Xenophon s Anabasis I

Xenophon s Anabasis I Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Early Beta Edition 1 January 2014 This edition has not be throughly proofread yet. There are sure to be errors, obvious and otherwise, that I must address. A future edition will include revised notes as well as a commentary on one additional book from the Anabasis. If you wish to share your own insights, please contact me at geoffreysteadman@gmail.com. Geoffrey Steadman

Xenophon s Anabasis Book I Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary Beta Edition 2014 by Geoffrey Steadman All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 7 and 8 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. The Greek text for the Anabasis Book 1 is taken from the Greek edition by E. C. Marchant published by Oxford University Press in 1904. ISBN-13: 978-0-9913860-1-7 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

xii Xenophon s Anabasis I Book I Core Vocabulary (8 or more times) The following is an running list of all words that occur eight or more times in Xenophon s Anabasis Book I. The glossary includes an alphabetized list of these same words. The number of occurrences, indicated at the end of the dictionary entry, were tabulated by the author. Digital flashcards for the running list are available in.ppt and.jpg formats. 2 ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 17 2 ἄρχω: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 20 2 αὐτός, -ή, -ό: -self; he, she, it; the same, 203 2 βούλοµαι: to wish, be willing, desire, 19 2 γίγνοµαι: to come to be, become, be born, 41 2 δέ: but, and, on the other hand, 40 2 δύο: two, 13 2 εἰς (ἐς): into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 89 2 Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος, ὁ: Greek, 2 ἐπεί: when, after, since, because, 3 2 ἔχω: have, possess; be able; be disposed, 71 2 καί: and, also, even, too, 62 2 Κῦρος, ὁ: Cyrus, 171 2 λαµβάνω: to take, receive, catch, grasp, 39 2 µέν: on the one hand, 1 2 ὁπλίτης, -ου ὁ: hoplite, armed soldier, 20 2 ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which, that, 73 2 ὅσος, -η, -ον: as many as; all who, all which 9 2 οὖν: and so, then; at all events, 32 2 παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: child, boy, girl; slave, 8 2 πάρ-ειµι: to be near, be present, be at hand, 13 2 πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: every, all, the whole, 46 2 πεδίον, τό: plain, 11 2 ποιέω: to do, make, create, compose, 3 2 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 16 2 Τισσαφέρνης, ὁ: Tissaphernes, 20 2 τυγχάνω: chance upon, get; meet; happen 2 φίλος, -α, -ον: friendly, dear; friend, kin, 27 2 ὡς: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 82 3 ἀδελφός, ὁ: a brother, 9 3 ἀλλά: but, yet, 39 3 ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 18 3 ἀφ-ικνέοµαι: to come, arrive, 9 3 βουλεύω: to deliberate, plan, take counsel, 9 3 δή: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 3 3 δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 14 3 εἰµί: to be, exist, 182 3 ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 21

3 ἐπί: near (gen.), to, toward (acc); near, at, 69 3 ἔτι: still, besides, further, 14 3 ἤ: or (either...or); than, 37 3 ὅπως: how, in what way; so that, 13 3 ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, which-, whatever, 8 3 πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 11 3 παρά: from, at, to the side of, in respect to, 38 3 πείθω: to persuade, trust; mid. obey, 12 3 πρός: to (acc.), near, in addition to (dat.), 4 4 ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man, 30 4 βάρβαρος, -α, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 18 4 βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73 4 γάρ: for, since, 9 4 δίδωµι: to give, offer, grant, provide, 26 4 ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, her-, it-, thems-, 44 4 ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 32 4 ἔκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 14 4 Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν, ὁ: Greek, Hellenic, 11 4 ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 70 4 µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 8 4 ὅτι: that; because, 1 4 οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 173 4 οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 13 4 παρ-αγγέλλω: to tell, give orders, bid, 8 4 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, very many, 1 4 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 9 4 πολεµέω: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 9 4 πόλις, ἡ: a city, 32 4 τε: and, both, 1 4 ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 20 αἰσθάνοµαι: perceive, feel, learn, realize, 8 ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 9 ἀµφί: on both sides, 14 αὖ: again, once more; further, moreover, 8 θάλαττα, ἡ: the sea, 8 κατά: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 21 Κλέαρχος, ὁ: Clearchus, 3 νοµίζω: to believe, think, deem, 1 οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 76 οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 28 πέµπω: send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 13 στράτευµα, τό: army, expedition, campaign, 44 φεύγω: to flee, escape; defend in court, 13 6 ἄν: modal adv., 4 6 δέοµαι: lack, need, want; ask for (+ gen.) 8 6 ἔρχοµαι: to come or go, 28 xiii

xiv 3 ἐπί: near (gen.), to, toward (acc); near, at, 69 3 ἔτι: still, besides, further, 14 3 ἤ: or (either...or); than, 37 3 ὅπως: how, in what way; so that, 13 3 ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, which-, whatever, 8 3 πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 11 3 παρά: from, at, to the side of, in respect to, 38 3 πείθω: to persuade, trust; mid. obey, 12 3 πρός: to (acc.), near, in addition to (dat.), 4 4 ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man, 30 4 βάρβαρος, -α, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 18 4 βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73 4 γάρ: for, since, 9 4 δίδωµι: to give, offer, grant, provide, 26 4 ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, her-, it-, thems-, 44 4 ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 32 4 ἔκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 14 4 Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν, ὁ: Greek, Hellenic, 11 4 ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 70 4 µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 8 4 ὅτι: that; because, 1 4 οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 173 4 οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 13 4 παρ-αγγέλλω: to tell, give orders, bid, 8 4 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, very many, 1 4 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 9 4 πολεµέω: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 9 4 πόλις, ἡ: a city, 32 4 τε: and, both, 1 4 ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 20 αἰσθάνοµαι: perceive, feel, learn, realize, 8 ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 9 ἀµφί: on both sides, 14 αὖ: again, once more; further, moreover, 8 θάλαττα, ἡ: the sea, 8 κατά: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 21 Κλέαρχος, ὁ: Clearchus, 3 νοµίζω: to believe, think, deem, 1 οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 76 οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 28 πέµπω: send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 13 στράτευµα, τό: army, expedition, campaign, 44 φεύγω: to flee, escape; defend in court, 13 6 ἄν: modal adv., 4 6 δέοµαι: lack, need, want; ask for (+ gen.) 8 6 ἔρχοµαι: to come or go, 28

