εξισλαμισμού (11ος έως 15ος αι.) (Athens 1996), p The organisations of the citizens of Constantinople played a key role in the enthronement of Isaacios I Komnenos (1057) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078); Cheynet, J.-C., Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance ( ) (Byzantina Sorbonensia 9, Paris 1990), pp , According to Michael Attaleiates, Bekker, I. (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae Historia (Bonn 1853), pp , Khačatur had undertaken the mission to fight against Diogenes but was overwhelmed by his devotion to the deposed emperor, who had honoured him with the high office of doux, and decided to support him. Any soldiers who did not want to oppose Emperor Michael VII were sent back to Antioch after being taken their horses and weapons. 4. Nikephoros Bryennios [Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicephore Bryennios, Histoire (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9, Bruxelles 1975), pp ], does not make any extensive reference to the riots that took place in Antioch during the rule of Katakalon Tarchaneiotes, while he is particularly detailed when he describes the 1074 revolt. 5. Νikephoritzes, who had served as doux of Antioch in the years of Constantine I Doukas ( ), was the first to suggest that Aimilianos should be removed from Antioch, as he had also conflicted with him. 6. In Brachamios strengthened his position in Mesopotamia by attacking, at first with the help of the Franks of Raimbaud and then with the cooperation of the Türkmen, the Armenian rulers who occupied land in the region. He then started to move in the mountainous areas of Cilicia, while the fortresses on the Taurus Mountains he used as bases helped him capture cities isolated from the heart of the empire due to Seljuk raids. See Laurent, J., Byzance et Antioche sous le couropalate Philarète, Revue des Études Armeniennes 9 (1929), pp ; Cheynet, J.-C. Vannier, J.F., Études prosopographiques (Byzantina Sorbonensia 5, Paris 1986), pp ; Βρυώνης, Σ., Η παρακμή του μεσαιωνικού Ελληνισμού της Μικράς Ασίας και η διαδικασία του εξισλαμισμού (11ος έως 15ος αι.) (Athens 1996), pp Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9, Bruxelles 1975), p Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9, Bruxelles 1975), p Βιβλιογραφία : Μιχαήλ Ατταλειάτης, Ιστορία, Bekker, I. (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1853 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 3/7

4 Συνεχιστής Ιωάννου Σκυλίτζη, Χρονογραφία, Τσολάκης, Ε. (επιμ.), Η Συνέχεια της Χρονογραφίας του Ιωάννου Σκυλίτζη, Ίδρυμα Μελετών Χερσονήσου του Αίμου 105, Θεσσαλονίκη 1968 Βρυώνης Σ., Η παρακμή του μεσαιωνικού ελληνισμού στη Μικρά Ασία και η διαδικασία του εξισλαμισμού, ΜΙΕΤ, Αθήνα 1996, Γαλαταριώτου, Κ. (μτφρ.) Cheynet J.-C., Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance ( ), Paris 1990, Byzantina Sorbonensia 9 Cheynet J.