LESSON TWENTY THREE : VERBS THAT END WITH - µι (Focus ( on τιθηµι and διδωµι. Memorization of vocabulary 23 (includes words from 1 John 2:7-17)

LESSON TWENTY THREE : VERBS THAT END WITH - µι (Focus ( on τιθηµι and διδωµι Memorization of vocabulary 23 (includes words from 1 John 2:7-17) ἀγαπητος αἰων ἀλαζονεια ἀληθινος ἀρτι ἀφιηµι βιος δεικνυµι διδωµι εἰµι ἐπιθυµια ἐχω ἑως ἠδη ἰσχυρος ἱστηµι καινος νεανισκος νικαω οἰδα ὀνοµα ὀφθαλµος παιδιον παλαιος παραγω πατηρ πονηρος σκανδαλον συνιηµι τιθηµι τυφλοω ὑπαγω φαινω φηµι beloved age (plural is αιωνα, see 3 rd declension nouns) pride true, dependable now I forgive life I show I give I am (present infinitive: εἰναι) desire (neutral word, context determines if evil desire [lust] I have (its future: ἐξω; imperfect: εἰχον; aorist: ἐσχον; perfect: ἐσχηκα) until already strong, mighty, powerful I establish, put, place new young man I conquer I know (one of the perfect nouns with present tense meaning) name eye infant, very young child old I pass by, pass away father. Plural form is πατερες (see 3 rd declension noun) wicked, evil that which causes offence (stumbling block), temptation to sin I comprehend, understand I put, place, set up I make blind I go I shine I say A. Introduction In addition to ω (λυω), εω (φιλεω), αω (ἀγαπαω) and οω (φανεροω) 1

verbs, there are verbs that end in µι. Though they are not many, their frequency in the New Testament demands that a careful attention is given to them. The challenge there is in the study of -µι verbs is that they are not built on the present tense stem but on the verb stem. Their endings, however, are the same as those of ω verbs, except for three tenses: present, imperfect, and second aorist. Even in these three tenses, the difference is only in some parts. Observing the similarities they share with ω verbs makes it easier to memorize. It is for this reason that a comparison with the already learned forms of λυω will be made as we proceed. The most common of the µι verbs are τιθηµι (I put, place, lay), διδωµι (I give), and ἱστηµι (I stand, establish). We will work with τιθηµι and διδωµι in this lesson and then examine ἱστηµι and other µι verbs in the next lesson. Most of the others appear mostly in compound verbs. B. The forms We will examine each separately. 1. τιθηµι (I lay, I place) a. General Comment The verbal stem of τιθηµι is θε. What we have for present tense stem (τιθε) is a reduplication of the verbal stem (note that in reduplication θ > τ). The features of each tense will be noted within its context. b. Present tense The present tense (and imperfect see below) builds on the present tense stem (τιθε ) and the forms are as follows: 1) Present, indicative, active forms are: Singular Plural 1 st person: τιθη/µι τιθε/µεν (I place, we place) 2 nd person: τιθη/ς τιθε/τε (you place, you place) 3 rd person: τιθη/σι(ν) τιθε/ασι(ν) (he/she/it places; they place) Note: The active voice forms above use long stem vowel (η) in the singular but retains the short form (ε) throughout the plural forms. 2

Relating these forms to those of λυω in the present indicative active (λυω λυοµεν; λυεις λυετε; λυει λυουσιν) we note similarity in endings except for the first and third persons singular. 2) The present indicative middle and passive voice forms are: 1 st person: τιθε/µαι τιθε/µεθα (I/we place; I am/we are placed) 2 nd person τιθε/σαι τιθε/σθε (you place; you are placed) 3 rd person τιθε/ται τιθε/νται (he/she/it/they place[s]; are placed) Note: Short ε is retained throughout the six forms Relating these forms to those of λυω in the present indicative middle/passive (λυοµαι λυοµεθα; λυῃ λυεσθε; λυεται λυονται ) we note similarity in all endings except in the second person singular. 3) The present subjunctive active forms are: 1 st person τιθ/ω τιθ/ωµεν (I/we may place) 2 nd person τιθ/ῃς τιθ/ητε (you may place) 3 rd person τιθ/ῃ τιθ/ωσι(ν) (he/she/it/they place) Relating these forms to those of λυω in present subjunctive active (λυω λυωµεν; λυῃς λυητε; λυῃ λυωσιν ) we note similarity in all six forms. 4) The present participle active forms are: Masculine (relate them to the forms of πας) Nominative τιθε/ις τιθε/ντες ([the one] placing) Accusative τιθε/ντα τιθε/ντας ([the one] placing) Genitive τιθε/ντος τιθε/ντων (of [the one/s] placing) Dative τιθε/ντι τιθε/ισι(ν) (for/to [the one] placing) Relating these forms to those of λυω in present participle active (λυων λυοντες; λυοντα λυοντας; λυοντος λυοντων; λυοντι λυουσιν ) we note similarity in all forms except in the nominative singular. They are also the exact endings we find in the first aorist participle passive forms of λυω (λυθεις λυθεντες; λυθεντα λυθεντας; λυθεντος λυθεντων; λυθεντι λυθεισιν). These observations assist in memorizing these forms. It must, however, be kept in mind that in the passive forms of λυω here, the θ is sign of aorist passive voice while the θ in τιθε is part of the stem. Feminine (relate them to the forms of πασα) Nominative τιθε/ισα τιθε/ισαι ( the one[s] placing ) 3

