Άλλες Ονομασίες (Ancient) Tripolis, Driboli. Γεωγραφική Θέση Black Sea Coast. Ιστορική Περιοχή Coastal Pontus

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1 Περίληψη : Tirebolu (ancient Tripolis) is located west of Trabzon and east of Giresun. Around 1461, the town was occupied by the Ottomans. In the 19th century, an important Orthodox community was established there. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Christian inhabitants left the town in order to work in Russia. In 1916, the Orthodox population was expelled from Tirebolu and later it moved to Greece. Άλλες Ονομασίες (Ancient) Tripolis, Driboli Γεωγραφική Θέση Black Sea Coast Ιστορική Περιοχή Coastal Pontus Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Trabzon Vilayet, Trabzon moutesariflik, Tirebolu kaymakamlık 1. Location Name The city of Tirebolu (ancient Tripolis) is located near the mouth of the river Harşit, 77 km west of Trebizond and 54 km east of Giresun. The mountains Sis Dağı and Çal Dağı (2810m and 1966m respectively) are close to the city. Its name (Tripolis= three cities) resulted from the three ancient cities that preexisted in the region: Ischopolis, Argyria or Argyreia, Philokaleia. 1 After the Ottoman conquest it took the name Driboli and later Tirebolu. 2. Administrative subordination In the 15th century, that is the early years of the Ottoman domination, Tirebolu belonged to Κürtün nahiye, 2 which was subordinated to Trabzon vilayet. 3 Later in the same century, it became seat of kaza. Periodically, this kaza belonged to either Gümüşhane sancak or Giresun sancak. 4 In the 19th century, the city of Tirebolu was the seat of Tirebolu kaymakamlik and it was subordinated to the mutasarriflik and the vilayet of Trabzon. According to the information of Şemseddin Sami and Ali Cevad, this administrative position was maintained until the end of the 19th century. 5 The municipality of Tirebolu was founded in In 1892 Tirebolu kaymakamlik had two muhtarliks: Görele and Şiran. 7 Şemseddin Sami says that in the same period, 114 villages were subordinated to Tirebolu kaymakamlik. 8 In the 20th century, the administrative subordination of Tirebolu kaymakamlik remained the same as that of the 19th century, but the number of villages that belonged to the kaymakamlik increased. In total, there are mentioned 125 Muslim and Christian villages History In 1461, Tirebolu was captured by Mehmed the Conqueror, during his war against Komnenos dynasty. After the city s occupation by the Ottomans, the Turkman nomads Çepni settled there. 10 In that way, the Muslim elements started to develop in the region. According to the existing indications, from 15th to 18th century, Tirebolu developed economically, as being a port, but there was no great increase in population. Perhaps for this reason, in 1701 Tournefort described it as a village. In the 18th century, many immigrant metal workers from the region of Chaldia settled in Tirebolu and other cities. Unlike other cities and regions of Pontus, its inhabitants were not converted to Islam, but they retained their religious tradition, because of the existence of mines where the inhabitants worked having special privileges such as exemption from certain taxes. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 1/9