-C., Vannier J.F., Études prosopographiques, Paris 1986, Byzantina Sorbonensia 5 Cahen C., "La première pénétration turque en Asie Mineure (seconde moitié du XIe siècle)", Byzantion, 18, , 5-67 Charanis P., "The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire", Byzantinoslavica, 22, 1961, Laurent J., "Des Grecs aux Croisés. Etudes sur l histoire d Edesse entre 1071 et 1098", Byzantion, 1, 1924, Laurent J., "Byzance et Antioche sous le couropalate Philarète", Revue des Études Armeniennes, 9, 1929, Laurent V., "La chronologie des gouverneurs d'antioche sous la seconde domination byzantine", Mélanges de l'université Saint-Joseph, 38, 1962, Angold M., Η βυζαντινή αυτοκρατορία από το 1025 έως το Μια πολιτική ιστορία, Αθήνα 1997, Καργιαννιώτη, Ε. (μτφρ.) Νικηφόρος Βρυέννιος, Ύλη Ιστορίας, Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9, Bruxelles 1975 Άννα Κομνηνή, Αλεξιάς, Reinsch, D.R. Kambylis, A. (eds), Annae Comnenae Alexias, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 40, Berlin New York 2001 Ματθαίος Εδέσσης, Χρονικόν, Dostourian, A.Ε. (ed.), Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to eleventh Century: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, Armenian Heritage Series, Lanham New York London 1993 Dagron G., "Minorités ethniques et religieuses dans l Orient byzantin à la fin du Xe et au XIe siècle: l immigration syrienne", Travaux et Mémoires, 6, 1976, Grumel V., "Le patriarcat et les patriarches d Antioche sous la seconde domination byzantine ( )", Echos d Orient, 33, 1934, Δικτυογραφία : Aimilianos, patriarch of Antioch Joseph Tarchaneiotes Philaretos Brachamios Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 4/7

5 Γλωσσάριo : domestikos ton scholon Commander of the regiment of scholae. The first officer with this title appears in 767/8. In the 10th C the domesticos became very powerful among the army of the themata; in mid-10th C the office was divided in two, domestikoi ton scholon of the East and those of the West, commanders in chief of the eastern and the western provinces army respectively. doukas (lat. dux) Antiquity: Roman military commander who, in some provinces, combined military and civil functions. Buzantium: a higher military officer. From the second half of the 10th c. the title indicates the military comander of a larger district. After the 12th c., doukes were called the governors of small themes. magistros Higher office that Philotheos in his Kletorologion places above the anthypatos. This title lost its importance from the 10th century and gradually disappeared - most probably in the middle of the 12th century. protoproedros A high-ranking title of Byzantine court hierarchy, awarded to members of the Senate. It was introduced in 963 by Nikephoros Phokas to denote the highest-ranking official of senatorial class. It appears constantly until the 11th century as a dignity higher than that of proedros and is not mentioned in the sources after the middle of the 12th century. strategos ("general") During the Roman period his duties were mainly political. Οffice of the Byzantine state s provincial administration. At first the title was given to the military and political administrator of the themes, namely of the big geographic and administrative unities of the Byzantine empire. Gradually the title lost its power and, already in the 11th century, strategoi were turned to simple commanders of military units, responsible for the defence of a region. Πηγές I. Bekker (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae Historia. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn 1853), pp Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus: E. Τσολάκης (ed.), Η Συνέχεια της Χρονογραφίας του Ιωάννου Σκυλίτζη (Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus) (Ίδρυμα Μελετών Χερσονήσου του Αίμου 105, Θεσσαλονίκη 1968), pp , D.R. Reinsch A. Kambylis (ed.), Annae Comnenae Alexias. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 40 (Berlin New York 2001), p P. Gautier (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9 (Bruxelles 1975), pp Παραθέματα Byzantine historian Michael Attaleiates recounts how the troops of Antioch sided Romanos IV Diogenes Περιώδυνος δʹ ὁ Διογένης ἐκ τῆς φήμης γενόμενος, ὅμως τὸ λοιπὸν ἄγων πλῆθος εἰς τὴν Καππαδοκῶν ἐνέβαλε γῆν καὶ εἴς τε φρούριον ἀνιὼν Τυροποιὸν οὕτως ὀνομαζόμενον, ἐπὶ λόφου κείμενον ὀχυροῦ, ἐκαραδόκει τὸ μέλλον, πανταχόθεν ἐπικαλούμενος στρατιώτας εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀρωγήν. ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ τοῦ τὴν Βύζαντος βασιλεύοντος μετεπέμφθη ὁ τῆς μεγάλης Ἀντιοχείας κατεπάνω, Χατατούριος ἐπονομαζόμενος, ἐξ Ἀρμενίων δ ἕλκων τὸ γένος, καὶ προσετάγη πόλεμον τῷ Διογένῃ ἐπενεγκεῖν, ἀφίκετο μὲν εἰς Τυροποιὸν μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς δυνάμεως ἱππέων τε καὶ πεζῶν, κατοικτισάμενος δὲ τὸν Διογένην τῆς τύχης, καὶ ἅμα χάριτας τούτῳ προσομολογεῖν ἔχων ὡς παρ ἐκείνου τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς Ἀντιοχείας λαβών, συνέθετο τούτῳ καὶ τῆς ἐκείνου μοίρας ἐγένετο, καί τινας τῶν στρατιωτῶν, οἷς ἐκ βασιλέως διώριστο συνάρασθαι τούτῳ τῶν κατὰ Διογένους μόθων, τῶν ἵππων ἀποστερήσας καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀποσκευῆς γυμνοὺς ἐκεῖθεν ἀπήλασεν. Bekker, I. (ed.), Michaelis Attaliotae Historia (Bonn 1853), pp Doux Khačatur of Antioch takes the side of Romanos IV Προσκαλεσάμενος οὖν ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος καὶ τὸν Ἀντιοχείας δοῦκα, τὸν Χατατούριον, σύμμαχον κατὰ τοῦ Διογένους οὐκ ἔσχεν ὑπακούοντα προσέθετο γὰρ τῷ Διογένει. Καὶ τοῦτον παραλαβὼν παραγίνεται εἰς Κιλικίαν, ἔνθα καὶ προσεκαρτέρει τὴν ἀπὸ Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 5/7

6 τοῦ σουλτάνου ἀναμένων βοήθειαν, ὁμοῦ δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα διάγων ἐκεῖσε, ἀλεεινοτέραν τὴν Κιλικίαν ἐπιστάμενος, καὶ πάλιν πρὸς συλλογὴν στρατοῦ ἑαυτὸν ἀπησχόλει. Ὁ δέ γε Κωνσταντῖνος μετὰ τὸ τὸν Διογένην ὑποχωρῆσαι ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸ Βυζάντιον. Ἀντ ἐκείνου δὲ στέλλεται κατὰ τοῦ Διογένους ὁ πρόεδρος Ἀνδρόνικος, ὁ τοῦ καίσαρος υἱός. Διανείμας δὲ τοῖς στρατιώταις σιτηρέσια, διὰ τῆς κλεισούρας τοῦ Ποδανδοῦ ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Κιλικίαν, ἔνθα συναντᾷ αὐτῷ ὁ Χατατούριος, ὃν καὶ πρὸς βραχὺ μαχεσάμενον ἀναιροῦσιν οἱ τοῦ Ἀνδρονίκου. Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus: Τσολάκης, Ε. (ed.), Η Συνέχεια της Χρονογραφίας του Ιωάννου Σκυλίτζη (Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus) (Θεσσαλονίκη 1968), p The deposition of patriarch Aimilianos of Antioch, as described in the work of Nikephoros Bryennios Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς Μιχαὴλ τὸν Ἰσαάκιον, ἄρτι τοῦ δουκὸς Ἀντιοχείας τοῦ πρωτοπροέδρου Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ταρχανειώτου τὸ κοινὸν ἀποτίσαντος χρέος καὶ τῶν ἐκεῖσε στασιαθέντων πραγμάτων, ὡς μόλις δυνηθῆναι κατευνασθῆναι τὰς ἀναφυείσας στάσεις παρὰ τοῦ ἐκείνου υἱέος τοῦ μαγίστρου Κατακαλών, ἅτε καὶ τῆς τοῦ Φιλαρέτου τυραννίδος ἀρξαμένης ἤδη αὐξάνειν, δοῦκα Ἀντιοχείας προεχειρίσατο. Ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν στάσεων αἴτιον ᾤετο εἶναι τὸν πατριάρχην Αἰμυλιανόν, ἐκέλευε τοῦτον εἰς τὴν Κωνσταντινούπολιν ἐξαποστεῖλαι μετὰ σπουδῆς ὅτι πλείστης. Ὁ λογοθέτης δὲ πρὸς τὸν πατριάρχην πάλαι δυσμενῶς ἔχων καὶ ἀμοιβὰς σχεῖν αὐτὸν ἐκ βασιλέως ὑπισχνεῖτο, μόνον εἰ τὸν πατριάρχην τῆς πόλεως ἐξελάσει. Ὁ γοῦν Κομνηνὸς τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν καταλαβὼν μετὰ τιμῆς ὅτι πλείστης ὑπό τε τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ αὐτοῦ δὴ τοῦ τὸν πατριαρχικὸν θρόνον ἰθύνοντος ὑπεδέχθη εἰσελθὼν δ ἐν τῇ πόλει τὸν πατριάρχην θεραπεύειν προσεποιεῖτο καὶ φιλίως αὐτῷ προσενήνεκτο δεδιὼς τοῦ πλήθους τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον εὔνοιαν διχῆ γὰρ ἡ πόλις μεμέριστο καὶ τὸ μὲν τῷ πατριάρχῃ προσεποιεῖτο καὶ φιλίως αὐτῷ προσενήνεκτο, τὸ δὲ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἐθεράπευεν. Ὑφορώμενος οὖν τὴν στάσιν ὁ δοὺξ οὔτε τὰ τοῦ βασιλέως γράμματα τὰ κελεύοντα τὴν ἐξέλευσιν τοῦ πατριάρχου παρέσχεν, οὔτε τι τῶν προσταχθέντων αὐτῷ παρὰ βασιλέως ἀπεκάλυψεν. Ἀλλὰ τί μηχανᾶται; Σκήπτεται νόσον καὶ ἄμφω τὰς χεῖρας δεσμεῖ καὶ τοὺς βραχίονας καὶ νοσεῖν ὑποκρίνεται καὶ τοὺς ἰατροὺς συγκαλεῖται. Φοιτᾷ τοίνυν πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ πατριάρχης καὶ περὶ τῆς νόσου φιλοσοφεῖ καὶ τὰ περὶ ταύτης κοινοῦται μετ αὐτοῦ. Ἐδόκει οὖν τῆς νόσου αἴτιον εἶναι ἔμφραξις περὶ τὰς λείας ἀρτηρίας συνισταμένη ὡς δ ἐξιέναι τῆς πόλεως τοῦτον ἤρεσε τοῖς ἰατροῖς καὶ χωρίον ἐσκοπεῖτο τῇ νόσῳ κατάλληλον εὖ τε κράσεως ἔχον καὶ θυμηδίαν τινὰ παρέχον τῷ κάμνοντι, ὁ πατριάρχης τοιοῦτό τι ἔχειν ἐπήγγελται καὶ εὐθὺς ἐξιέναι τὸν δοῦκα ἐπέτρεπε κἀν τούτῳ ἐνδιαιτᾶσθαι. Ὁ δὲ ἐξῄει καὶ ὁ πατριάρχης ἧκε τοῦτον προπέμψας καὶ ὑπέστρεφεν. Ἀλλὰ τί τὸ ἐντεῦθεν; Δύο παρῆλθον ἡμέραι καὶ ὁ πατριάρχης ἧκε τοῦτον ἐπισκεψόμενος ὁ δὲ τὸν πατριάρχην ἰδὼν πυθομένου ἐκείνου τὰ κατ αὐτὸν ῥᾷον ἔλεγεν ἔχειν ταῖς σαῖς εὐχαῖς, ὀνήσασθαι γὰρ ὑπὸ τῆς εὐκρασίας τοῦ κατὰ τὸ χωρίον ἀέρος, καὶ ὃς ἀκούων ταῦτ ἔχαιρεν. Ἔτι δὲ αὐτῶν ὁμιλούντων, ἧκέ τις μηνύων ἔγγιστα τοῦ χωρίου κοιτάζεσθαι λαγωόν. Ἐκέλευον οὖν <τοῦτον> ἀπιέναι οἱ ἰατροί, ὁ δὲ προεποιειτο μὴ βούλεσθαι ὁ δὲ πατριάρχης παντάπασιν ἀγνοήσας τὸ δρᾶμα παρεκάλει τοῦτον ἐξιππασάμενον ἀπελθεῖν πρὸς τὴν θῆραν τοῦ λαγωοῦ ὁ δ ὑποκρίνεται τούτου ἀκούειν. Βίᾳ οὖν ἐπιβὰς τοῦ ἵππου τῆς πρὸς Ἀντιόχειαν εἴχετο καὶ εἰσελθὼν ἐντὸς τῆς πόλεως καὶ τὰς πύλας κλείσας τὰ βασιλικὰ πρὸς τὸν πατριάρχην ἐξέπεμπε γράμματα τὰ πρὸς τὴν βασιλίδα τῶν πόλεων τοῦτον μεταπεμπόμενα καὶ ἠξίου πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν κατιέναι ὡς τάχιστα. Ὁ δὲ ἐδυσχέραινε μὲν καὶ ἠπείλει δράσειν ἀνήκεστα, οὐ μέντοι γε καὶ δεδύνητο, ἀλλὰ τὴν Λαοδικέων καὶ ἄκων καταλαβὼν καὶ ὀλίγας ἐνδιατρίψας ἡμέρας ὥστε αὐτῷ τὰ ἐφόδια κομισθῆναι ἐκ τῆς Ἀντιοχέων, ἀπῆρε πρὸς τὸ Βυζάντιον. Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire (Bruxelles 1975), pp Bryennios relates the suppression of the revolt by doux Isaac Komnenos ( ) Ὁ δὲ δοὺξ Ἰσαάκιος τοῦ ἐκ τοῦ πατριάρχου δέους ἀπαλλαγεὶς διώκει τὰ κοινὰ καὶ τὰς ἀναφυομένας ταῖς πόλεσι στάσεις ἐπειρᾶτο διαλύειν. Ἀλλ οὐκ ἦν ἠρεμῆσαι τὸν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἀρχαῖον πολέμιον ταύτῃ τοι καὶ ἐξ αἰτίας βραχείας τοὺς στασιαστὰς αὖθις κεκίνηκε τῶν γὰρ ἄρτι προκόπτειν ἀρξαμένων τινὲς ἐκκαυθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ φθόνου κατὰ τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τοῦ δουκὸς τὸ πλῆθος ἐξώπλισαν, καὶ τὸν μὲν εἴσω τῆς ἀκροπόλεως συγκλείσαντες τὰς εἰσόδους ἐφρούρουν, κατὰ δὲ τῶν ἐξορμήσαντές τινας μὲν ἀνεῖλον, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν τὰς οἰκίας τῶν ἀρχόντων πορθοῦντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα διαρπάζοντες. Ὁ δοὺξ τοίνυν εἰς προῦπτον καταστὰς κίνδυνον πρὸς τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἐξέπεμψε τοὺς στρατιώτας μετακαλούμενος ἐν ὀλίγῳ δὲ ἀποχρώσης συνελθούσης δυνάμεως κατεστρατήγει τοὺς στασιαστάς εἰς πολλὰ γὰρ μέρη τὸ στράτευμα διελὼν ἐκέλευσε ἀπιέναι πρὸς τὰ στενωπὰ καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας ξυλλαμβάνειν, ὡς μὴ ὁμοῦ γενόμενοι βοηθοῖεν ἀλλήλοις οὗ γενομένου, συνέβη τῶν Ἀντιοχέων στασιαστῶν φόνον γενέσθαι πολὺν καὶ οὕτω μόλις τὴν στάσιν κατευνασθῆναι ἄρτι δὲ ταύτης κατευνασθείσης τοὺς Ἀντιοχεῖς ἔσπευδε θεραπεύειν. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 6/7

7 Gautier, P. (ed.), Nicéphore Bryennios, Histoire (Bruxelles 1975), pp The capture of Antioch by Brachamios, as described by Anna Komnena ἀνὴρ τίς ἐξ Ἀρμενίας ὁρμώμενος Φιλάρετος τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν, περίβλεπτος ἐπ ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ φρονήσει, εἰς τὴν τοῦ δομεστικάτου ἀξίαν παρὰ τοῦ προβεβασιλευκότος Ρωμανοῦ τοῦ Διογένους ἀνενεχθεὶς καὶ τὰ συμβάντα τῷ Διογένει θεασάμενος καὶ τὴν τῶν ὀμμάτων αὐτοῦ στέρησιν βεβαιωθεὶς διαφερόντως τοῦτον ποθῶν οὐκ ἔφερεν, ἀλλ ἀποστασίαν μελετήσας τὴν τῆς Ἀντιόχου ἐξουσίαν ἑαυτῷ περιεποιήσατο. Reinsch, D.R. Kambylis, A. (ed.), Annae Comnenae Alexias (Berlin New York 2001), p A chronicle of the same period relates the submission of Philaretos Brachamios to the new emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078) Ὡμολόγησε δὲ τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει καὶ Φιλάρετος κουροπαλάτης ὁ Βραχάμιος πίστιν τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ δούλωσιν. Ἔν τισι γὰρ τόποις ὀχυροῖς, τείχεσι καὶ ξυναγκείαις περιειλημμένοις, τὴν οἴκησιν ποιούμενος, Ἀρμενίων τε πληθὺν καὶ συγκλύδων ἀνδρῶν συλλεξάμενος τῷ μὲν προβεβασιλευκότι Μιχαὴλ ἀκαταδούλωτος ἦν καὶ τὴν βασιλικὴν ἐπικράτειαν ἑαυτῷ οἰκειούμενος, τοῦ δὲ Βοτανειάτου περιζωσαμένου τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς αὐτοκρατορίας δοῦλος αὐτεπάγγελτος γέγονε. Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus: Τσολάκης, Ε. (ed.), Η Συνέχεια της Χρονογραφίας του Ιωάννου Σκυλίτζη (Ioannes Scylitzes Continuatus) (Θεσσαλονίκη 1968), p Χρονολόγιο August 26, 1071: Romanos IV Diogenes is defeated at Manzikert. October 24, 1071: Coronation of Michael VII Doukas. autumn 1071: The doux of Antioch, Khačatur, joins Romanos IV Diogenes. summer 1072: Romanos IV Diogenes dies : The revolt of Philaretos Brachamios breaks out in SE Asia Minor : Philaretos Brachamios consolidates his power over the region. 1074: Isaac Komnenos is appointed doux of Antioch : Revolt of the citizens of Antioch. spring 1075: Isaac Komnenos is captured by the Seljuks. 1077: Philaretos Brachamios captures Edessa. late 1078: Philaretos Brachamios captures Antioch and recognises the new emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 19/6/2017 Σελίδα 7/7