6 µή: not, lest, 29 6 οἰκέω: to inhabit, dwell, live, 14 6 πρίν: until, before, 8 6 πρόσθεν: before, 12 6 στρατιώτης, -ου, ὁ: soldier, 28 6 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 22 6 ὑπό: by, because of, from (gen) under (dat) 26 6 χρῆµα, -ατος, τό: money, goods, 12 7 βαρβαρικός, -η, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 9 7 δοκέω: to seem (good), think, imagine, 28 7 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 7 ἐνταῦθα: here, hither, there, thither, then, 37 7 ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 7 ἥκω: to have come, be present, 12 7 κελεύω: to bid, order, command, exhort, 23 7 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 13 7 σύν: along with, with, together (+ gen.), 31 7 χώρα, ἡ: land, region, country, 17 8 εἰ: if, whether, 38 8 καλέω: to call, summon, invite, 8 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 12 8 πελταστής, ὁ: light troop (with light shield) 8 8 χίλιοι, -αι, -α: a thousand, 8 9 ἀκούω: to hear, listen to, 22 9 δια-βαίνω: to walk across, pass over; cross 11 9 διά: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 3 9 εἴκοσι: twenty, 12 9 εἷς, µία, ἕν: one, single, alone, 8 9 ἐξ-ελαύνω: march out, ride out, drive out, 24 9 εὐ-δαίµων, -ον: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9 9 εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 13 9 ἡµέρα, ἡ: day, 27 9 ἱππεύς, ὁ: a horseman, cavalry, 21 9 µέγας, µεγάλη, µέγα: big, great, important, 22 9 µένω: to stay, remain, 21 9 Μένων, Μένωνος ὁ: Meno, 1 9 παρασάγγης, ὁ: parasang (.7 or.3 km), 27 9 πλοῖον, τό: ship, vessel, 8 9 ποταµός, ὁ: river, stream 30 9 σταθµός, ὁ: stage (~ parasangs); weight, 33 9 ταχύς, εῖα, ύ: quick, swift, hastily, 11 βασίλειον, τό: palace, ἐντεῦθεν: from here, from there, 24 ἵππος, ὁ: a horse, 16 λέγω: to say, speak; gather, 49 µέσος, - η, -ον: middle, in the middle of, 20 xv

xvi νικάω: to conquer, defeat, win, 11 πέντε: five, 18 11 µάχη, ἡ: battle, fight, combat, 13 11 περί: around, about, concerning, 21 11 τριάκοντα: thirty, 9 12 δέκα: ten, 8 12 Κίλιξ (Κίλισσα), Κίλικος, ὁ: Cilician, 14 12 Συέννεσις, -ιος, ὁ: Syennesis, 9 13 ἐλαύνω: to march, ride, drive, 9 13 ἐπι-δείκνυµι: to indicate, point out, prove, 8 13 ὁδός, ἡ: road, way, path, journey, 9 13 πολύς, πολλά, πολύ: much, many, 38 13 στρατία, ἡ: an army, expedition, land force, 8 13 τέτταρες, -α: four, 12 13 τότε: then, at that time, 14 ἅρµα, τό: a chariot, 9 14 δεξιος, -ά, -όν: on the right hand or side, 9 14 εὐ-ώνυµος, -ον: of good name; left (side), 12 14 ἵστηµι: make stand, set up, stop, establish 11 14 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 8 14 πρῶτος, -η, -ον: first, earliest, 13 14 τάξις, -εως, ἡ: post, position, order, rank; battle array, 14 τάττω: to arrange, put in order, 1 εἶδον: aor. of ὁράω, to see, behold, 1 1 Κιλικία, ἡ: Cilicia, 9 1 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 17 1 σκηνή, ἡ: tent, 9 16 µετά: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 20 16 Περσης, -ου, ὁ: a Persian, 16 τις, τι: anyone, anything, someone, something, 7 18 οὔ-τε: and not, neither...nor, 18 18 οὐδέ: and not, but not, nor, not even, 19 18 φηµί: to say, claim, assert, 32 19 ἐθέλω: to be willing, wish, desire, 20 ἐγώ: I, 1 20 εὖ: well, 9 20 ὁράω: to see, look, behold, 13 20 ὑµεῖς: you, 32 21 ἄγω: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 16 21 αἱρέω: seize, take; mid. choose, 21 εἶπον: aor. said, spoke, 21 21 ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 12 21 οἶδα: to know, 17 21 οἴοµαι (οἶµαι): to suppose, think, imagine, 12 21 ὦ: O! oh!, 8 22 ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 9

22 γε: at least, at any rate; indeed, 17 22 ἡµεῖς: we, 26 22 µέντοι: however, nevertheless; certainly, 8 22 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 14 24 ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 24 ἐάν: εἰ ἄν, if (+ subj.), 8 2 ἄνθρωπος, ὁ: human being, person, 26 κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 9 26 φαίνω: to show; mid. appear, seem, 9 27 Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 9 29 ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 8 31 διώκω: to pursue, follow; prosecute, 13 34 πιστός -ή -όν:: trusting, loyal; pledges, 39 ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 8 39 ἔνθα: here, there, 9 40 µάχοµαι: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute 14 44 Ὀρόντας, ὁ: Orontas, 13 46 σύ: you, 11 xvii

To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood. -von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

2 Xenophon I.1 2 Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύτερος μὲν Ἀρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι. ὁ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτερος παρὼν ἐτύγχανε Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς αὐτὸν σατράπην ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζονται. ἀναβαίνει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος λαβὼν Τισσαφέρνην ὡς φίλον, καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔχων ὁπλίτας ἀνέβη τριακοσίους, ἄρχοντα δὲ αὐτῶν Ξενίαν Παρράσιον. 1 ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, ἀπο-δείκνυµι: appoint; point out, indicate, 2 Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, ἀ-σθενω: to be weak, feeble, sick, 1 βίος, ὁ: life, 2 Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 Καστωλός, ὁ: Castolus, 2 1 Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος: from ; gen. of source γίγνονται: are born; a historical present; or were born, see the grammar box 2 Ἀρταξέρξης Κῦρος: in apposition to παῖδες πρεσβύτερος νεώτερος: comparative adjectives 3 τῶ παῖδε ἀµφοτέρω: dual acc. endings, acc. subject of παρεῖναι; Note that after δύο Greek may use the plural (see line 1) 4 παρεῖναι: inf. πάρ-ειµι ὁ µὲν πρεσβύτερος δὲ: the older one but ; ὁ µὲν πρεσβύτερος (Artaxerxes) set in contrast to Κῦρον δὲ below οὖν: then; i.e. at that time, temporal παρὼν ἐτύγχάνε: happened to be present; τυγχάνω + complementary pple often µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 3 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 Παρράσιος α -ον: of Parrhesia, Parrhesian, 1 Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis (female) 4 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old, old (man), 3 σατράπης, ὁ: satrap, 2 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 2 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 ὑπ-οπτεύω: suspect, suppose; be suspicious 2 means happens to; nom. sg. pple πάρ-ειµι ἧς: of which; gen. sg. relative pronoun ἐποιήσε: made (x) (y); this verb governs a double acc.; σατράπην is predicative acc. 6 ἀπέδειξε: appointed, governs a double acc. πάντων ὅσοι: of all who ; of all as many as introducing a relative clause ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον: at Castolus Plain; the lack of an article suggests that these words are a proper name 7 λαβὼν: i.e. welcoming; nom. sg. aor. pple λαµβάνω 8 ὡς φίλον: as a friend 9 ἀνέβη: 3 rd sg. aor. ἀναβαίνω ἄρχοντα δὲ : and leading...; or and as leader pple modifying Ξενίαν or a noun, acc. of ἄρχων in apposition to Ξενίαν; Ξενίαν is the second direct object. of ἔχων Historical Present Xenophon frequently employs the present and aorist where English readers expect the simple past and pluperfect. Some readers may wish to preserve the vividness of the Greek, but others will translate present verbs, as γίγνονται above, in the simple past and aorists as pluperfects.