Accusative τιθε/ισαν τιθε/ισας (the one[s] placing) Genitive τιθε/ισης τιθε/ισων (of the one[s] placing) Dative τιθε/ισῃ τιθε/ισαις (to or for the one[s] placing) (Note iota subscript in the dative singular form. Also, the division should be after the ι but it has been placed before it so as to show how we consistently have the stem τιθε) Relating these forms to those of λυω in the feminine present participle active (λυουσα λυουσαι; λυουσαν λυουσας; λυουσης λυουσων; λυουσῃ λυουσαις) we note similarity in all six forms. They are also the exact endings we find in the first aorist participle passive forms of λυω in the feminine (λυθεισα λυθεισαι; λυθεισαν λυθεισας; λυθεισης λυθεισων; λυθεισῃ λυθεισαις ) Neuter (same forms as masculine except for nominative and accusative; also relate them to the forms of παν) Nominative τιθε/ν τιθε/ντα ( the one[s] placing ) Accusative τιθε/ν τιθε/ντα (the one[s] placing) Genitive τιθε/ντος τιθε/ντων (of the one[s] placing Dative τιθε/ντι τιθε/ισι(ν) (to or for the one[s] placing) Relating these forms to those of λυω in the neuter present participle active (λυον λυοντα; λυον λυοντα; λυοντος λυοντων; λυοντι λυουσιν) we note similarity in all six forms. They are the exact endings we find in first aorist participle passive forms in the neuter (λυθεν λυθεντα; λυθεν λυθεντα; λυθεντος λυθεντων; λυθεντι λυθεισιν ) 5) The present middle/passive participle Masculine (endings same as λογος) Nom: τιθε/µενος τιθε/µενοι (middle: one placing, passive: one placed ) Acc: τιθε/µενον τιθε/µενους (one[s] placing/one[s] placed) Gen: τιθε/µενου τιθε/µενων (of one[s] placing/one[s] placed) Dat: τιθε/µενῳ τιθε/µενοις (to or for the one[s] placing/one[s] placed) Relate these forms to those of λυω in the masculine present middle/passive participle λυοµενος λυοµενοι; λυοµενον λυοµενους; λυοµενου λυοµενων; λυοµενῳ λυοµενοις) and you will note it is the same endings. They are also the same endings as those of λογος 4

Feminine (endings same as αρχη) Nominative τιθε/µενη τιθε/µεναι Accusative τιθε/µενην τιθε/µενας Genitive τιθε/µενης τιθε/µενων Dative τιθε/µενῃ τιθε/µεναις Relate these forms to those of λυω in the feminine present middle/passive participle (λυοµενη λυοµεναι; λυοµενην λυοµενας; λυοµενης λυοµενων; λυοµενῃ λυοµεναις) and you will notice that the endings are the same. They are also the same endings as we find in αρχη) Neuter (endings same as εργον) Nominative τιθε/µενον τιθε/µενα Accusative τιθε/µενον τιθε/µενα Genitive τιθε/µενου τιθε/µενων Dative τιθε/µενῳ τιθε/µενοις Relate these forms to those of λυω in the neuter present middle/passive participle (λυοµενον λυοµενα; λυοµενον λυοµενα; λυοµενου λυοµενων; λυοµενῳ λυοµενοις) and you will notice that the endings are the same. They are also the same endings as those of εργον. 6) The present active imperative forms are: 2 nd person: τιθε/ι τιθε/τε 3 rd person: τιθε/τω τιθε/τωσαν Relate these forms to those of λυω in the present active imperative (λυε λυετε; λυετω λυετωσαν) and you will notice the similarity of endings. Note that the 2 nd person singular began as τιθε+ε and then due to contraction of ε and ε we end up with τιθει. 7) The present active infinitive form: τι/θε/ναι 8) The present middle/passive infinitive form: τιθε/σθαι (cf. λυεσθαι) c. The imperfect tense 1) The imperfect active indicative forms (keeping the present tense stem) are: 1 st person ἐ/τιθη/ν ἐ/τιθε/µεν 2 nd person ἐ/τιθε/ις ἐ/τιθε/τε 3 rd person ἐ/τιθε/ι ἐ/τιθε/σαν 5

