The Radiation2Induced Synthesis of Hydrogels and Their Application for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution

Σχετικά έγγραφα
Approximation Expressions for the Temperature Integral

The Exploitation and Utilization of Magnesium Resources in Salt Lakes

Synthesis Characterization and Application of Phosphorus-Containing Derivatives of Chitosan

Supporting information. An unusual bifunctional Tb-MOF for highly sensing of Ba 2+ ions and remarkable selectivities of CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4

Estimation of grain boundary segregation enthalpy and its role in stable nanocrystalline alloy design

Ελαφρές κυψελωτές πλάκες - ένα νέο προϊόν για την επιπλοποιία και ξυλουργική. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ και ΜΠΑΡΜΠΟΥΤΗΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ

( ) , ) , ; kg 1) 80 % kg. Vol. 28,No. 1 Jan.,2006 RESOURCES SCIENCE : (2006) ,2 ,,,, ; ;

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Fully Automated Total Metals and Chromium Speciation Single Platform Introduction System for ICP-MS

Gro wth Properties of Typical Water Bloom Algae in Reclaimed Water

Antibacterial property of fabric treated with a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative

LUO, Hong2Qun LIU, Shao2Pu Ξ LI, Nian2Bing

Research on the Effect and Technique of Remediation for Multi-Metal Contaminated Tailing Soils

The pathway of the ozonation of 2,4,62trichlorophenol in aqueous solution

2 PbO 2. Pb 3 O 4 Sn. Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 4 -CF/PbO x SnO 2 -Sb PbO 2. Sn-Sb 1:1. 1 h. Sn:Sb=10:1. PbO 2 - CeO 2 PbO 2. [8] SnO 2 +Sb 2 O 4 _

Fenton. COD ρ NH N TP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Σπανό Ιωάννη Α.Μ. 148

8Q5SAC) 8Q5SAC UV2Vis 8500 ( ) ; PHS23C ) ;721 ( ) :1 4. ;8Q5SAC : molπl ;Britton2Robinson Q5SAC BSA Britton2Robinson,

Progress of Porous Hydrogels

J. of Math. (PRC) Banach, , X = N(T ) R(T + ), Y = R(T ) N(T + ). Vol. 37 ( 2017 ) No. 5

Metal-free Oxidative Coupling of Amines with Sodium Sulfinates: A Mild Access to Sulfonamides

Copper-catalyzed formal O-H insertion reaction of α-diazo-1,3-dicarb- onyl compounds to carboxylic acids with the assistance of isocyanide

ACTA MATHEMATICAE APPLICATAE SINICA Nov., ( µ ) ( (

Polymer-Based Composites with High Dielectric Constant and Low Dielectric Loss

ER-Tree (Extended R*-Tree)

Supporting Information. Enhanced energy storage density and high efficiency of lead-free

Λιμνοποτάμιο Περιβάλλον και Οργανισμοί

( Fe 3 O 4 ) The Preparation Methods of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Their Morphology. Vol. 19 No. 6 June, 2007 PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY )

ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΞΑΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ ΧΡΩΜΙΟΥ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ Κ. ΜΙΧΑΗΛΙΔΗ

[ΥΡΖΖ ΦΤΗΚΑ ΚΑΗ ΥΖΜΗΚΑ

ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΤΟΞΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΚΙΝΔΥΝΩΝ ΑΠΟΒΛΗΤΩΝ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ

Rapid determination of soluble reactive silicate in seawater by flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection and its application


Supplementary material

D-Glucosamine-derived copper catalyst for Ullmann-type C- N coupling reaction: theoretical and experimental study

Quick algorithm f or computing core attribute

ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗ ΕΥΤΕΡΟΒΑΘΜΙΑ ΕΠΕΞΕΡΓΑΣΜΕΝΩΝ ΥΓΡΩΝ ΑΠΟΒΛΗΤΩΝ ΣΕ ΦΥΣΙΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΚΛΙΝΗΣ ΚΑΛΑΜΙΩΝ

Conductivity Logging for Thermal Spring Well

Arbitrage Analysis of Futures Market with Frictions

J. of Math. (PRC) 6 n (nt ) + n V = 0, (1.1) n t + div. div(n T ) = n τ (T L(x) T ), (1.2) n)xx (nt ) x + nv x = J 0, (1.4) n. 6 n

Vol. 31,No JOURNAL OF CHINA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Feb

A summation formula ramified with hypergeometric function and involving recurrence relation

Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Enamel by Electrochemical Technique

Available online at shd.org.rs/jscs/

ΙΕΥΘΥΝΤΗΣ: Καθηγητής Γ. ΧΡΥΣΟΛΟΥΡΗΣ Ι ΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ

Lewis Acid Catalyzed Propargylation of Arenes with O-Propargyl Trichloroacetimidate: Synthesis of 1,3-Diarylpropynes

Vol. 5 No. 1 Feb EL ECTROCHEMISTR Y ( ) ( ) ( EHD), ( FDN) ( TEA- PTS), Tri2 tonx-100 ,FDN. EHD. EHD. RH. RH 2. Guidelli, 1.