Xenophon 3 3 4 ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ. ὁ δὲ πείθεται καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἐξαιτησαμένη αὐτὸν ἀποπέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. ὁ δ ὡς ἀπῆλθε κινδυνεύσας καὶ ἀτιμασθείς, βουλεύεται ὅπως μήποτε ἔτι ἔσται ἐπὶ τῷ ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλά, ἢν δύνηται, βασιλεύσει ἀντ ἐκείνου. Παρύσατις μὲν δὴ ἡ μήτηρ ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην. ὅστις δ ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ 1 ἀ-τιµάζω: to dishonor, insult, slight, 2 ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ: a kingdom, kingship, 1 βασιλεύω: to rule, be king, reign, 3 Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 δια-βάλλω: accuse falsely, slander, 1 ἐξ-αιτέω: to ask for, seek out, demand, 1 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 κινδυνεύω: to risk, venture; it is likely, 4 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µή-ποτε: not ever, never, 2 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3 Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis, 4 συλ-λαµβάνω: to carry off, arrest; help, 3 τελευτάω: to end, complete, finish; die, 2 ὑπ-άρχω: be there, be ready, be available 1 φιλέω: to love, befriend, 2 ἐτελεύτησε: i.e. ended (his life); this verb is a common euphemism for dying κατέστη: was appointed; set down; 3 rd sg. aor. act. καθ-ίστηµι used intransitively 11 πρὸς : Tissaphernes addresses the accusation to Artaxerxes 12 ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι: (namely) that ; ind. disc. with pres. opt. in secondary sequence; Greek treats the historical present as a past tense that requires secondary sequence αὐτῷ: (against) him; dat. of compound verb, as often, use the prefix of the verb as a preposition and follow with the dat. noun ὁ δὲ: and he; a lone article before δέ suggests a change of subject i.e. Artaxerxes 13 ὡς ἀποκτενῶν: in order to ; so as going to kill ὡς + fut. pple suggests purpose; nom. sg. fut. pple αὐτὸν: i.e. Cyrus 14 ἐπὶ: to ; acc. of place to which ὁ δ(ὲ): and he; Cyrus, change of subject ὡς: when ἀπῆλθε: aor. ἀπέρχοµαι 1 ἀτιµασθείς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple ἔσται: 3 rd sg. fut. εἰµί ἐπὶ: under the power of ; + dative 16 ἢν: if.; ἐὰν + pres. subjunctive δύναµαι in a fut. more vivid condition (ἐὰν + subj., fut. ind.) 17 τῷ Κύρῳ: for ; dat. of compound verb φιλοῦσα: nom. sg. fem. pple 18 ἤ: than ὅστις: anyone who, whoever ; plural in sense, the antecedent is παντάς below ἀφικνεῖτο: imperfect indicative; one would expect an opt. in an general relative clause τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως: of those from (the court of) the king; partitive gen.; παρὰ + gen. ( from the side of ) is gen. place from which, i.e.

4 Xenophon 6 7 βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥστε αὐτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. καὶ τῶν παρ ἑαυτῷ δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο ὡς πολεμεῖν τε ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν καὶ εὐνοϊκῶς ἔχοιεν αὐτῷ. τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἥθροιζεν ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, ὅπως ὅτι ἀπαρασκευότατον λάβοι βασιλέα. ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν. ὁπόσας εἶχε φυλακὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι παρήγγειλε τοῖς φρουράρχοις ἑκάστοις λαμβάνειν ἄνδρας Πελοποννησίους ὅτι πλείστους καὶ βελτίστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσαφέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι. καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αἱ Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι, τότε δὲ ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου ἐν Μιλήτῳ δὲ Τισσαφέρνης προαισθόμενος τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευομένους ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον, τοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν ἀπέκτεινε τοὺς δ 1 ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀ-παράσκευος, -ον: unprepared, 1 ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 βέλτιστος, -η, -ον: best, 1 δια-τίθηµι: treat, handle, arrange; dispose, 1 δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, ἐπι-κρύπτω: conceal, cover over, 1 ἐπι-µελέοµαι: take care of, take care that, 2 1 διατιθεὶς: treating all; nom. pple δια-τίθηµι ὥστε : so that ; + inf., a result clause 2 αὐτῷ βασιλεῖ: to him to the king; dat. of special adj. φίλους, pred. of the inf. εἰµί τῶν βαρβάρων ἐπεµελεῖτο ὡς... εἴησαν: took care of the Barbarians that they be; ἐπεµελεῖτο governs an gen. object 3 παρὰ ἑαυτῷ: at his own side; in his power ὡς εἴησαν ἔχοιεν: that they be and be ; 3 rd pl. pres. opt. εἰµί, ἔχω in an object clause in secondary seq. after ἐπεµελεῖτο (ὅπως + fut. ind. in primary seqeuence); ἔχω + adv. is equivalent to to be + adj. ὡς µάλιστα ἐδύνατο: as best as he could ὅπως...λάβοι so that ; purpose, aor. opt. εὐ-νοικός, -όν: well-disposed, favorable, 1 ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable Ἰωνικός, -ή, -όν: Ionian, 1 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as much, many, or great as, 4 Πελοποννήσιος, -α, -ον: Peloponnessian, 1 προ-αισθάνοµαι: to perceive in advance, 1 συλ-λογή, ἡ: levying, raising, collecting, 1 φρουρ-άρχος: commander of a watch, 1 φύλαξ, -ακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, protector, 1 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4 ὅτι : as unprepared as possible 6 παρήγγειλε: 3 rd sg. aor., governs a dat. pl. 9 ὅτι : + superlative: see line above ὡς: on the grounds that ; ὡς + pple suggests alleged cause; here a gen. absolute ἦσαν : were Tissaphernes ; pred. gen. τὸ ἀρχαῖον: formerly; adverbial acc. δεδοµέναι: being given; pf. pple δίδωµι 12 ἀφειστήκεσαν: had revolted; 3 rd pl. plpf. 13 προαισθόµενος: aor. mid. pple τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα...ἀποστῆναι: these same things; acc. obj. of βουλευοµένους, aor. inf. ἀποστῆναι, in apposition to τὰ αὐτά 14 τοὺς µὲν τοὺς δὲ: some.others