Relate these forms to those of λυω in the imperfect active indicative (ελυον ελυοµεν; ελυες ελυετε; ελυε(ν) ελυον) and note the similarities and difference. Keep in mind the facts that the 2 nd person singular began as ε/τιθε+ες and the 3 rd person singular as ε/τιθε+ε before the two became ε/τιθεις and ε/τιθει, respectively, after contraction. The marked difference is in the 3 rd person plural where the ν ending in ελυον is replaced by σαν, ending in ε/τιθε/σαν. 2) The imperfect middle indicative forms are: 1 st person ἐ/τιθε/µην ἐ/τιθε/µεθα 2 nd person ἐ/τιθε/σο ἐ/τιθε/σθε 3 rd person ἐ/τιθε/το ἐ/τιθε/ντο Relate these forms to those of λυω in the imperfect middle/passive (ελυοµην ελυοµεθα; ελυου ελυεσθε; ελυετο ελυοντο) and note the similarities and differences. The marked difference is in the 2 nd person singular where we have ε/λυ/ου for λυω but ε/τιθε/σο for τιθηµι. This is because in τιθηµι the form (ε/τιθε/σο) is not contracted while in λυω (ε/λυ/ου) the original form ε/λυ/ε/σ/ο contracts to ε/λυ/ου (the σ disappearing and the ε and ο contracting to ου - see footnote on p. 7 of lesson fifteen) d. Other tenses 1) General Comment All other tenses (that is, apart from the present and the imperfect) drop the τι at the beginning (that is, they are built on the verbal stem, θε). Their forms are: a) Second Aorist (1) Second aorist active indicative (with 1 st aorist ending forms being used) (1 st aorist plural) 1 st person ἐ/θη/κα ἐ/θε/µεν ἐ/θη/καµεν 2 nd person ἐ/θη/κας ἐ/θε/τε ἐ/θη/κατε 3 rd person ἐ/θη/κε(ν) ἐ/θε/σαν ἐ/θη/καν Note that a κ located where one would expect σ if the forms belonged to 1 st aorist category. The endings, however, are those of 1 st aorist (cf. ελυσα ελυσαµεν; ελυσας ελυσατε; ελυσε(ν) ελυσαν). The use of κ (found as sign of tense for perfect and pluperfect in the forms of λυω) should not confuse us since the perfect forms would have a reduplication (not augment). The perfect thus is τε/θει/κ/α τε/θει/κ/αµεν; τε/θει/κ/ας τε/θει/κ/ατε; τε/θει/κ/ε(ν) τε/θει/κ/ασιν 6

(2) 2 nd aorist participle forms: Masculine Nominative θε/ις θε/ντες Accusative θε/ντα θε/ντας Genitive θε/ντος θε/ντων Dative θε/ντι θε/ισι(ν) For the purpose of helping memorization, relate these forms to those of λυ/θεις. Feminine Nominative θε/ισα θε/ισαι Accusative θε/ισαν θε/ισας Genitive θε/ισης θε/ισων Dative θε/ισῃ θε/ισαις For the purpose of helping memorization, relate these forms to those of λυ/θεισα. Neuter Nominative θε/ν θε/ντα Accusative θε/ν θε/ντα Genitive θε/ντος θε/ντων Dative θε/ντι θε/ισι(ν) For the purpose of helping memorization, relate these forms to those of λυθεν. (3) 2 nd aorist active subjunctive 1 st person θω θωµεν 2 nd person θῃς θητε 3 rd person θῃ θωσι(ν) Relate these forms to those of λυω under present active subjunctive endings which are also shared by aorist subjunctive forms (cf. βαλω βαλωµεν; βαλῃς βαλητε; βαλῃ βαλωσιν) (4) 2 nd aorist active imperative 2 nd person θε/ς θε/τε 3 rd person θε/τω, θε/τωσαν Relate these to the forms of βαλε. The only difference is in the 2 nd person singular. (5) 2 nd aorist active infinitive: θε/ιναι (6) 2 nd aorist middle forms 7