2 In 1806, Kel Alioğlu Ali Ağa settled in Tirebolu, after the revolt of Tuzcu oğulları family in the region of Erzurum. In 1816 Kel Alioğlu Ali Ağa captured the city, but on the 26th of October 1816 the Ottoman troops regained control. During the Revolution of 1821, the situation was explosive among the Orthodox of the city, as it was indicated in the firman which was sent from Constantinople to the administration of Tirebolu in the end of April According to the firman, the Orthodox who supported and participated in the revolution would face stiff penalties. 11 After the outbreak of the First World War and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into it, the conditions in the city changed dramatically. In December 1914, Tirebolu was bombarded by the Russian fleet killing civilians, among whom there were Greeks too. 12 The displacement of Armenian inhabitants of the city began less than a year later, in mid June At dawn on Sunday 16th of November 1916, there began the displacement of about Orthodox from the city of Tirebolu. The Orthodox Christians were driven to Brik, an abandoned Armenian village, where 500 families once lived. Four months after having settled there, an epidemic broke out. Later, they moved to Russia, where they stayed for approximately 9 months. Finally, in April 1919, many of them left Russia for Greece Demography In the early years of the Ottoman rule in Tirebolu, there were only Christian Orthodox inhabitants. According to the first census of 1486, there were only 67 Christian Orthodox households in the fortress. 14 It is known that the nomads Çepni settled there later, but there is no information about the date of settlement. In 1515 the number of Orthodox households was 271, 60 of which had settled there in the 16th century, without being known where they came from. 15 In the same year, 4 Muslim households were recorded too. Later, in the censuses of 1554, there are recorded 16 Muslim households, 265 Othodox households, 6 unmarried Muslims and 132 unmarried Orthodox. In the next censuses, the number of both the Orthodox and the Muslim households had increased to 397 and 27 respectively. 16 In 1640, Evliya Çelebi described Tirebolu as a city in good economic condition, with Christian Orthodox inhabitants. 17 Obviously, the Orthodox constituted the majority of the inhabitants. We have no information about the population composition of Tirebolu in the 18th century. In 1813, Kinneir referred to 400 Christian households. 18 However, in 1834, 400 Muslim and 100 Christian families lived in Tirebolu. 19 The significant decrease in the number of the Orthodox inhabitants within twenty years resulted from the economic decline of the city. In 1846, the number of Muslim and Christian families increased to 450 and 150 respectively. In 1866, the number of Orthodox homes increased to 200 and remained the same until In 1869, there were male taxpayers in the city, of whom were Orthodox and 205 Armenians. 21 In 1877, there were 500 houses in the city, 100 of which belonged to Orthodox. 22 In 1880, according to the state censuses for Trabzon vilayet, male taxpayers lived in Tirebolu, of whom were Orhodox and 213 Armenians. 23 Cuinet reported that in 1890, people lived in Tirebolu, of which were Muslim, Christian Orthodox and 400 Gregorian Armenians. 24 There is no information about when the Armenians settled in Tirebolu, but it must have occurred in the 19th century. In 1901, there were 250 Orthodox families, 25 but in 1903 increased to 350, according to the information of the Trebizond Metropolitan, Chrysanthos. According to Chrysanthos, the total Orthodox population was 3000, 26 but this number seems rather excessive. Between 1910 and 1912, economic reasons forced several Orthodox to leave Tirebolu for Russia. 27 In the last years of the Orthodox presence, the city was inhabited by approximately Orthodox people. 28 The Christian inhabitants spoke in Pontiac, which was similar to that of Argyroupolis, but different to that of Giresun Religion The chatziliki was one of the most important religious customs of the Christian Orthodox inhabitants of Tirebolu. The pilgrims began their journey before Clean Monday so that in the Holy Week they would have arrived at the Holy Land. They travelled through the sea crossing the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean. They passed from Constantinople, Dodecanese and Cyprus and Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 2/9

3 anchored off Scala of Beirut, near Jaffa; from there, they proceeded on foot to Jerusalem. This journey was realized only by wealthy people, because it was very expensive. There were also women pilgrims, who were called chatzades or chatzines. They returned to homeland in the period between Sunday after Easter and the middle of the week after that, and they had to give various gifts to their friends and relatives and support the poor ones. They were also obliged to offer hospitality to the strangers coming to Tirebolu The settlement s structure The available information on the structure of the city is about the mid-nineteenth and the early twentieth century, that is before the Orthodox population abandoned the city. In the mid-nineteenth century, Cintaşi, Hammam, Yeniköy, Çarşı, Kumyalı, Puçuklu, Kurtköyü, Gelibolu, Çatalçeşme, Çarşıbaşı ή Çarşı, İçeri και Mataracı constituted the districts of the city. The district Çarşıbaşı had been the centre of commercial activity and it was located in the port of the city. 31 In the late 19th and early 20th century, Paraportin, Salonin, Tsimidou, Roudin and Agaloukin were the purely Christian districts. The districts Egkikioi, Machmoutin, Karaman Gialousou and Sargana constituted the mixed districts where the Orthodox resided near the coast and the Turks in the inner-city area. In Agaloukin, the majority was Orthodox and there were few Armenians too. 32 In the district Sargana, there lived 40 Orthodox families and few Muslims. In the district Karaman Gialousou or Karaman Gialou the majority of the inhabitants were Muslims and there were only 36 Orthodox families. The district Roudin was located on the right side of the port and it was inhabited by only 42 Orthodox families. 47 Orthodox families lived in Paraporti and 42 in Machmoutin. In the mixed district of Egkikioi, there lived 45 Christian Orthodox families, while in Salon, 23 Orthodox families. Tsimida was the most important Orthodox district of the city with 70 families. In this district, there was located the church of the Senior General Michael (Archistratigos Michail) and the Urban School. 33 In the late 19th century, there were 8 Mosques, 2 Orthodox churches, 1 Armenian, 350 shops, 2 inns, 1 hammam, 15 bakeries and 8 mills. 34 There were also two squares: Tsin-Tasi (The Fairy Stone) and the square near the port called Limeni. 35 Finally, there were beautiful stone houses with tiles Economy In Tirebolu, there wasn t a road linking the city with inner Asia Minor. That part was accessible only by sea. Until 1820, transports from and to the other coastal cities of Pontus were made by small boats, which carried most of the products for exports and imports. The establishment of a dockyard (tarsanas) in 1703 helped the economic life of the city greatly. 37 In the late 18th century, the city had already had great commercial activity towards Russia. 38 In the late 19th and in the 20th century, the big ships were sailing in the Black Sea under Russian flag. In 1840, the shipbuilding in Tirebolu began to develop, so that bigger ships came into circulation. 39 Tirebolu s most important commercial exchanges were carried out with Trabzon and mostly with Giresun; both supplied the city with general trade goods too. The main supplies came from Russia: flour, sugar, petrol 40. Twice a week bazaars took place, in Espien on Monday and in Chalkavala on Wednesday. 41 Residents of nearby villages participated in these bazaars, where they were selling their products. Livestock hadn t developed in the city, because there were no meadows and pastures. Cannabis was the only crop cultivated in such quantities as to yield significant income to the inhabitants making ropes and textiles, and using it in food. The textile industry based on cannabis was widespread, because until the First World War, all the inhabitants wore this type of clothes. 42 Among the cereals, only corn flourished. The corn bread was the sole kind of bread in the city as well as part of the diet of all the social strata. Also, they cultivated beans, rice, walnuts and black cabbage. Their vineyards were famous, as well as their wine, which was exported. By the mid-nineteenth century, the dry wine was the most important export of Tirebolu. Later, when they noticed that the hazelnut yielded higher profits, they uprooted the vineyards and started to cultivate hazelnuts. As the shipping industry developed, hazelnuts were exported to distant markets, such as Alexandria and Marseille. The cultivation of hazelnuts started to expand circa 1856 and the whole trade of the city relied on it. In the late 19th century, the standard of living was very low due to reduction in the prices of hazelnuts in the market, but later, in the early 20th century, the prices doubled. When the First World War broke out, the maritime communications were interrupted and the inhabitants turned from hazelnuts to the production of oil. 43 In Tirebolu, there were produced two kinds of hazelnuts: Sibri, which had long shape, it was more delicious and was cultivated Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 3/9