Xenophon 8 9 ἐξέβαλεν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας συλλέξας στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν καὶ ἐπειρᾶτο κατάγειν τοὺς ἐκπεπτωκότας. καὶ αὕτη αὖ ἄλλη πρόφασις ἦν αὐτῷ τοῦ ἁθροίζειν στράτευμα. πρὸς δὲ βασιλέα πέμπων ἠξίου ἀδελφὸς ὢν αὐτοῦ δοθῆναι οἷ ταύτας τὰς πόλεις μᾶλλον ἢ Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα ὥστε βασιλεὺς τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ᾐσθάνετο, Τισσαφέρνει δ ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα αὐτὸν ἀμφὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δαπανᾶν ὥστε οὐδὲν ἤχθετο αὐτῶν πολεμούντων. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Κῦρος ἀπέπεμπε τοὺς γιγνομένους δασμοὺς βασιλεῖ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων ὧν Τισσαφέρνους ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο ἐν Χερρονήσῳ τῇ κατ ἀντιπέρας Ἀβύδου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον. Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε αὐτὸν καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους δαρεικούς. 1 20 2 Ἄβυδος, ὁ: Abydus, 1 ἄγαµαι: admire, wonder, marvel at, 1 ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἀντιπέρα, -ας, ἡ: opposite, over against 1 ἀξιόω: deem worthy, think, 1 ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 δαπανάω: spend, consume, use up, 2 Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 δασµός, ὁ: tribute, a division (of spoils), 1 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 ἐκ-πίπτω: to fall out, be driven out, 1 ἐπι-βουλή, ἡ: plot, the plan against, 1 ἔχθοµαι: to hate, 1 κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2 1 ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας: taking up ; nom. sg. 2 nd aor. pple, ὑπο-λαµβάνω συλλέξας στράτευµα: nom. sg. aor. pple 16 κατὰ κατὰ: on on; over over 17 ἐκπεπτωκότας: pf. act. pple., ἐκπίπτω 18 ἦν αὐτῷ: he had; impf. εἰµί, dat. of poss. τοῦ ἁθροίζειν: of gathering; articular inf. 19 ἠξίου: he asked; ἐ-αξίοε, 3 rd sg. impf. ὢν: (since) being; causal, nom. pple εἰµί δοθῆναι: be given; aor. pass. inf. δίδωµι οἷ: to himself; dat. sg. reflexive pronoun Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2 συγ-γίγνοµαι: associate or converse with, 3 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4 συν-πράττω: to assist or help in doing, 1 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 1 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, Χερρονήσος, ὁ: Cherronese, 3 20 αὐτῶν: them; i.e. cities, obj. of ἄρχειν 21 πρὸς ἑαυτὸν: against himself 22 Τισσαφέρνει: with ; dat. association 23 οὐδὲν: not at all; feel no hate, inner acc. 24 αὐτῶν πολεµούντων: at them ; gen abs. 2 ὧν: which; ἅ, acc. pl. assimilated into gen. 26 ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων: happened to have 27 κατ ἀντιπέρας: opposite + gen. τόνδε...τρόπον: in this manner; adv. acc. 29 ἠγάσθη: began to admire; inceptive aor.

6 Xenophon 11 ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὥστε καὶ χρήματα συνεβάλλοντο αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν τροφὴν τῶν στρατιωτῶν αἱ Ἑλλησποντιακαὶ πόλεις ἑκοῦσαι. τοῦτο δ αὖ οὕτω τρεφόμενον ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα. Ἀρίστιππος δὲ ὁ Θετταλὸς ξένος ὢν ἐτύγχανεν αὐτῷ, καὶ πιεζόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν οἴκοι ἀντιστασιωτῶν ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθόν, ὡς οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος δίδωσιν αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν, καὶ δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτας πρὶν ἂν αὐτῷ συμβουλεύσηται. οὕτω δὲ αὖ τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τρεφόμενον στράτευμα. Πρόξενον δὲ τὸν 1 αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing faction, 3 Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν: willing, intentionally, 2 Ἑλλησποντικακός -ή -όν: of the Hellespont, 1 Ἑλλήσποντος, ὁ: the Hellespont, 1 ἕξ: six, 1 Θετταλία, ἡ: Thessaly, 1 Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 Θρᾷξ, κος, ὁ: Thracian, κατα-λύω: to dissolve, disband, destroy, 3 λανθάνω: to escape notice, forget, 3 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 1 ὁ δὲ: and he; i.e. Cyrus 2 τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ: with the Thracians; i.e. against the Thracians, dat. of association 3 τοῖς οἰκοῦσι: attributive position following Θρᾳξὶ, dat. pl. pres. pple οἰκέω 4 καὶ: also; adverbial εἰς τὴν τροφὴν: for ; expressing purpose ἑκοῦσαι: willingly; adj. best as an adverb τοῦτο δὲ: modifies subject: τὸ στράτευµα 6 τρεφόµενον ἐλἀνθανεν: was secretly fostered; escaped notice being fostered αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend, friend, stranger, 6 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4 περι-γίγνοµαι: prevail over ; survive (gen.) 1 πιέζω: press, weigh down, squeeze, 1 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4 συµ-βάλλω: to join (in battle), contribute, 1 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberate together, advise, 3 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2 τρέφω: to rear, foster, nuture, 2 τροφή, ἡ: feeding, food; rearing, upbringing 1 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6 Χερρονήσος, ὁ: Cherronese, 3 χρυσίον, τό: gold coin, money; jewelry, 2 ὠφελέω: to help, to be of use, benefit, 3 7 ὢν ἐτύγχανεν: happened to be; pple εἰµί ὑπὸ : by ; gen. of agent with pass. voice 9 εἰς µισθόν: for...; governs two accusatives ξένους: mercenaries; i.e. foreign (troops) ὡς: on the grounds that he would ; since ὡς + pple for alleged cause; ἄν indicates the clause is equiv. to potential optative δεῖται αὐτοῦ: and asks from him not to 12 καταλῦσαι: aor. inf.; µὴ indicates a wish 13 πρὶν: until; general temporal cl., ἂν + subj τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ: with neuter στράτευµα 14 ἐλἀνθανεν τρεφόµενον: see note 6 above

Xenophon 7 II Βοιώτιον ξένον ὄντα ἐκέλευσε λαβόντα ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἐς Πισίδας βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι, ὡς πράγματα παρεχόντων τῶν Πισιδῶν τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χώρᾳ. Σοφαίνετον δὲ τὸν Στυμφάλιον καὶ Σωκράτην τὸν Ἀχαιόν, ξένους ὄντας καὶ τούτους, ἐκέλευσεν ἄνδρας λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ὅτι πλείστους, ὡς πολεμήσων Τισσαφέρνει σὺν τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι. ἐπεὶ δ ἐδόκει ἤδη πορεύεσθαι αὐτῷ ἄνω, τὴν μὲν πρόφασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παντάπασιν ἐκ τῆς χώρας καὶ ἁθροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους τό τε βαρβαρικὸν καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραγγέλλει τῷ τε Κλεάρχῳ λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ συναλλαγέντι πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἀποπέμψαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὃ εἶχε στράτευμα καὶ Ξενίᾳ τῷ Ἀρκάδι, ὃς αὐτῷ προειστήκει τοῦ 1 20 2 ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἄνω: up, above; inland, 2 ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian, 2 Βοιώτιος, -η, -ον: Boeotian, 1 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian, 3 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend, friend, stranger, 6 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4 παντά-πασι: all in all, altogether, entirely, 3 1 ὄντα: acc. sg. pple εἰµί, ξένον is a pred. ὅτι πλείστους: as many as possible 16 ὡς βουλόµενος: since ; on the grounds that ὡς + pple: alleged cause 17 ὡς παρέχόντων Πισιδῶν: on the grounds that ; since, a second alleged cause, but here with a gen. absolute πράγµατα παρεχόνων: causing trouble τῇ χώρᾳ: to his own region; ind. interest 19 καὶ τούτους: these also ; in apposition to the names, modifed by acc. pl. pple εἰµί ἐλθεῖν: aor. inf., ἔρχοµαι ὅτι πλείστους: see line 1 above 20 ὡς πολεµήσων: in order to ; so as παρ-έχω: to provide, furnish, supply, 1 παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians, πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4 προ-ίστηµι: to set in charge over (gen), 1 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian, 2 συναλλάσσω: reconcile, have dealings with 1 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, going to ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose Τισσαφέρνει: with ; dat. of association τοῖς Μιλησίων: modifying dat pl. φυγάσι 22 ἐδόκει: it seemed; impersonal impf. αὐτῷ: to him; dat. of reference 23 ἐποιεῖτο: 3 rd sg. impf. middle ποιέω ὡς βουλόµενος: since ; see line 16 24 ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους: as if against these βαρβαρκὸν, Ἑλληνικόν: i.e. στράτευµα 26 ἦν αὐτῷ: as much of an army as he had 27 συναλλαγέντι: being reconciled to; aor. πρὸς τοῦς οἴκοι: to those at home ὃ στράτευµα: whatever army he had 28 ὅς προειστήκει: who ; 3 rd sg. plpf.