1 st person ἐ/θε/µην ἐ/θε/µεθα 2 nd person ἐ/θου ἐ/θε/σθε 3 rd person ἐ/θε/το ἐ/θε/ντο (the second person singular (ἐθου) reflects εθε/σ/ο with σ dropped and then contraction) Relate these forms to those of the imperfect middle/passive forms above. Remember that the endings of the imperfect and those of the 2 nd aorist are the same, with the difference being in the stem. The imperfect tense takes the present tense stem while the 2 nd aorist takes the verb stem. b) Other tenses ending pattern Apart from the three shown above (that is, present, imperfect, and 2 nd aorist) the other tenses follow the ending pattern of ω verbs. That is, they employ the ο or ε, before the ending, as connecting vowel. For example, the future indicative forms are: the verb stem (θε) with the ε lengthened due to σ following as sign of future tense (to get θησ) and then the endings: ω, εις, ει, οµεν, ετε, ουσι(ν). Thus: 1 st person θη/σ/ω θη/σ/οµεν 2 nd person θη/σ/εις θη/σ/ετε 3 rd person θη/σ/ει θη/σ/ουσιν Relate these forms to those of λυσω (future tense in indicative active) Exercise 23.1 for Practice: Analyse the following forms of τιθηµι as found in the New Testament: τιθεασιν (Matthew 5:15), θησω (Matthew 12:18), θησει (Matthew 24:51), εθηκεν (Matthew 27:60), τεθῃ (Mark 4:21), θωµεν (Mark 4:30), τιθεντες (Mark 15:19), τεθειται (Mark 15:47), εθηκαν (Mark 16:6), τεθεικατε (John 11:34), ετιθουν (Acts 3:2), τιθετω (1 Corinthians 16:2) 2. διδωµι (I give) The verbal stem of διδωµι is δο. The δι represents a reduplication (just like the τι in τιθηµι). Basically one needs to replace the τιθη /τιθε of τιθηµι with διδω /διδο and get the forms of διδωµι. Note some of the forms: a. Present tense 1) Present indicative, active 8

Singular Plural 1 st person: διδω/µι διδο/µεν 2 nd person: διδω/ς διδο/τε 3 rd person: διδω/σι(ν) διδο/ασι(ν) 2) Present active participle Masculine (relate them to forms of πας) Nominative: διδο/υς διδο/ντες Accusative: διδο/ντα διδοντας Genitive διδο/ντος διδο/ντων Dative διδο/ντι διδο/υσι(ν) Feminine (relate them to the forms of πασα) Nominative διδο/υσα διδο/υσαι Accusative διδο/υσαν διδο/υσας Genitive διδο/υσης διδο/υσων Dative διδο/υσῃ διδου/σαις Neuter (relate them to the forms of παν) Nominative διδο/ν διδο/ντα Accusative διδο/ν διδο/ντα Genitive διδο/ντος διδο/ντων Dative διδο/ντι διδο/ισιν 3) Present active, subjunctive Singular Plural 1 st person: διδω διδωµεν 2 nd person: διδῳς διδωτε 3 rd person: διδῳ διδωσι(ν) 4) Present middle/passive indicative: 1 st person: διδο/µαι διδο/µεθα 2 nd person: διδο/σαι διδο/σθε 3 rd person: διδο/ται διδο/νται 5) Present middle/passive imperative : 2 nd person: διδο/σο διδο/σθε, 3 rd person: διδο/σθω διδο/σθωσαν 9