CdSe Hg? CdTe. Cu 2 + CdTe DNA. CdS / CdS /DNA NPs 10. CdSe /D-Pen /L-Cys Eeinburgh AFS-230E. D % Avocado Research Chemicals L- 98%

9-amino-(9-deoxy)cinchona alkaloids-derived novel chiral phase-transfer catalysts

Mitomycin C application for the prevention of postoperative synechiae formation at the anterior commissure.

ΑΚΑΔΗΜΙΑ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΥ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ

E#ects of Drying on Bacterial Activity and Iron Formation in Acid Sulfate Soils

100102; 2. Fe Cu Hg. Rapid multi-elemental analysis on four precious Tibetan medicines based on LIBS technique

ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΥΝΑΤΟΤΗΤΑΣ ΑΞΙΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΓΕΩΘΕΡΜΙΚΟΥ ΠΕ ΙΟΥ ΘΕΡΜΩΝ ΝΙΓΡΙΤΑΣ (Ν. ΣΕΡΡΩΝ)

College of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian , PR China.

P Œ ²μ, ƒ.. μ ±μ,. ˆ. ˆ μ, Œ.. ƒê Éμ,. ƒ. ²μ,.. ³ É. ˆŒ ˆ Š ƒ Œ ˆ Ÿ ˆŸ 238 Uˆ 237 U, Œ ƒ Ÿ Š ˆˆ 238 U(γ,n) 237 U.

Butadiene as a Ligand in Open Sandwich Compounds

MnZn. MnZn Ferrites with Low Loss and High Flux Density for Power Supply Transformer. Abstract:

ΛΙΜΕΝΙΚΕΣ ΕΓΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΑΠΟΒΛΗΤΩΝ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ

Flocculation and Aggregation Behavior of Doubly Responsive Microgel

Study on the Strengthen Method of Masonry Structure by Steel Truss for Collapse Prevention

Synthesis of Imines from Amines in Aliphatic Alcohols on Pd/ZrO 2 Catalyst at Ambient Conditions

Emulsifying Properties of Egg Yolk as a Function of Diacylglycerol Oil

Resurvey of Possible Seismic Fissures in the Old-Edo River in Tokyo

Progress in Biomimicing of Super2Hydrophobic Surface

Τεχνολογίες Γεωπληροφορικής για την Διαχρονική Παρακολούθηση της Ρύπανσης των Εδαφών και την Προστασία του Περιβάλλοντος. Άγγελος Χλιαουτάκης

A facile and general route to 3-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzofurans and 3-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzothiophenes

SUPPORTING INFORMATION. Polystyrene-immobilized DABCO as a highly efficient and recyclable organocatalyst for Knoevenagel condensation

Supporting Information. Generation Response. Physics & Chemistry of CAS, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi , China. China , USA

Β Ι Ο Γ Ρ Α Φ Ι Κ Ο Σ Η Μ Ε Ι Ω Μ Α ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ Γ. ΜΑΡΓΑΡΙΤΗ

Uncovering the impact of capsule shaped amine-type ligands on. Am(III)/Eu(III) separation

Prey-Taxis Holling-Tanner

Study of In-vehicle Sound Field Creation by Simultaneous Equation Method

ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΛΑΣΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ ΑΡΓΙΛΟΥΧΩΝ ΜΙΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΜΕ ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗ ΣΙΔΗΡΑΛΟΥΜΙΝΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΔΙΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ BAYER

[11].,, , 316 6, ,., 15.5%, 9.8%, 2006., IDF,, ,500, 2,830.,, ,200.,,, β, [12]. 90% 2,,,,, [13-15].,, [13,

CYPRUS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Geotechnical Sciences and Environmental Management Department of Environmental Science and Technology

ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΕΙς ΤΩΝ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΑΙΩΡΟΥΜΕΝΑ ΣΩΜΑΤΙΔΙΑ του ΚΟΛΠΟΥ ΤΗς ΕΛΕΥΣΙΝΑΣ

