εἶμι, φημί, Indirect Discourse Intensive Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew June 28, 2016
Conditional Relative Clauses relative clauses referring to an indefinite person or thing (whoever, whatever, anyone, whichever; whatever may happen, we ll manage ) use the same patterns of tenses and moods as conditions instead of εἰ, use ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι (who/what/whichever) ὅς, ἥ, ὅ if the antecedent is an indefinite anyone/anything (often implied) indefinite relative adverb (ὅτε + ἄν = ὅταν, ὁπότε + ἄν = ὅπόταν, (when/ if ever) In a temporal clause/conditional temporal clause, use: ἐπεί + ἄν = ἐπάν, ἐπήν (whenever) ἐπειδή + ἄν = ἐπειδάν (whenever) εἰ ταῦτα ποιεῖς, καλῶς ποιεῖς. > ὅστις ταῦτα ποιεῖ, καλῶς ποιεῖ. Whoever does this, he does well. ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῇς (ποιήσῃς), ἀεὶ σὲ ἐπαινῶ. > ὅστις ταῦτα ποιῇ (ποιήσῃ), ἀεὶ τοῦτον ἐπαινῶ. (ὅντινα ταῦτα ποιῇ (ποιήσῃ), ἀεὶ ἐπαινῶ [Lesson 50, 290, attraction of relative pronoun ] ) εἰ ταῦτα ποιοίης [ποιήσειας], καλῶς ἂν ποιοίης [ποιήσειας] > ὅταν ταῦτα ὁ παῖς ποιοιή [ποιήσειε], καλῶς ἂν ποιοιή [ποιήσειε].
1) verb of saying (with no special connotation: ἄγγέλλω, ἄποκρίνομαι, γράφω, λέγω) 2) verbs of thinking, believing (νομίζω, κρίνω, πιστεύω); saying (φημί (say, assert [something is true]), ἄγγέλλω, ἄποκρίνομαι, λέγω (say [something is true] 3) verb of showing, knowing, perceiving (ἄκούω, βλέπω, δηλόω, εὑρίσκω, οἶδα, ὁράω, φαίνω) INDIRECT DISCOURSE 1) ὅτι, that ὡς + finite verb; same tense as in direct discourse secondary tense (main clause) > optative can be used* ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι 2) infinitive ἐκεῖνος 3) participle : subject of indirect discourse is in accusative (subject is omitted if identical with subject of main sentence); verbs in dependent clauses remain finite & can be changed to optative;
εἶπεν ὅτι πράττοι / πράξοι / πράξειε ἐνόμισεν αὐτοὺς πράττειν / πράξειν / πράξαι ἤγγελεν αὐτοὺς πράττοντας / πράξοντας / πράξαντας Finite Verb in Direct Discourse present/imperfect indicative, present subjunctive aorist indicative, aorist subjunctive perfect/pluperfect indicative, perfect subjunctive Indirect discourse with infinitive & participle Infinitive/Participle in Indirect Discourse present infinitive/participle aorist infinitive/participle perfect infinitive/participle Relative Time Shown by Infinitive/Participle action happening at the same time of the main verb [or contemporaneous with it] action prior to the time of the main verb [or prior to it] action complete at the time of the main verb [or prior to it] future indicative future infinitive/participle action subsequent to the time of the main verb future perfect indicative future perfect infinitive/ participle action complete at a time subsequent to the time of the main verb
εἶπεν ὅτι, ὡς πράττοι / πράξοι / πράξειε He said that he did/was doing. present opt >at the same time as action of the main verb He said that he would/will do. future opt > subsequent to the time of the main verb He said that he had/has done. aorist optative -> after the time of the action of the main verb
ἐνόμισεν αὐτοὺς πράττειν / πράξειν / πράξαι He believed that they were doing. contemporaneous He believed that they will/would be doing. subsequent He believed that they had done. prior ἐνόμισεν πράττειν He believed he was doing. *with an infinitive, the subject of indirect discourse is in the accusative (subject is omitted if identical with subject of main sentence)
ἤγγελεν αὐτοὺς πράττοντας / πράξοντας / πράξαντας He reported that they were doing. He reported that they would/will be doing. He reported that they had done/had been doing. *with a participle, the subject of indirect discourse is in the accusative (subject is omitted if identical with the subject of main sentence)
1) verb of saying (with no special connotation: ἄγγέλλω, ἄποκρίνομαι, γράφω, λέγω) 2) verbs of thinking, believing (νομίζω, κρίνω, πιστεύω); saying (φημί (say, assert [something is true]), ἄγγέλλω, ἄποκρίνομαι, λέγω (say [something is true] 3) verb of showing, knowing, perceiving (ἄκούω, βλέπω, δηλόω, εὑρίσκω, οἶδα, ὁράω, φαίνω) Finite Verb in Direct Discourse present/imperfect indicative, present subjunctive INDIRECT DISCOURSE 1) ὅτι, ὡς + finite verb; same tense as in direct discourse secondary tense (main clause) > optative can be used* 2) infinitive 3) participle : subject of indirect discourse is in accusative (subject is omitted if identical with subject of main sentence); verbs in dependent clauses remain finite & can be changed to optative; Indirect discourse with infinitive & participle Infinitive/Participle in Indirect Discourse present infinitive/participle aorist indicative, aorist subjunctive aorist infinitive/participle perfect/pluperfect indicative, perfect subjunctive perfect infinitive/participle Relative Time Shown by Infinitive/ Participle action happening at the main time of the main verb [or contemporaneous with it] action prior to the time of the main verb [or prior to it] action complete at the time of the main verb [or prior to it] future indicative future infinitive/participle action subsequent to the time of the main verb future perfect indicative future perfect infinitive/participle action complete at a time subsequent to the time of the main verb