8 Xenophon 2 3 ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα τοὺς ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν. ἐκάλεσε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μίλητον πολιορκοῦντας, καὶ τοὺς φυγάδας ἐκέλευσε σὺν αὐτῷ στρατεύεσθαι, ὑποσχόμενος αὐτοῖς, εἰ καλῶς καταπράξειεν ἐφ ἃ ἐστρατεύετο, μὴ πρόσθεν παύσεσθαι πρὶν αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπείθοντο ἐπίστευον γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα παρῆσαν εἰς Σάρδεις. Ξενίας μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λαβὼν παρεγένετο εἰς Σάρδεις ὁπλίτας εἰς τετρακισχιλίους, Πρόξενος δὲ παρῆν ἔχων ὁπλίτας μὲν εἰς πεντακοσίους καὶ χιλίους, γυμνῆτας δὲ πεντακοσίους, Σοφαίνετος δὲ ὁ Στυμφάλιος ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους, Σωκράτης δὲ ὁ Ἀχαιὸς ὁπλίτας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους, Πασίων δὲ ὁ Μεγαρεὺς τριακοσίους μὲν ὁπλίτας, τριακοσίους δὲ πελταστὰς ἔχων παρεγένετο 1 ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian, 2 γυµνής, -ῆτος, ὁ: nude/light-armed soldier,1 ἡδέως: sweetly, pleasantly, gladly, 2 ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable καλῶς: well; beautifully, κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2 κατα-πράττω: to accomplish, execute, 1 Μεγαρεύς -έως: Megarian, of Megara, 2 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 ξενικός, -ή, -όν: of a stranger or foreigner, 1 οἴκα-δε: homeward, home, 2 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as many as, as great as, 4 παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4 Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4 1 τοῦ ξενικοῦ: the foreign (army) λαβόντα: taking the others; modifies dat. sg. Ξενίᾳ but so far removed that it agrees with the understood acc. subj. of ἥκειν 2 πλὴν ὁπόσοι: except as many as ἢσαν: 3 rd pl. impf. φυλάττειν: explanatory inf. with ἱκανοὶ 4 ὑποσχόµενος: aor. pple ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι εἰ καταπράξειεν, µὴ παύσεσθαι: if they accomplish, not to cease ; aor. opt. and fut. inf.; object of pple ὑποσχοµενος; equiv. to a fut. more vivid condition, opt. in παύω: to stop, make cease, πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on, πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian, 2 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6 secondary seq. replaces ἄν + subj. (ταῦτα) ἐφ ἃ: (these things) for which ; ἐπὶ + acc. expresses purpose; add ταῦτα 6 πρὶν καταγάγοι: until; aor. opt., see l. 4 7 παρῆσαν: 3 rd pl. impf. πάρ-εἰµί δὴ: explanatory inf. with ἱκανοὶ 9 ὁπλίτας: in apposition to τοὺς above εἰς: nearly; up to in approximation παρῆν: 3 rd sg.. impf. πάρ-εἰµί 13 ὡς: nearly; as if in approximation 14 µὲν δὲ: both and

Xenophon 9 4 6 ἦν δὲ καὶ οὗτος καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης τῶν ἀμφὶ Μίλητον στρατευομένων. οὗτοι μὲν εἰς Σάρδεις αὐτῷ ἀφίκοντο. Τισσαφέρνης δὲ κατανοήσας ταῦτα, καὶ μείζονα ἡγησάμενος εἶναι ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδας τὴν παρασκευήν, πορεύεται ὡς βασιλέα ᾗ ἐδύνατο τάχιστα ἱππέας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους. καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν δὴ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους τὸν Κύρου στόλον, ἀντιπαρεσκευάζετο. Κῦρος δὲ ἔχων οὓς εἴρηκα ὡρμᾶτο ἀπὸ Σάρδεων καὶ ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυδίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἐπὶ τὸν Μαίανδρον ποταμόν. τούτου τὸ εὖρος δύο πλέθρα γέφυρα δὲ ἐπῆν ἐζευγμένη πλοίοις. τοῦτον διαβὰς ἐξελαύνει διὰ Φρυγίας σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας ὀκτὼ εἰς Κολοσσάς, πόλιν οἰκουμένην καὶ εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά καὶ ἧκε Μένων ὁ Θετταλὸς 1 20 2 ἀντι-παρασκευάζω: prepare in response, 1 γεφύρα, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 2 ἐπ-είµι: to be on, be upon, 2 ἑπτά: seven, 4 ἐρέω: will say (fut. tense), 3 ζεύγνυµι: to join, unite, yoke, 1 ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 κατα-νοέω: to understand well, perceive, 1 Κολοσσαι, οἰ: Colossae, 1 Λυδία, ἡ: Lydia, 2 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3 µείζων, -ον (-ονος): greater, larger, 1 1 ἦν: were; 3 rd sg. but subject is 3 rd pl. καὶ καὶ: both and τῶν : among ; partitive gen. 16 αὐτῷ: for him; in reply to his command κατανοήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple 17 εἶναι: that ; inf. είµί in ind. discourse; παρασκεύην is acc. subj., µείζονα is pred. ἢ: than ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδας: as if against the Pisidians 18 ὡς βασιλέα: to the king; place to which; ὡς is a preposition ᾗ (ὁδῷ) τάχιστα: as quickly as possible; in what (way) he was most quickly able dat. of manner; missing ὁδός is fem. Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 ὀκτώ: eight, 2 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4 παρασκευή, ἠ: expedition; preparation, 1 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians, πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=0 feet), 6 Σάρδις, ίων, αἱ: Sardis, capital city of Lydia στόλος, ὁ: expedition, journey, 2 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 19 ὡς: about; as if, in approximation 20 δὴ: translation Τισσαφέρνους: from Tissaphernes; source 22 οὓς εἴρηκα: (those) whom ; 1 st sg. pf. ἐρέω (stem ἐρ- has no present form) ὡρµᾶτο: began to set out; inchoative impf. 23 ἐξελαύνει: marches σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for three stages; acc. of extent; i.e. equiv. to a three-day journey παρασάγγας: for 22 parasangs; acc extent 2 ἐζευγµένη: pf. pple ζεύγνυµι 27 οἰκουµένην: inhabited 28 ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω ἡµέρας ἑπτά: for ; acc. duration of time