6) Present middle/passive subjunctive: 1 st person: διδω/µαι διδω/µεθα 2 nd person: διδῳ διδω/σθε 3 rd person: διδω/ται διδω/νται 7) Present middle/passive infinitive: διδο/σθαι 8) Present middle/passive participle: Masculine (same endings as λογος) Nominative διδο/µενος διδο/µενοι Accusative διδο/µενον διδο/µενους Genitive διδο/µενου διδο/µενων Dative διδο/µενῳ διδο/µενοις (note the iota subscript in the dative singular) Feminine (same endings as αρχη) Nominative διδο/µενη διδο/µεναι Accusative διδο/µενην διδο/µενας Genitive διδο/µενας διδο/µενων Dative διδο/µενῃ διδο/µεναις (note the iota subscript in the dative singular) Neuter(same endings as εργον) Nominative διδο/µενον διδο/µενα Accusative διδο/µενον διδο/µενα Genitive διδο/µενου διδο/µενων Dative διδο/µενῳ διδο/µενοις (note the iota subscript in the dative singular) b. Imperfect tense Like the present tense, the imperfect tense keeps the present tense stem. Thus: 1) Imperfect indicative active: 1 st person: ἐ/διδο/υν ἐ/διδο/µεν 2 nd person: ἐ/διδο/υς ἐ/διδο/τε 3 rd person: ἐ/διδο/υ ἐ/διδο/σαν 10

2) Imperfect middle/passive indicative: 1 st person: ἐ/διδο/µην ἐ/διδο/µεθα 2 nd person: ἐ/διδο/σο ἐ/διδο/σθε 3 rd person: ἐ/διδο/το ἐ/διδο/ντο c. Second Aorist Just like τιθηµι which uses verbal θε in the 2 nd aorist, so also διδωµι uses stem δο. Thus: 1) 2 nd aorist indicative active with perfect form (κ) just as with τιθηµι forms: (1 st aorist plural forms) 1 st person: ἐ/δω/κα ἐ/δο/µεν ἐ/δω/καµεν 2 nd person: ἐ/δω/κας ἐ/δο/τε ἐ/δω/κατε 3 rd person: ἐ/δω/κε(ν) ἐ/δο/σαν ἐ/δω/καν 2) 2 nd aorist active imperative: 2 nd person: δος δοτε 3 rd person: δοτω δοτωσαν 3) 2 nd aorist active subjunctive: 1 st person: δω δωµεν 2 nd person: δῳς (or δοις) δωτε 3 rd person: δῳ (or δοι, or δωη) δωσι(ν) (note the iota subscript in the second and third person singular) 4) 2 nd aorist active participle masculine (relate them to πας) Singular Plural Nominative: δο/υς δο/ντες Accusative: δο/ντα δο/ντας Genitive: δο/ντος δο/ντων Dative: δο/ντι δο/υσι(ν) Feminine (relate them to πασα) Nominative: δο/υσα δο/υσαι Accusative: δο/υσαν δο/υσας Genitive: δο/υσης δο/υσων Dative: δο/υσῃ - δο/υσαις 11

Neuter (relate them to παν) Nominative: δο/ν δο/ντα Accusative: δο/ν δο/ντα Genitive: δο/ντος δο/ντων Dative: δο/ντι δο/υσι(ν) 5) 2 nd aorist middle indicative:: 1 st person: ε/δο/µην ε/δο/µεθα 2 nd person: ε/δο/υ ε/δο/σθε 3 rd person: ε/δο/το ε/δο/ντο d. Other tenses ending pattern Other tenses follow the pattern of λυω. Thus: 1) Future tense a) Future Indicative active 1 st person δω/σ/ω δω/σ/οµεν 2 nd person δω/σ/εις δω/σ/ετε 3 rd person δω/σ/ει δω/σ/ουσιν b) Future indicative middle 1 st person δω/σ/οµαι δω/σ/οµεθα 2 nd person δω/σ/η δω/σ/ησθε 3 rd person δω/σ/εται δω/σ/ονται c) Future indicative Passive 1 st person δο/θη/σοµαι δο/θη/σοµεθα 2 nd person δο/θη/ση δο/θη/σεσθε 3 rd person δο/θη/σεται δο/θη/σονται 2) Perfect tense a) Perfect indicative active 1 st person δε/δω/κ/α δε/δω/κ/αµεν 2 nd person δε/δω/κ/ας δε/δω/κ/ατε 3 rd person δε/δω/κ/ε(ν) δε/δω/κ/ασι(ν) 12