4 exclusively for being exported to Russia. The cheaper one was called Bulk ; it was round and was exported to Europe. 44 In the 19th and 20th century, many fishermen from Tirebolu went to Russia, specifically to the coastline of Crimea, as economic immigrants. They worked for wages and commissions in fish-plants making salted fishes. They left their families in March and returned in September. During the winter, they didn t work. The bulk of emigrants didn t learn any craft. The Orthodox people who stayed in the city were shopkeepers and most of them were bakers, but there were also artisan builders, joiners, even cooks Administration In the 19th century, the city was seat of kaymakam. There was also a seven-member council consisting of two Muslims, one Armenian, one representative of the Orthodox community, one Orthodox Church commissioner, one müfti and the kaymakam himself. The representative of the Orthodox community (or muhtar), who was Greek-speaking, belonged to the council of kaymakam. He was elected by the Greek population of the city with the support of the elders council (Dimogerontia). The muhtar was responsible for collecting the taxes of the Orthodox people and handing it over to the authorities. In the early 20th century, this position was abolished. 46 In the 19th century, there was established the community of the Orthodox people of Tirebolu. After being established, the most welloff man among its members occupied the presidency. Hadji-Giorgos Mavridis was one of the most famous community officials and had monopolized this office for almost 40 years. Because of his wealth, he exercised strong influence on people in Trebizond, Constantinople and among the Muslims of Tirebolu. Simultaneously, he was member of the municipal council of Tirebolu as councilor of the kaymakam. Because of having stayed in this office for long, his fellow natives called him dictator. 47 A great conflict broke out between Mavridis and the community. The community made every effort to achieve his removal from the presidency. For this reason, in the beginning of the 20th century, the community drew up a regulation, called Communal Constitution, according to which the president of the community must be elected by popular vote. Mavridis made use of all the powers and means he had in order to meet with this new conditions which led to his removal from the community s presidency. Finally, he bought one hundred supporters who gave him the victory in the elections. 48 According to the Communal Constitution, elections were conducted and, once again, Mavridis became president. The communal committee consisted of thirteen members: five elders-dimogerontes, three in the Ephorate, one school supervisor, two church commissioners, and two commissioners for collecting delayed taxes. The term of elders office was two-year. 49 There were made attempts so that all the differences among the Greeks were solved by the community in order to avoid recourse to the Ottoman authorities. The Greeks paid the community a tax called school levy, which was proportional to each one s economic condition. If someone didn t pay, he wouldn t have the right to vote in community elections. The poor people hardly ever paid, so they didn t have the right to vote. The communal property consisted mainly of real estate. The communal expenses were covered by the school levy or charities. The community didn t maintain roads or make public works but offered assistance to the poor and sick people. The bishop did not intervene in the administration of the community, unless the issue was religious. 50 After the establishment of the municipality in 1877, the major was elected by the city s population and he was always Muslim. In 1908, the youth of Tirebolu established the Greek Educational Association Odyssey with the aim of disseminating the education among young people and reinforcing the poor of the city Church In the 19th century, there were two churches in Tirebolu, which was administratively subordinated to the Diocese of Trebizond. 52 The big Orthodox church of the city was dedicated to the Senior General Michael and it was situated in the district Tzamida. The small Byzantine church, which was built on a rock, was dedicated to Zoodochos Pigi and in the late 19th century it was turned into Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 4/9

