ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΕΜΠ Εργαστήριο Συγκοινωνιακής Τεχνικής Χρήση συστημάτων πληροφορικής στην οδική υποδομή Ορισμοί- εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο Βύρωνας Νάκος Καθηγήτης ΕΜΠ bnakos@central.ntua.gr
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Συστήματα Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών & Μεταφορές Ορισμοί Εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο Βύρωνας Νάκος, Καθηγητής Ε.Μ.Π.
Contents What is a system / an information system / GIS Definitions of GIS Toolbox-based / Database-based /Organizationbased Definition of GIS-T Topics of GIS Data representation / Analysis & modeling / Applications
What is a system? A system is a group of connected entities and activities which interact for a common purpose What is an information system? What is a geographic information system? An information system is a set of processes, executed on data, to produce information which will be useful in decision-making A geographic information system uses geographically referenced data as well as non-spatial data and includes operations which support spatial analysis
Toolbox-based GIS definition:... to develop a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world for particular set of purposes. This set of tools constitutes a Geographical Information System... (Burrough 1986, p. 5; Burrough & McDonnell 1998, p. 11)
Peter A. Burrough (1944-2009) 1986 1998 Utrecht University
Database-based GIS definition: GIS may be viewed as a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database. (Smith et al. 1987, p. 13)
Organization-based GIS definition: GIS is best defined as a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen 1988, p. 1554)
A consensus GIS definition: Geographic Information System - A system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations, and institutional arrangements for collecting storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth. (Dueker & Kjerne 1989, pp. 99-100)
TECHNOLOGY hardware software communications DATA spatial attributes image etc. INSTITUTIONS people organizations etc
GIS-T definition GIS-T can be defined as interconnected hardware, software, data, people, organizations, and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and communicating transportation systems and geographic regions about the Earth (Vonderohe et al. 1993, Miller & Shaw 2001, p. 3)
Geographical Information System Transformation Information System Enhancement GIS - T (After: Vonderohe et al. 1993)
The three main topics of GIS-T: Data representations Analysis & modeling Applications
Data representations: GIS-T technology incorporates both vector and raster GIS data structure to represent spatial data. Some transportation issues tend to fit better with one type of GIS data structure than the other. (e.g. vector GIS are better for transportation network representations) Several transportation data require extensions to the general GIS data models. (e.g. linear referencing data)
Analysis & modeling: Shortest path and routing algorithms Spatial interaction models Network flow problems Facility location problems Travel demand models Land use-transportation interaction models
Applications: Infrastructure planning Transportation safety analysis Travel demand analysis Traffic monitoring and control Public transit planning and operations Fleet management Environmental impacts assessment Hazards mitigation Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
GIS requirements in transportation applications: A data management system Facilitate the maintenance and the integration of the inventories of transportation Data interoperability Allow transportation data sharing among several agencies Real-time GIS-T Real-time geo-referenced data storage, retrieval, processing & analysis Large data sets Involve the optimization algorithms & analytical tools & the discovery of innovative system designs Distributed computing Allow the spread of GIS-T data over users & community by means of web services (Thill 2000)
References Burrough P.A., 1986, Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Burrough P.A. & McDonnell R., 1998, Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cowen D.J., 1988, GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What Are the Differences?, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 54(11): 1551-5. Dueker K.J. & Kjerne D., 1989, Multipurpose Cadastre: Terms and Definitions. In Proceedings of Annual Convention of ACSM-ASPRS, Vol. 5, pp. 94-103. Goodchild M.F., 2000, GIS and Transportation: Status and Challenges, GeoInformatica, 4(2): 127-39. Miller H.J. & Shaw S.-L., 2001, Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
References Smith T.R., Menon S., Starr J. & Estes J., 1987, Requirements and Principles for the Implementation and Construction of Large-Scale Geographic Information Systems, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1(1): 13-31. Thill J.-C., 2000, Geographic information systems for transportation in perspective, Transportation Research Part C, 8 (1-6): 3-12. Vonderohe A.P., Travis L., Smith R.L. & Tsai V., 1993, Adaptation of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation, NCHRP Report 359, Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Waters N.M., 1999, Transportation GIS: GIS-T. In Geographical Information Systems. Management Issues & Applications, (Longley P.A., Goodchild M.F., Maguire D.J. & Rhind D.W. eds.), Vol. 2, (2nd ed.), New York: John Willey & Sons, pp. 827-44.
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