Assessment Method of the Pathogenic Microbial Exposure Caused by Aerosolization of Reclaimed Water

Influence of Flow Rate on Nitrate Removal in Flow Process

Iodine-catalyzed synthesis of sulfur-bridged enaminones and chromones via double C(sp 2 )-H thiolation


Supporting Information

Development of the Nursing Program for Rehabilitation of Woman Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Protease-catalysed Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction in Organic Solvent

Πανεπιστήµιο Θεσσαλονίκης, 54124, Θεσσαλονίκη, Πανεπιστήµιο Θεσσαλονίκης, 54124, Θεσσαλονίκη ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ

Correction of chromatic aberration for human eyes with diffractive-refractive hybrid elements

Quantum dot sensitized solar cells with efficiency over 12% based on tetraethyl orthosilicate additive in polysulfide electrolyte

6. ΤΕΛΙΚΗ ΙΑΘΕΣΗ ΤΑΦΗ Γενικά

Preliminary Studies on the Antitumor Metal2Based Drugs Basing on TCM Active Ingredients

ΘΕΡΜΟΚΗΠΙΑΚΕΣ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΕΣ ΕΚΤΟΣ ΕΔΑΦΟΥΣ ΘΡΕΠΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΑΛΥΜΑΤΑ

Supplementary Information. Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones by N-Heterocyclic Olefin/Al(C 6 F 5 ) 3

CHAPTER 25 SOLVING EQUATIONS BY ITERATIVE METHODS

ΠΟΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΑΤΜΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ

Optimizing Microwave-assisted Extraction Process for Paprika Red Pigments Using Response Surface Methodology

Advance in Nanorealgar Studies

Supporting Information

Κάθε γνήσιο αντίγραφο φέρει υπογραφή του συγγραφέα. / Each genuine copy is signed by the author.

IPSJ SIG Technical Report Vol.2014-CE-127 No /12/6 CS Activity 1,a) CS Computer Science Activity Activity Actvity Activity Dining Eight-He

ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΙΔΡΥΜΑ ΚΑΒΑΛΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΕΤΡΕΛΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΑΕΡΙΟΥ

1 Decay Scheme. 2 Nuclear Data. 2.1 α Transitions

Schedulability Analysis Algorithm for Timing Constraint Workflow Models

Transcript:

21 10 2009 10 PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY Vol. 21 No. 10 Oct., 2009 3 3 3 ( 100084),, : X703 ; O648. 17 : A : 10052281X(2009) 1022250207 The Radiation2Induced Synthesis of Hydrogels and Their Application for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution Chen Yuwei Wang Jianlong 3 3 (Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China) Abstract Hydrogels are cross2linked functional polymers with three2dimensional networks. Preparation of hydrogels by radiation2induced polymerization has received increasing attention in recent years due to easy process control, no necessity to add any initiators, crosslinkers, etc. Traditional processes for the treatment of heavy metal2containing wastewater encounter some disadvantages such as higher operational cost or low removal efficiency. It is a new promising method for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using hydrogels. In this paper, recent advances in research on the radiation2induced synthesis of hydrogels and their application in the removal of heavy metals are reviewed including the preparation and modification of hydrogels and the performances of the adsorption of heavy metals. The perspects of this technology and the future directions are also proposed. Key words hydrogels ; cross2linked polymers ; radiation2induced polymerization ; heavy metal2containing wastewater ; adsorption Contents 1 Introduction 2 Radiation2induced synthesis of hydrogels 2. 1 Radiation2induced polymerization of solid polymers 2. 2 Radiation2induced polymerization of aqueous solutions of polymers 2. 3 Radiation treatment of monomers 2. 4 Preparation of copolymer hydrogels by radiation treatment 3 Radiation2induced synthesis of hydrogels and their application in removal of heavy metal ions : 2008 10, : 2008 12 3 (No. 50830302) 3 3 Corresponding author e2mail :wangjl @tsinghua. edu. cn

10 2251 3. 1 Hydrogels based on synthetic polymers for the adsorption of heavy metals 3. 2 Hydrogels based on natural polymers for the adsorption of heavy metals 3. 3 Hydrogels loaded metal ions for the adsorption of heavy metals 3. 4 Hydrogels loaded microorganisms for the adsorption of heavy metals 3. 5 Desorption and recovery of heavy metals 4 Conclusion 1 (hydrogels), [1 3 ] 20 % 100 %, 100 % [4 ] 2, ; N2 222,,,, ;,,, ph ;,, ph [5 ],,,, [6 ] [7 11 ],, : 60, 60 ;, ( ) [12 ] 2. 1,, ; ;,,,( ),, 2. 2,,,, ( PEO) ( PVA) 2. 3,,,