5 mosque. 53 Every two or three years, the Metropolitan toured his region. His representative was responsible for issuing marriage licenses and other documents. In the church, the gospel was read in Pontiac Education In the early 19th century, there was no school in the city of Tirebolu. The inhabitants education was undertaken by a literate man called logiotatos. 55 In the middle of the 19th century, there was a school where the priest of the city taught. 56 In 1866, a monitorial school operated in the city, but in 1870, the first Greek boys school was established, in which many students from the surrounding villages were enrolled. 57 The elementary school of the city was built probably in the late 19th century and it was founded by Kyriakos Xenopoulos. The building was near the church of Zoodochos Pigi. 58 In 1896, 120 pupils were enrolled and 3 teachers taught in the elementary school, 59 which consisted of a seven-grade boys school and three-grade girls school. From the fourth grade and onwards, the girls and the boys attended the same class. The kindergarten was housed in the same building with the elementary school. 60 In 1905, Mavrideia Schools were established with contributions from the community. Then, Mavridis was the community s president, who tried to give his name to the school, but the Orthodox people of the city didn t accept it, which resulted in turbulence. 61 Mavrideia Schools consisted of a seven-grade urban boys school and a five-grade girls school, and it had 6 teachers and 350 pupils. 62 The schools were maintained by the community, which appointed the school superintendent (ephor) and the teachers. 1. Κοντογιάννης, Π., Γεωγραφία της Μικράς Ασίας (Αθήνα 1921), p Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p Gokbilgin, T.M., «Το σαντζάκι της Τραπεζούντας και το τμήμα της Ανατολικής Μαύρης Θάλασσας στις αρχές του 15ου αιώνα», μτφρ. Μαυροχαλυβίδης, Γ. Παντελίδης, Γ., Belleten ΧΧVI (1962), p Darkot, B., Tirebolu, İslam Ansiklopedisi 12:1 (Istanbul 1993), pp Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), pp , Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archive of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, settlement of Tirebolu, no. Πο 635] 10. Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p Yüksel, A., Tirebolu: bir sahil kasabasının sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi ( ) (Istanbul 2003), pp Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p. 39. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 5/9

6 13. Σακκάς, Γ.Η., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), pp. 131, 158, 161, 169, 217, Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p Besides the normal households, the five widows and the six single persons were also reported, but separately because of the different tax scheme applied to these population groups. 16. Hanefi Bostan, M., XV-XVI. Asırlasda Trabzon Sancağında sosyal ve iktisadî hayat (Ankara 2002), p Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p. 30, footnote Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p. 539, and Hamilton, W.J., Researches in Asia Minor I (Λονδίνο 1842), p Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), pp. 38, Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p. 30, footnote Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), p Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976) p. 30, footnote Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre 28. Κοντογιάννης, Π., Γεωγραφία της Μικράς Ασίας (Αθήνα 1921), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre 30. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 636. [Centre 31. Yüksel, A., Tirebolu: bir sahil kasabasının sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi ( ) (Istanbul 2003), p Σακκάς, Γ., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), pp. 48, Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre 34. Yerasimos, St., Tirebolu, The Encyclopedia of Islam Χ (Leiden Brill 1999), p. 539, and Giresun, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 5 (Istanbul 1982), p Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 6/9