Xenophon 7 8 ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς πεντακοσίους, Δόλοπας καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ Ὀλυνθίους. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαινάς, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. διὰ μέσου δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου ῥεῖ ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως. ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαιναῖς ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν. ἐνταῦθα λέγεται Ἀπόλλων ἐκδεῖραι Μαρσύαν νική- 1 ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, fierce, 2 Αἰνιᾶνες, οἱ: Aenianians, 1 ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 1 γυµνάζω: train, exercise, 1 Δόλοπες, οἱ: Dolopians, 1 ἐκ-δέρω: to flay, 1 ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 ἐρυµνός, -ά, -όν: fortified, fenced, 1 θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3 Μαρσύας, -ου, ὁ: Marsyas (river, god) 4 Ὀλύνθιοι, οἱ: Olynthians, 1 ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 2 ἐξελαυνει: marches σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for three stages; acc. of extent; i.e. equiv. to a three-day journey 3 παρασάγγας: for 20 parasangs; acc extent 4 Κὐρῳ ἦν: he had; impf. εἰµί; dat. of poss. βασίλεια: a palace; common in neut. pl. ἃ: which ; antecedent is neut. pl. θηρίων 6 ἀπὸ ἵππου: on horseback 8 ὁπότε βούλοιτο: whenever ; opt. in a general temporal cl., secondary sequence γυµνάσαι: aor. inf. 8 αὐτοῦ: it s; i.e. the river s εἰσιν: 3 rd pl. pres. εἰµί ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων: (from) under the palace 9 ἔστι δὲ καὶ: there is also; adverbial καί µεγάλου βασιλέως: of the Great King 12 καὶ: also 13 εἴκοσι ποδῶν: of ; gen. of measure as predicate 14 ἐκδεῖραι: that ; aor. inf. in ind. discourse Μαρσύαν, the river god, is the acc. subject; Marsyas had found a double flute (aulos) and had challenged Apollo to a music competition;

Xenophon 11 9 σας ἐρίζοντά οἱ περὶ σοφίας, καὶ τὸ δέρμα κρεμάσαι ἐν τῷ ἄντρῳ ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ὁ ποταμὸς καλεῖται Μαρσύας. ἐνταῦθα Ξέρξης, ὅτε ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς τῇ μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει, λέγεται οἰκοδομῆσαι ταῦτά τε τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὴν Κελαινῶν ἀκρόπολιν. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος ἡμέρας τριάκοντα καὶ ἧκε Κλέαρχος ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς Θρᾷκας ὀκτακοσίους καὶ τοξότας Κρῆτας διακοσίους. ἅμα δὲ καὶ Σῶσις παρῆν ὁ Συρακόσιος ἔχων ὁπλίτας τριακοσίους, καὶ Σοφαίνετος Ἀρκάδας ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους. καὶ ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέτασιν καὶ ἀριθμὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ σύμπαντες ὁπλῖται μὲν μύριοι χίλιοι, πελ- 1 20 2 ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 ἅµα: at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 4 ἄντρον, τό: cave, 1 ἀπο-χωρέω: go from, depart, 2 ἀριθµός, ὁ: a count; number, amount, 2 Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 δέρµα, -ατος, τό: the skin, hide, 1 διακόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 2 Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4 ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 ἐρίζω: to quarrel, rival, wrangle, strive, 1 ἡττάοµαι: be inferior to, be bested/beaten, 1 Θρᾷξ, -κος, ὁ: Thracian, Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 κρεµάννυµι: to hang, 1 Κρής, Κρητός, ὁ: a Cretan, 1 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, Μαρσύας, -ου, ὁ: Marsyas (river, god) 4 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 Ξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Xerxes, 1 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 1 ὀκτα-κόσιοι, -αι, -α: eight hundred, 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3 σοφία, ἡ: wisdom, skill, intelligence, 1 σύµ-πας, -πασα, -παν: every, all, whole, 2 Συρακόσιος, -α, -ον: Syracusan, 2 Σῶσις, ὁ: Sosis, 1 τοξότης, ὁ: an archer, bowman, 2 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4 φυγή, ἡ: flight, escape, exile, 2 1 ἐρίζοντα: (him) rivaling ; add antecedent αὐτὸν as object of nom. aor. pple νικήσας οἱ: him; dat. sg. reflexive pronoun ἔ, obj. of the ἐρίζοντα περὶ σοφίας: in skill; about skill, i.e. skill in music κερµάσαι: aor. inf. κρεµάννυµι 16 οἱ πηγαί: supply verb, e.g. flow ; ῥέουσιν διὰ: on account of + acc. 17 Μαρσύας: predicate noun ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος: following ἀπεχώρει ἡττηθεὶς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple 18 τῇ µάχῃ: in the battle; i.e. the battle of Salamis, dat. of time when with the pple; possibly dat. of means λέγεται: is said οἰκοδοµῆσαι: aor. inf. 19 ἔµεινε: aor. µένω ἡµέρας τριάκοντα: for ; acc. of duration, Cyrus was waiting for Clearchus 22 παρῆν: translation; supply πάρ-ειµι 26 ἐγένοντο: came to be; i.e. the count

12 Xenophon 11 12 τασταὶ δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Πέλτας, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς ἐν αἷς Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς τὰ Λύκαια ἔθυσε καὶ ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε τὰ δὲ ἆθλα ἦσαν στλεγγίδες χρυσαῖ ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ Κῦρος. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δώδεκα ἐς Κεράμων ἀγοράν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, ἐσχάτην πρὸς τῇ Μυσίᾳ χώρᾳ. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας τριάκοντα εἰς Καΰστρου-πεδίον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας πέντε καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο μισθὸς πλέον ἢ τριῶν μηνῶν, καὶ πολλάκις ἰόντες ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἀπῄτουν. ὁ δὲ ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε καὶ δῆλος ἦν ἀνιώμενος οὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι. ἐνταῦθα ἀφικνεῖται Ἐπύαξα ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ τοῦ Κιλίκων βασι- 1 ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 ἀγών, ὁ: contest, competition, 4 ἆθλον, τό: prize, reward, 1 ἀνιάω: to grieve, distress, 1 ἀπ-αιτέω: demand, ask back (what is due), 1 ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, restore, return, Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 δι-άγω: carry over, go on, continue, 1 δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4 ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 Ἐπύαξα, ἠ: Epyaxa, 2 ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 θύρα, ἡ: a door, 2 1 σταθµοὺς δύο: for ; acc. of extent 2 παρασάγγας δέκα: for ; acc. of extent οἰκοµένην: inhabited 3 ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω and acc. of duration ἐν αἷς: in which (days); dat. of time within 4 Λύκαια ἔθυε: celebrated the Lycaea with sacrifice ἔθηκε: put on, produced; aor. τίθηµι ἤσαν: 3rd pl. impf. εἰµί χρυσαῖ: χρυσέαι, fem. pl. χρύσεος 7 πρὸς: near ; usual with dat. place where θύω: to sacrifice, celebrate with sacrifice, 2 Καΰστρου-πεδίον, τό: Caystru-pedion (a river plain), 1 Κεράµων, -ονος, ὁ: Ceramon, 1 Λύκαῖα, τά: Lycaea (festival for Zeus), 1 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 Μύσιος, -η, -ον: Mysian, 1 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 ὀφείλω: to owe, have to pay, 1 Πέλται, αἰ: Peltae (city), 1 πλείων, -οντος: more, greater, πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4 στλεγγις, -ίδος, ἡ: scraper (i.e. strigil); tiara 1 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6 στρατιώταις: to ; dat. of interest ὠφείλετο: impf. ὀφείλω 11 τριῶν µηνῶν: (wages) of...; gen. measure ἰόντες: pple ἔρχοµαι ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας: up to ; acc. place to which; likely, the entrance to the headquarters 12 λέγων διῆγε: went on expressing hope 13 ἦν πρὸς τρόπου: for it was not like the character of Cyrus, having it, not to pay; from the character gen. of source 14 Συεννέσιος: genitive sg.