2252 21,, ( ),,,, [2 ] 1 [2 ] 1 Table 1 The main monomers used for free radical polymerization 2. 4,, ( ), ( ) 3,,,,, ( COOH) ( NH 2 ) ( OH) ( SO 3 ),,,,, 3. 1 Π, ( COOH),, 3. 1. 1 Π G ven [4 ] (AAm)ΠN2 222 (VP),, 60, ( IA) (MA), 0175kGyΠh, 2100 5170kGy,, ph ph,

10 2253 Abdel2Aal [13 ] 22 2 ( HEMA)Π (CAs) HEMAΠ ( TA) HEMAΠ (SA), (Fe ( ) Ni ( ) Co ( ) Cu ( ) ), ph, Π ( PVA), ph, Boduggz [14 ] 412kGyΠh (CA) (SA) PVA, ph, Ni ( ) Co ( ) PVA Co ( ) 82mgΠg, Ni ( ), CA SA PVAΠCA PVAΠSA Co ( ) 105mgΠg 77mgΠg, Ni ( ) 792mgΠg 410mgΠg,, Ni ( ) Co ( ) Ajji [15 ] PVAΠCA PVAΠSA Ni ( ) Co ( ) Cu ( ),, Ni ( ) Co ( ), Boduggz, Ni ( ) Co ( ),, Cu ( ), Ni ( ) Co ( ) ( mgπg ), Cu ( ) 1mgΠg,, PVA,( PVP) Ajji [16 ], PVPΠCA, CA, CA, CA, CA 31112 Π Π El2Hag Ali [17 ] PVPΠAAc, Fe ( ) Cu ( ) Mn ( ), PVP ph, ph Fe ( ) > Cu ( ) > Mn ( ), ph, Essawy [18 ] PVPΠ Cu ( ) Cd ( ) Ni ( ) Francis [19 ] ( PEI)Π (AAM), Pb ( ) Cd ( ), PEIΠAAM AAM, 50mgΠL Ajji [20 ] PVAΠN2 Π Cu ( ), Cu ( ) ph, (ph = 1), Cu ( ) ; ph g612, 970mgΠg 31113,,,, [21 23 ] Kasggz [24 ] Mannich, Mannich ( EDA) (DETA) (MSDS) Cu ( ) Pb ( ), ph,, Cu ( ) Pb ( ) Mannich Cu ( ), Pb ( ) 312,,,

2254 21 ( interpenetrating polymer networks, IPN IPNs) IPN [25 ] 31211,,,, 22 222 (AAmPSA), 417 ; Langmuir Chauhan [26 ] ( HPC)ΠAAmPSA, Fe ( ) Cu ( ) Cr ( ), AAmPSA,,,Fe ( ) > Cu ( ) > > Cr ( ) Chauhan [27 ] (( HPC) ), Fe ( ) Cu ( ) Cr ( ) 015M NaOH,,,, Fe ( ), Cu ( ), Cr ( ) 31212, [28 ], [29 ],, Π,, ph [30 ] Π, [31 ], Wasikiewicz [32 ] (2h) Wang [33 ] 60,Fe ( ), Fe ( ) ;ph = 1815mgΠg,, Gad [34 ] 22 222 (AMPS), Cd ( ) Cr ( ), ph AMPS AMPS AMPS 40 %,ph Cd ( ) (ph < 6) Cr ( ) (ph < 4), ph = 5, Cd ( ), 6811 mgπg, ph = 3, Cd ( ) 2215 mgπg 31213 Nizam El2Din [35 ] (PAA)Π (AG) Cu ( ) Co ( ) Ni ( ), 2 PAA AAcΠAG Cu ( ), AAcΠAG PAA Co ( ) Ni ( ), 313, 2 Abou Taleb [36 ] 2,, 2,