7 35. Σακκάς, Γ., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre 37. For the establishment of the dockyard (tarsanas) of Tirebolu see: Uzunçarşılı, İ.H., Osmalnı Devletini Merkez ve Bahriye Teşkilatı (Istanbul 1998), p Bostan, İ., İzn-i Sefine Defterleri ve Karaden'de Rusya ile Ticaret Yapan Devlet-i Aliyye Tüccarlarö , Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi 6 (1990), pp Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637] 40. Σακκάς, Γ., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), p Σακκάς, Γ., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637] 43. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637] 44. Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre 46. Γκρίτση Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637]. 48. Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ, Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1976), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637]. 50. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637]. 51. Μαμώνη, Κ., «Σωματειακή Οργάνωση του Ελληνισμού στη Μικρά Ασία Γ': Σύλλογοι Καππαδοκίας και Πόντου", Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών 6 (Αθήνα ), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχεία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre. 53. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635, [Centre. και Σάκκας, Γ., Η ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου (Αθήνα 1990), p Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 7/9

8 αρ. Πο 635. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 635]. 55. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 637. [Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 637]. 56. Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre. 57. Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), pp. 38, 53, Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, Αρχεία Προφορικής Παράδοσης, Επαρχία Πόντου, περιφέρεια Τρίπολης, οικισμός Τρίπολη, αρ. Πο 635. [Centre. 59. Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), p Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), p Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), p Λαζαρίδης, Δ.Θ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο (Αθήνα 1988), p Βιβλιογραφία : Μαμώνη Κ., "Σωματειακή οργάνωση των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας Γ : Σύλλογοι της Καππαδοκίας και του Πόντου", Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, 6, , Κοντογιάννης Π., Γεωγραφία της Μικράς Ασίας. Φυσική σύστασις της χώρας, πολιτική γεωγραφία, φυσικός πλούτος, Αθήναι 1921 Γκρίτση-Μιλλιέξ Τ., Η Τρίπολη του Πόντου, 1976 Σακκάς Γ.Η., Η Ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Τριπόλεως του Πόντου. Ιστορική Αφήγηση, Αθήνα 1990 Λαζαρίδης Δ., Στατιστικοί πίνακες της εκπαιδεύσεως των Ελλήνων στον Πόντο , Αθήνα 1988 Gökbilgin M.T., "XVI. Yüzyıl Başlarında Trabzon Livası ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi", Beleten Dergisi, XXVI, 102, 1962 Nisan, Yerasimos S., "Tirebolu", The Encyclopedia of Islam, τόμ. Χ, Leiden Brill 1999, 539 Yüksel A., Tirebolu Bir Sahil Kasabasının Sosyal ve Ekonomik Tarihi ( ), İstanbul 2003 Sümer F., Tirebolu Tarihi, İstanbul 1992 Hanefi Bostan M., XV-XVI. Asırlasda Trabzon Sancağında sosyal ve iktisadî hayat, Ankara 2002 Δικτυογραφία : Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 8/9

9 Tirebolu Γλωσσάριo : dimogerontia Communal authority consisting of the elected community officials, known as archontes (potentates), proestoi (notables), epitropoi (wardens), dimogerontes or simply gerontes (elders). firman In the Ottoman Empire, an imperial edict or commission signed and sealed by the Sultan. kaymakam An Ottoman official, governor of the administrative unit that succeeded the kaza in the late Ottoman period. kaymakamlık Ottoman administrative unit that replaced the kaza during the late Ottoman Period, after the administrative reforms of kaza The basic grade of the Ottoman provincial administration. It included the surrounding region of a city or a town. During the late Ottoman Period it is identified with the kaymakamlık. monitorial system Teaching method developed by Joseph Lancaster, under which the older students (in Greek: protoscholoi ) taught the smaller children some skill or activity. müfti A specialist on the interpretation of the Islamic sacred law. He comments on matters of religious law by issuing fetvahs. muhtar Elected communal official, head of a quarter or a village community. muhtarlık Small administrative unit in the late Ottoman Empire, mostly a quarter or a village, that was under the jurisdiction of a muhtar. mutasarrıflık A medium-sized Ottoman administrative unit that replaced the sancak during the Late Ottoman Period, after the administrative reforms of nahiye A small administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire, subdivision of the kaza. sancak (liva) Medium sized unit of provincial administration of the Ottoman state, throughout its history. A subdivision of the early Ottoman eyalet (or beylerbeylik) and the later Ottoman vilayet. In the late Ottoman Period it was known also as mutasarrıflık. vilayet (valilik) The larger administrative unit in the Ottoman provincial administration system. The large provinces of the Ottoman Empire were previously called eyalet. The new regulation of 1864 introduced the vilayet as an equivalent of the French départment - albeit of smaller size. The governor of the vilayet was called vali and had extensive authority. Πηγές Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Archives of Oral Tradition, Province of Pontus, Periphery of Tirebolu, Settlement of Tirebolu, no Πο 635, 636, 637. Hamilton, W.J., Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia I (Λονδίνο 1842). Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 9/9