Xenophon 13 13 14 1 λέως παρὰ Κῦρον καὶ ἐλέγετο Κύρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα πολλά. τῇ δ οὖν στρατιᾷ τότε ἀπέδωκε Κῦρος μισθὸν τεττάρων μηνῶν. εἶχε δὲ ἡ Κίλισσα φυλακὴν [καὶ φύλακας] περὶ αὑτὴν Κίλικας καὶ Ἀσπενδίους ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ συγγενέσθαι Κῦρον τῇ Κιλίσσῃ. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐλαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Θύμβριον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἡ Μίδου καλουμένη τοῦ Φρυγῶν βασιλέως, ἐφ ᾗ λέγεται Μίδας τὸν Σάτυρον θηρεῦσαι οἴνῳ κεράσας αὐτήν. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Τυριάειον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς. καὶ λέγεται δεηθῆναι ἡ Κίλισσα Κύρου ἐπιδεῖξαι τὸ στράτευμα αὐτῇ βουλόμενος οὖν ἐπιδεῖξαι ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων. ἐκέλευσε δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς 1 20 2 ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) Ἀσπενδίοι, οἰ: Aspendians, 1 ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 Θύµβριον, τό: Thumbrium, 1 κεράννυµι, -εος, τό: to mix, 1 κρήνη, ἡ: spring, fountain, 1 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 Μίδας, Μίδου, ὁ: Midas, 2 1 παρὰ Κῦρον: to Cyrus; place to which δοῦναι: aor. inf. δίδωµι + dat. ind. obj. 16 ἀπέδωκε: aor. ἀποδίδωµι τεττάρων µηνῶν: of ; gen. of measure 17 εἶχε: impf. ἔχω Κίλισσα: The Cicilian (queen); i.e Epyaxa; Mentioned lines earlier 18 αὑτὴν: around herself; ἑαυτὴν contracted 18 Κίλικας Ἀσπενδίους: in apposition to φυλακὴν ἐλέγετο: it was said; impersonal συγγενέσθαι: have sexual intercourse with; associate with; Κῦρον is acc. subj. Κιλίσσῃ: dat. of compound verb 19 σταθµοὺς δύο: for ; acc. of extent 20 παρασάγγας δέκα: for ; acc. of extent οἰκοµένην: inhabited 21 παρὰ: alongside κρήνη καλουµένη: the so-called Spring of µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 νόµος, ὁ: law, custom, 4 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6 Σάτυρος, ὁ: Satyr, 1 συγ-γίγνοµαι: to be with, converse with, 3 Τυριάειον, τό: Tyriaeum, 1 Φρύξ, Φρυγός, ὁ: Phrygian, 1 φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ: a watch, guard, 1 Midas τοῦ βασιλέως: in apposition to Μίδου 22 ἐφ ᾗ: at which (spring) τὸν Σάτυρον: the Satyr; i.e. Silenus, companion and tutor of Dionysus θηρεῦσαι: aor. inf. 23 κεράσας: nom. sg. aor. pple κεράννυµι αὐτήν: it; i.e. spring water; wine is typically mixed with water 2 ἔµεινον: aor. µένω ἡµέρας τρεῖς: for ; acc. duration of time δεηθῆναι: to have asked; aor. pass. inf. deponent, δέοµαι 26 ἐπιδεῖξαι: aor. inf. ἐπι-δείκνυµι 27 ποιεῖται: makes; he has made for him pres. middle 28 ὡς νόµος αὐτοῖς: as (is) their custom: as the custom for them

14 Xenophon 16 17 εἰς μάχην οὕτω ταχθῆναι καὶ στῆναι, συντάξαι δ ἕκαστον τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ. ἐτάχθησαν οὖν ἐπὶ τεττάρων εἶχε δὲ τὸ μὲν δεξιὸν Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὸ δὲ εὐώνυμον Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου, τὸ δὲ μέσον οἱ ἄλλοι στρατηγοί. ἐθεώρει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς βαρβάρους οἱ δὲ παρήλαυνον τεταγμένοι κατὰ ἴλας καὶ κατὰ τάξεις εἶτα δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, παρελαύνων ἐφ ἅρματος καὶ ἡ Κίλισσα ἐφ ἁρμαμάξης. εἶχον δὲ πάντες κράνη χαλκᾶ καὶ χιτῶνας φοινικοῦς καὶ κνημῖδας καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐκκεκαλυμμένας. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντας παρήλασε, στήσας τὸ ἅρμα πρὸ τῆς φάλαγγος μέσης, πέμψας Πίγρητα τὸν ἑρμηνέα παρὰ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐκέλευσε προβαλέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ ἐπιχωρῆσαι ὅλην τὴν φάλαγγα. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα προεῖπον τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ ἐπεὶ ἐσάλπιγξε, προβαλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπῇσαν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου 1 ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 ἐκ-καλύπτω: to uncover, 1 ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 ἐπι-έρχοµαι: to come upon, approach, 4 ἐπι-χωρέω, -ον: come toward, approach, 1 ἑρµηνεύς, ὁ: interpreter, 2 θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 ἴλη, ἡ: company, band; troop of horses, 1 κνηµίς, -ῖδος, ἡ: greave, leggings, 1 κράνος, -εος, τό: a helmet, 2 1 ταχθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. τάττω στῆναι: to take their stations; aor. act. inf. ἵστηµι συντάξαι: aor. act. inf. συν-τάττω ἔκαστον: each (generaly); add στρατηγόν 2 τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ: his own men; those of his ἐπὶ τεττάρων: by fours; in lines four men deep εἶχε: impf. ἔχω τὸ δεξιὸν: the right (wing); add neuter κέρας (horn, wing); a position of honor 3 οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ: those with him τὸ εὐώνυµον: the left (wing); of good name is a euphemism for the left side πρῶτον: first, for the first time; adv. acc. οἱ δὲ: and they; i.e. the barbarians ὅλος, -η, -ον: whole, entire, complete, 1 παρ-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive along by Πίγρης, -ητος, ἡ: Pigres, 3 προ-βάλλω: to throw before, put forward, 2 προ-εῖπον: to proclaim, order, 1 σαλπίζω: sound a trumpet, 1 συν-τάττω: to arrange together, order, 6 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, φοίνικεος, -α, -ον: crimson-red, red, 1 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 2 χιτών, -ῶνος, ἡ: tunic, 2 6 τεταγµέναι: pf. pass. τάττω κατὰ κατὰ: by by; distributive use 7 ἐφ ἅρµατος: on a chariot ἡ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen) ἐφ ἁρµαµάξης: on a covered carriage 8 κράνη χαλκᾶ: κράνεα, neut. acc. pl. 9 ἐκκεκαλυµµένας: pf. pass. with ἀσπίδας παρήλασε: aor. παρ-ελαύνω (ελα) στήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἵστηµι 11 παρὰ: to ; acc. place to which 12 προβαλέσθαι: to bear arms; put forward arms aor. mid. inf. 14 ἐπίστευον: translation; supply ἐκείνην ἐπῇσαν: 3 rd pl. impf. ἐπέρχοµαι