10 2255, Cu ( ) Co ( ), 314,, [37 ], Fern ndez Degiorgi [38 ],,,, Pb ( ) Cd ( ) 315, Dgker [39,40 ] ( N2( ) 212 222 ), NHMMA2 ATU,, 018M (3M), 3 K l g [41 ] ( 212 222 ), (AAm2ATU),, 018M ( 3M) Wasikiewicz [42 ] Pd Pt,,, 35, 4,,,,,,, 2,,, [ 1 ] ( Gu R), ( Zhu Y P). (Chemical Gel). : (Beijing : Chemical Industry Press), 2005. 1 12 [ 2 ] ( Zou X X). ( Superabsorbents). (Second Edition) : (Beijing : Chemical Industry Press), 2002. 36 635 [ 3 ] (Wu J H), (Lin J M), (Wei YL). ( High Water2absorbent material). : (Beijing : Chemical Industry Press), 2005. 1 12 [ 4 ] G ven O, Sen M, Karada E, et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1999, 56 : 381 386 [ 5 ] (Zhai M L), (Ha H F). (Chemistry of the University), 2001, 16 (5) : 22 27 [ 6 ] (Li Q), (Li D H), (Quan S Y). ( Radiation Research and Radiation Processing), 1984, 2 (2) : 12 16 [ 7 ] Molina MJ, Gomez2Anton M R, Rivas B L, et al. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001, 79 (8) : 1467 1475 [ 8 ] Salih B, Pekel N, Guven O. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001, 82 (2) : 446 453 [ 9 ] (Wang J L). (Microbial Immobilization Techniques and Water Pollution Control). : (Beijing : Sceince Press), 2002 [10 ] Wang J L, Chen C. Biotechnol. Adv., 2006, 24 : 427 451 [11 ] Abd E12Rehim H A, Hegazy E A, El2Hag Ali A. React. Funct. Polym., 2000, 34 : 105 116 [12 ] Rosiak J M, Ula ski P. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1999, 55 : 139 151 [13 ] Abdel2Aal S E, Hegazy E A, Abou Taleb M F, et al. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2008, 107 : 1759 1776 [14 ] Boduggz H, Pekel N, G ven O. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1999, 55 : 667 671 [15 ] Ajji Z. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2005, 74 : 36 41 [16 ] Ajji Z. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2007, 265 : 179 182 [17 ] El2Hag Ali A, Shawky H A, Abd El Rehim H A, et al. Eur. Polym. J., 2003, 39 : 2337 2344 [18 ] Essawy H A, Ibrahim H S. React. Funct. Polym., 2004, 61 : 421 432 [19 ] Francis S, Varshney L, Tirumalesh K. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2006, 75 : 747 754 [20 ] Ajji Z, Ali A M. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2005,

2256 21 236 : 580 586 [21 ] Kawaguchi H, Hoshino H J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1984, 97 (2) : 465 475 [22 ] Kamel A A, Ma C M, El2Aasser M S, et al. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 1981, 2 : 315 330 [23 ] Schiller M,Suen T J. Ind. Engng. Chem., 1956, 48 : 2132 2137 [24 ] Kasggz H, ; zg m s S, Orbay M. Polymer, 2003, 44 : 1785 1793 [25 ] ( Guo B C), (Qiu Q H), (Jia D M). (Journal of Functional Materials), 2000, 31 : 29 32 [26 ] Chauhan G S, Guleria L, Mahajan S. Desalination, 2001, 14 : 125 329 [27 ] Chauhan G S, Singh B, Chauhan S, et al. Desalination, 2005, 181 : 217 224 [28 ] Piron E, Domard A. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 1998, 22 : 33 40 [29 ] Bassi R, Prasher S O, Simpson B K. Sep. Sci. Technol., 2000, 35 : 547 560 [30 ] Muzzarelli R A A, Tanfani T, Emanuelli M. Carbohydr. Res., 1982, 107 (2) : 199 214 [31 ] Zhao L, Mitomo H, Nagasawa N, et al. Carbohydr. Polym., 2003, 51 (2) : 169 178 [32 ] Wasikiewicz J M, Nagasawa N, Tamada M, et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2005, 236 : 617 623 [33 ] Wang M, Xu L, Zhai M L, et al. Carbohydr. Polym., 2008, 74 : 498 503 [34 ] Gad Y H. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2008, 77 : 1101 1107 [35 ] Nizam El2Din H M, Abou Taleb M F, El2Naggar A W M. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2008, 266 : 2607 2613 [36 ] Abou Taleb M F, Elsigeny S M, Ibrahim M M. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2007, 76 : 1612 1618 [37 ] Chang J S, Huang J C. Biotechnol. Prog., 1998, 14 : 735 741 [38 ] Fern ndez Degiorgi C, Pizarro R A, Smolko E E. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2002, 63 : 109 113 [39 ] Dgker S, gelikb gak ;, Do gan M, et al. Microchem. J., 2006, 84 : 80 87 [40 ] Dgker gs, Malc S, Do gan M. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 553 : 73 82 [41 ] K l ga G, Malc S, gelikb gak ;. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 547 : 18 25 [42 ] Wasikiewicz J M, Mitomo H, Seko N, et al. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2007, 104 : 4015 4023