:100124918 (2002) 0120011205 :B84411 :A 3 6 3 3 (, 250014) :, 3 233 3-6, :3, 4,5 4-5 : ; ; ; 1 ( Theory2of2mind) [1 ] Premack Woodrull [2 ] Wimmer Perner (false belief) [3 ],, ( ) ;,,, ( ) 20 80, [4-6 ] Wimmer Perner,3-4 4-5 [3 ], Flavell,3, 3 ( : 39730180) ( : 01JAXLX015). 3 : (1972 - ),,,,. 4,,, [7 ], 4-5,,4, [8-10 ], 3 4 [11-12 ] Leekam 2-5, 3, ; ( ) 4-5 ; ( ) (, ), ( ) ;, [13 ] 11
,,,,,,,, 2 2. 1 3 239, 6, 233 104, 4. 59, 129, 4. 52, ( t =. 58, p >. 05) 1 1 3. 0-3. 9 72 3. 69 0. 18 3. 25 3. 92 0. 67 4. 0-4. 9 91 4. 31 0. 22 4. 00 4. 92 0. 92 5. 0-5. 9 47 5. 43 0. 25 5. 00 5. 92 0. 92 6. 0-6. 9 23 6. 41 0. 24 6. 00 6. 83 0. 83 233 4. 55 0. 89 3. 25 6. 83 3. 58 2. 2 Baron2Cohen, Leslie Frith (unexpected transfer) 2 (Sally2Anne) [8 ], :? [ ],, ( ), ( ) 1, 0 ( ), ( ), 12,,, (1) [ ]? (2) [ ]? (3) [ ]? (4) [ ],? (5) [ First ],? Perner, Leekam Wimmer (deceptive2appearance) (Smarties Mark box) [14 ], ( ), : [ ], (, )?,,, (1) [ ],,? (2) [ ] [ ]? Π,? (3) [ ],? (4) [ ]? (5) [ ]? 2. 3 5,,,,, 10, 3,,, ( ), 2. 4 1, 0
:3 6 3 3. 1 3-6 94. 4 % 92. 4 % 93. 6 % 100. 0 %, 5. 9 % ( N = 14) 3-6, 25. 0 % 38. 8 % 61. 4 % 78. 3 %( 2), ( (3) = 27. 28, p <. 001) 2 4,3-4 5-6 ( 2 (1) = 22. 58, p <. 001), 3 4 5 6,, 75. 0 % 61. 2 % 38. 6 % 21. 7 % 3 4,5,6 3. 2 3-6 98. 6 % 90. 2 % 87. 2 % 95. 7 %, 7. 5 % ( N = 18), 2,3-6 76. 4 % 80. 2 % 74. 5 % 95. 7 %, 3-6 46. 5 % 56. 1 % 82. 9 % 95. 5 %, ( 2 (1) = 26. 55, p <. 001) 2 4,3-4 5-6 ( 2 (1) = 24. 11, p <. 001), 3 4 5 6,3-6 31. 0 % 54. 9 % 75. 6 % 86. 4 %, ( 2 (1) = 32. 16, p <. 001) 3 4-6 ( 2 (1) = 19. 74, p <. 001), 4-6,, 69. 0 % 45. 1 % 24. 4 % 13. 6 % 3,4,5-6 2 2 3-6 ( %) 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 25. 0 38. 8 61. 4 78. 3 76. 4 80. 2 74. 5 95. 7 46. 5 56. 1 82. 9 95. 5 31. 0 54. 9 75. 6 86. 4 3. 3, 3 3,3-6,,, ( 2 (3) = 23. 82, p <. 001),2 4,3-4 5-6 ( 2 (1) = 19. 95, p <. 001), 3 4 5 6 3 3-6 ( %) 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 15. 3 25. 3 44. 7 60. 9 27. 8 42. 9 40. 4 39. 1 56. 9 31. 9 14. 9 0. 00, 4 ( ) 2 ( ), ( F(3,198) = 21. 58, p <. 001),, 3 0. 53,4 0. 96,5 1. 41,6 1. 64 (Bonferroni),3 4 4 5 ( p <. 01), 5 6 ( F(1,198) ( F(3,198) 4 =. 01, p >. 05), = 1. 99, p >. 05),3 76. 4 %,3-6 13
Flavell,2 [7 ] 3, Leekarm [13 ] Well2 man [15 ] 4 56. 1 %,4, 4 Gopnik Astington [16 ],,3-4 25. 0 % 38. 8 %,5 6 61. 4 % 78. 3 % 4,5 6, 5,, 5, Wimmer Perner (Marks Chocolate),3-4 15 %, 4-5 (76 %) [3 ],Robison Mitchell 6, 3 6 5 4, 4 [11 ],3 31. 0 %,4-6 54. 9 % 75. 6 % 86. 4 % 3 4-6,4-6, 4, Saltmarsh, Mitchell Robinson 4, 70 3 5 5 2, 28 %, [12 ], Mitchell, 6,, 3, 6, [17 ],3 4 4 5,5 6, 4-5, 4-5,,, Perner 13,13 3-4 26 %, 4-5 67 % [14 ], 4 4 Hogrefe, Wimmer Perner,3-4 6 % 21 % 17 %,4-5 44 % 71 % 56 % [18 ] Johnson Maratsos 3-4 30 %, 4-5 82 % [19 ], 13 3-4 45 %, 4-5 41 %,, 3 5 [11-12 ],Wellman 3 -, 4,, [15 ] Perner 4,, ( ) 4 [20 ] 5 :3, 4 14
:3 6,5 4-5, : [1 ] Astington, J., Harris, P. & Olson, D. Development theories of mind. New York : Wiley. 1988. [2 ] Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1978, 4 : 515-526. [3 ] Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. Beliefs about beliefs : Representa2 tion and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children s under2 standing of deception. Cognition, 1983, 13 : 103-128 [4 ] Flavell, J. H. Cognitive development : Children s knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 1999, 50 : 21-45. [5 ] Flavell, J. H., Green, F. l., & Flavell, E. R. Development of children s awareness of their own thoughts. Journal of Cognitive Devel2 opment, 2000, 1 : 97-112. [6 ] Flavell, J. H., Green, Flavell, E. R., &Lin, N. T. Devel2 opment of children s knowledge about unconsciousness. Child Develop2 ment, 1999, 70 : 396-412. [7 ] Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L. and Flavell, E. R. Develop2 ment of knowledge about the appearance2reality distinction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1986, 51 : 212. [8 ] Baron2Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M. & Frith, U. Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition, 1985, 21 : 37-46. [9 ] Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J. & Hix, H. R. The role of in2 hibitory processes in young children s difficulties with deception and false belief. Child Development, 1998, 69 : 672-679. [10 ] Freeman, N. H. &Lacohee, H. Making explicit 32year2olds implicit competence with their own false beliefs. Cognition, 1995, 56 : 31-60. [11 ] Robinson, E.J., &Mitchell, P. Masking of children s early understanding of the representational mind : Backwards explanation versus prediction. Child Development, 1995, 66 : 1022-1039. [ 12 ] Saltmarsh, R., Mitchell, P. & Robinson, E. J. Realism and children s early grasp of mental representation : Belief2based judgements in the state change task. Cognition, 1995, 57 : 297-325. [ 13 ] Leekam, S., Children s understanding of mind, Bennett. M, ( Eds) The Child as Psychologist : An introduction to the development of social cognition, Harvester,1993 : 26-61. [14 ] Perner, J., Leekman, S., & Wimmer, H. Three2year2olds difficulty with false belief : The case for a conceptual deficit. British Jour2 nal of Developmental Psychology, 1987, 5 : 125-137. [15 ] Wellman, H. M. The Child s Theory of Mind. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. 1990. [16 ] Gopnik, A., Astington, J. W. Children s Understanding of Representational Change and Its Relation to the Understanding of False Belief and the Appearance2Reality Distinction. Child Development, 1988, 59 : 26-37. [17 ] Mitchell, P., Acquiring a Conception of Mind, A Review of Psychological Research and Theory, Hove : Erlbaum, Psychology Press. 1996 : 135-139. [18 ] Hogrefe, G.J., Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. Ignorance versus false belief : A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 1986, 57 : 567-582. [19 ] Johnson, C. N. & Maratsos, M. P. Early comprehension of mental verbs : Think and know. Child Development, 1977, 48 : 1743-1747. [20 ] Perner, J. Understanding the Representational Mind. Cam2 bridge, MA : MIT Press. 1991. Development of Theory2of2Mind of 3-6 Years Old Children WAN G Yi2wen ZHAN G Wen2xin ( Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University) Abstract : Theory2of2mind ( TOM) is an area of much concern among developmental psychologists. Disagreements still existed among researchers concerning the age at which children obtain TOM and the stages of its development. In the present study, the unexpected transfer and deceptive appearance test tasks were employed in a sample of 233 3-6 years old children from three urban kindergartens, in an effort to explore when children obtain the ability of TOM and how this ability developed with children s age. The results indicated that children had developed the ability to distinguish between appearance and reality before the age of three, but they could not understand false be2 liefs. Four2years old children developed the understanding of both hisπher own and others false beliefs in the de2 ceptive appearance task, and five2year old children were able to understand the false beliefs in the unexpected trans2 fer task. Age from 4 to 5 seems to be the critical age at which children obtain theory2of2mind, but it could vary with the test tasks employed. No significant gender difference was found in children s understanding of false beliefs. Key words :theory2of2mind ; appearance2reality distinction ; representational change ; false belief 15