Xenophon 1 18 19 20 θᾶττον προϊόντων σὺν κραυγῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς, τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων φόβος πολύς, καὶ ἥ τε Κίλισσα ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ τῆς ἁρμαμάξης καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καταλιπόντες τὰ ὤνια ἔφυγον. οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες σὺν γέλωτι ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνὰς ἦλθον. ἡ δὲ Κίλισσα ἰδοῦσα τὴν λαμπρότητα καὶ τὴν τάξιν τοῦ στρατεύματος ἐθαύμασε. Κῦρος δὲ ἥσθη τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους φόβον ἰδών. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Ἰκόνιον, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν ἐσχάτην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε τρεῖς ἡμέρας. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυκαονίας σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριάκοντα. ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἐπέτρεψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς πολεμίαν οὖσαν. ἐντεῦθεν Κῦρος τὴν Κίλισσαν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἀποπέμπει τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν καὶ συνέπεμψεν αὐτῇ στρατιώτας οὓς Μένων εἶχε καὶ αὐτόν. Κῦρος δὲ 1 20 2 ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 αὐτόµατος, -η, -ον: spontaneous, of one s own will, 2 γέλως, ὁ: laughter, 1 δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 δρόµος, ὁ: run, running; flight, 4 ἐπι-τρέπω: to turn (over) to, entrust, 2 ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 4 θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 1 θᾶττον: comparative adverb (αὐτῶν) προιόντων: gen. abs.; supply noun in the gen.; pple προέρχοµαι ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοµάτου: on their own 16 ἐπὶ: to ; acc. place to which τῶν βαρβάρων: subjective gen.; i.e. the barbarians feel fear 17 ἥ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen) ἔφυγεν: aor. φεύγω ἐπὶ: on 18 οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς: those people in the marketplace καταλιπόντες: aor. pple καταλείπω 19 ἦλθον: 3 rd pl. aor. ἔρχοµαι θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be astonished Ἰκόνιον, τό: Iconium, 1 κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2 κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, λαµπρότης, -τητος, ἡ: splendor, brilliancy, 1 Λυκαονία, ἡ: Lycaonia, 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4 συµ-πέµπω: to send along with, 1 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4 ὤνια, τά: wares, goods for sale, 1 20 ἰδοῦσα: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω 21 ἥσθη: 3 rd sg. aor. pass. deponent ἥδοµαι τὸν φόβον: i.e. the fear the Greeks inspired in the barbarians 22 ἰδὼν: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for ; acc. of extent 23 παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν: for ; acc. of extent 24 ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω; and acc. of duration 26 διαρπάσαι: to plunder; aor. inf. of purpose ὡς οὖσαν: on the grounds that ; since ὡς + pple expresses alleged cause; pple εἰµί 28 τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν: by ; adverbial acc. 29 αὐτῇ: along with her; dat. compound verb εἲχε: impf. ἔχω; αὐτόν is Meno

16 Xenophon 21 μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐξελαύνει διὰ Καππαδοκίας σταθμοὺς τέτταρας παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε πρὸς Δάναν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς ἐν ᾧ Κῦρος ἀπέκτεινεν ἄνδρα Πέρσην Μεγαφέρνην, φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον, καὶ ἕτερόν τινα τῶν ὑπάρχων δυνάστην, αἰτιασάμενος ἐπιβουλεύειν αὐτῷ. ἐντεῦθεν ἐπειρῶντο εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἡ δὲ εἰσβολὴ ἦν ὁδὸς ἁμαξιτὸς ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς καὶ ἀμήχανος εἰσελθεῖν στρατεύματι, εἴ τις ἐκώλυεν. ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ Συέννεσις εἶναι ἐπὶ τῶν ἄκρων φυλάττων τὴν εἰσβολήν διὸ ἔμεινεν ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ. τῇ δ ὑστεραίᾳ ἧκεν ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι λελοιπὼς εἴη Συέννεσις τὰ ἄκρα, ἐπεὶ ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στράτευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν εἴσω τῶν ὀρέων, καὶ ὅτι τριήρεις ἤκουε περιπλεούσας ἀπ Ἰωνίας εἰς Κιλικίαν Ταμὼν ἔχοντα 1 ἀ-µήχανος, -ον: impossible, inconceivable, 1 ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 2 αἰτιάοµαι: accuse, charge; blame, 1 ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 4 ἁµαξιτός, -όν: traversed by wagons, 1 ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, Δάνα, ἠ: Dana (city), 1 διό: δι ὅ, on account of which, 1 δυνάστης, ὁ: leader; lord, master, ruler, 1 εἰσ-βάλλω: put into; embark; assail; 2 εἰσ-βολή, ἡ: entrance; inroad; attack, 2 εἰσ-έρχοµαι: to go to, approach; enter, 2 εἴσω: inwards, inside, 4 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, ἕτερος, -α, -ον: one of two, other, different, 2 ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4 1 µετὰ: with σταθµοὺς τέτταρας: for ; acc. of extent παρασάγγας εἴκοσι...: for ; acc. of extent 3 οἰκοµένην: inhabited 4 ἐν ᾧ (χρόνῳ): Meanwhile; in which time φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον: a royal wearer of purple ἕτερόν τινα δυνάστην: a certain leader τῶν ὑπάρχων: among ; partitive gen. 6 ἐπιβουλεύειν: that they ; supply acc, subj. αὐτῷ: against him; dat. of compound verb ἐπειρῶντο: impf. mid. πειράω Ἰωνία, ἡ: Ionia, 2 Καππαδοκία, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2 κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 2 Μεγαφέρνής, ὁ: Megaphernes, 1 ὀρθίος, -α, -ον: steep, straight up, sheer, 1 ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, περι-πλέω: to sail around, 1 Ταµώς, ὁ: Tamus, 2 τριήρης, ὁ: trireme, 4 ὕπ-αρχος, ὁ: sub-commander, lieutenant, 2 ὑστεραῖος, -α, -ον: the next day; later, 2 φοινικιστής, ὁ: wearer of purple (dignitary), 1 φυλάττω: to keep watch over, guard, 6 7 εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τῆν Κιλικίαν: enter into Cilicia; put into Cilicia 8 ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς: severely steep; strongly εἰσελθεῖν: to enter; explanatory inf. στρατεύµατι: for ; dat. of interest 9 ἐκώλυεν: tried to prevent (them); conative ἐπὶ ἄκρων: upon the hilltops ἡµέραν: for one ; acc. of duration of time 11 τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ: on the next day; time when λελοιπὼς εἴη: had left; pf. opt. (pf. opt. + opt. of εἰµί ) indirect disc. in secondary seq. ᾔσθετο: 3 rd sg. aor. mid. αἰσθάνοµαι