34 10 Vol.34 No. 10 013 10 Journal on Communications October 013 doi:10.3969/j.issn.0-436x.013.10.001 ( 400065) eidemic ECES eidemic routing based on cross-layer encountered-node sensing MAC SV summary vector HELLO SV ECES Eidemic outing ECES 8.%.1% 11.3% TP393.4 A 0-436X(013)10-0001-08 Efficient low-delay routing algorithm for oortunistic networks based on cross-layer sensing of encountered nodes EN Zhi, SUO Jian-wei, CHEN Hong, XU Zhong-hao, CHEN Qian-bin (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communication Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China) Abstract: An efficient low-delay routing algorithin, name eidemic routing based on cross-layer encountered-node sensing (ECES) was roosed to address the issue that the eidemic-based routing algorithms have some extralatency in sensing encountered nodes and extra overhead in exchanging data ackets. ECES achieves to seed sensing encountered nodes through cross-layer design among the PHY, MAC, and network layers. Moreover, to reduce overhead and to decrease data latency, it makes a node send novel data acket immediately after encountering other nodes, sends the ackets close-by their destinations firstly after receiving summary vector(sv) ackets, adatively varies the eriod of HELLO acketsand deletes the ackets reaching their destinations from nodes memory with the hel of SVs. Theoretical analysis verifies the effectiveness of ECES. And simulation results show that ECES reduces by at least 11.3% the control overhead by at least 8.%,.1% memory overhead by more than.1%, and the average end-to-end delay by at least 11.3%. Key words: oortunistic network; routing algorithm; encountered node; sensing; cross-layer design 1 (oortunistic network) [1~4] ad hoc MANET, mobile 01-10-31 013-07-15 (6097068) (cstc01jja40051) (011-4) (0101) Foundation Items: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(6097068); The Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (cstc01jja40051); The Secial Fund of Chongqing Key Laboratory(011-4); The Oen Project of Emergency Communication Laboratory of Chongqing(0101)
34 ad-hoc network eidemic SCF, store-carry-forward eidemic [15] [5~13] MAC 5 [14] C ij + C 3 TTL ij i ( T s ) ij TTL ij C1C C3 HELLO HELLO [13] HELLO eidemic 1 500 m 300 m50 10 m/s 10 m5 m50 m75 m m 1.6 s 85% 3 eidemic eidemic EMES [14] [9~13] VAHAT eidemic eidemic routing(e) E SCF SV(summary vector)/ internet MANET encasulation rotocol(imep) [16] [10] MATSUA -HOP [17] eidemic (, q)-eidemic routing IMEP TOWE [11] eidemic E- HELLO HELLO WANG [1] E AE(adative randomized eidemic routing) W ij C 1 i ( T s )+ [9] 3.1 1 G ( V, E) V { v 1, v,, v n } n >1 v n n E Ø { e 1, e,, e m } 1 m n( n- 1) e m m { e i,( t si, t ei )} 1 in ( n- 1) t si t ei > t ei? { e i,( t si, t ei )} t e t si < t e( i+1) 3 SV SV SV(summary vector) SV SV 3. 1 t si t s
10 3 eidemic HELLO HELLO HELLO 4 1 ECES 4 ECESeidemic routing based on cross-layer encountered-node sensing 5 4.1 ECES 4.1.1 CSMA/CA MAC MAC MAC MAC SV 4.1. { HELLO } 4.1.3 SV SV equest SV SV 4.1.4 HELLO HELLO T HELLO
4 34 HELLO ECES MAC HELLO HELLO 4.1.5 SV SV { n } 4. ECES 6 1) HELLO ) 3) { n HELLO T } HELLO 4) SV MAC HELLO 5) SV { n } equest { n } 6) equest 4.3 v A B x x F( x) P( X x ) x B A a? [0, ]? [0, ] 1, 0? f (?) (6) 0, 56B A S (?) x (1) f ( x) x f ( x) F ( x) () x E[ x] xdx 0 (3) 3 a + b abcos( q ) c (4) BB' ( q ) (?) cos? + 3 3 7 + cos(?) (5)
10 5 87 S (?) f (?) (?)d? 0 0 0 1 cos? 7 + cos(?) d? + d? 3 3 7 + cos(?)d? 3 0 T t t t t A B HELLO t 1 0t >0 3 3 HELLO 3 E-HELLO (7) W (? ) 7 + cos(?) W (0) W (0) W (?) W (0) + q +? + 1!! n W (0) 3 W (0) n? + L+? + L 3! n! 4 3? +? 3 7 0 4 4 4 S (?) 3?? d? 3 + 3 7 4 4 + 7 405 E told T th 4 (405 30 + 4 ) 405v t t T t T t + t + T T 1 3 4 (8) (9) (10) 4.4 4.4.1 ECES 1 ECES E-HELLO A B HELLO (11) 111 t t t T E E 4.4. S N r v T 3 ECES 1 N - 1 N - 1- d tn ew t S N ) t T N 3) E t t t T t 3 t t 4 + t + T T 3 4 tnew (1) N- 1 5 E E-HELLO to ld πr N S (13) 1 (14) d ( N 1 ) S N (15) t ( N 1 ) S N v (16) C t C o S N πr N v S (( ) ) (17) Cs Cc C s o( TN ) (18) C c o( N ) (19)
6 34 AE 4 5.1 1) P P ) T i C C P ( P + P ) (0) C C i 1 (1) i 3) () K i i N 4) (3) d iscovery all discovery t C all T Ti K K N i i V T t C discovery 5) rate S (4) S 5. OPNET [9] random wayoint 1 1 /m 1 500 300 /(ms - 1 ) 1~19 /(Mbit s - 1 ) 54 50 /s 1 /m 10,5,50,75, /s 1.3, 3.07, 6.15, 9., 1.3 /s 4 000 5.3 5 ECES AE E-HELLOE-IMEP 4 4 5 1) 4 ECES E-IMEP E-HELLOAE 0.89 0.8ECES HELLO HELLO HELLO 4 ) 5 AE ECES 11.3% ( m
10 7 (46.959-41.673)/46.959 0.113)~54%( 5 m: (156.5-7.04)/ 156.5 0.54) (a) ECES (b) (c) 7 5 3) 6 ECES 3 ECES SV AE 5) HELLO 8 ECES HELLO 3 HELLO HELLO 13.6%( 10 m)~44.3%( m) 8 HELLO 6 6) ECES 3 5 % 4) HELLO 7 ECES 3 16.6%( 10 m: (1.401-1.168)/1.401 0.166 ECES /m 10 5 50 75 /% E-IMEP E-HELLO AE ECES
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