b) Perfect indicative middle/passive, 1 st person δε/δο/µαι δε/δο/µεθα 2 nd person δε/δο/σαι δε/δο/σθε 3 rd person δε/δο/ται δε/δο/νται 3) Pluperfect indicative active 1 st person (ἐ)δε/δω/κειν (ἐ)δε/δω/κ/ειµεν 2 nd person (ἐ) δε/δω/κ/εις (ἐ)δε/δω/κ/ειτε 3 rd person (ἐ)δε/δω/κει (ἐ) δε/δω/κ/εισαν 4) 1 st Aorist indicative passive 1 st person ἐ/δο/θ/ην ἐ/δο/θ/ηµεν 2 nd person ἐ/δο/θ/ης ἐ/δο/θ/ητε 3 rd person ἐ/δο/θ/η ἐ/δο/θ/ησαν Exercise 23.2 for Practice Some of the forms of διδωµι we have in the New Testament include δωσω (Matthew 4:9), δος (Matthew 5:42), δωτε (Matthew 7:6), δωσει (Matthew 7:11), δοντα (Matthew 9:8), εδωκεν (Matthew 10:1), δοτε (Matthew 10:8), δοθησεται (Matthew 10:19), δεδοται (Matthew 13:11), δωσουσιν (Matthew 24:24), εδιδουν (Mark 3:6), εδιδου (Mark 4:8), δεδοται (Mark 4:11), δωσοµεν (Mark 6:37), δεδωκει (Mark 14:44), εδοθη (Luke 12:48), διδωµι (Luke 19:8), διδοµενον (Luke 22:19), διδωσιν (John 3:34), δεδωκεισαν (John 11:57), διδοται (Acts 8:18), διδοντι (Acts 14:3), δοθεισαν (Romans 15:15), δωµεν (1 Corinthians 9:12) etc. Exercise 23.3: Translate 1 John 2:7-17, paying attention to all that has been learned up to this point. 2: 7 Ἀγαπητοί, οὐκ ἐντολὴν καινὴν γράφω ὑµῖν, ἀλλ ἐντολὴν παλαιὰν ἣν εἴχετε ἀπ ἀρχῆς ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ παλαιά ἐστιν ὁ λόγος ὃν ἠκούσατε. 8 πάλιν ἐντολὴν καινὴν γράφω ὑµῖν, ὅ ἐστιν ἀληθὲς ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐν ὑµῖν, ὅτι ἡ σκοτία παράγεται καὶ τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινὸν ἤδη φαίνει. 9 ὁ λέγων ἐν τῷ φωτὶ εἶναι καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ µισῶν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ ἐστὶν ἕως ἄρτι. 10 ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ µένει, καὶ σκάνδαλον ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 11 ὁ δὲ µισῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ ἐστὶν καὶ ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ περιπατεῖ, καὶ οὐκ οἶδεν ποῦ ὑπάγει, ὅτι ἡ σκοτία ἐτύφλωσεν τοὺς ὀφθαλµοὺς αὐτοῦ. 12 Γράφω ὑµῖν, τεκνία, ὅτι ἀφέωνται ὑµῖν αἱ ἁµαρτίαι διὰ τὸ ὄνοµα αὐτοῦ. 13 γράφω ὑµῖν, πατέρες, ὅτι ἐγνώκατε τὸν ἀπ 13

ἀρχῆς. γράφω ὑµῖν, νεανίσκοι, ὅτι νενικήκατε τὸν πονηρόν. 14 ἔγραψα ὑµῖν, παιδία, ὅτι ἐγνώκατε τὸν πατέρα. ἔγραψα ὑµῖν, πατέρες, ὅτι ἐγνώκατε τὸν ἀπ ἀρχῆς. ἔγραψα ὑµῖν, νεανίσκοι, ὅτι ἰσχυροί ἐστε καὶ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ὑµῖν µένει καὶ νενικήκατε τὸν πονηρόν. 15 Μὴ ἀγαπᾶτε τὸν κόσµον µηδὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσµῳ. ἐάν τις ἀγαπᾷ τὸν κόσµον, οὐκ ἔστιν ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ πατρὸς ἐν αὐτῷ 16 ὅτι πᾶν τὸ ἐν τῷ κόσµῳ, ἡ ἐπιθυµία τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ ἡ ἐπιθυµία τῶν ὀφθαλµῶν καὶ ἡ ἀλαζονεία τοῦ βίου, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀλλὰ ἐκ τοῦ κόσµου ἐστίν. 17 καὶ ὁ κόσµος παράγεται καὶ ἡ ἐπιθυµία αὐτοῦ, ὁ δὲ ποιῶν τὸ θέληµα τοῦ θεοῦ µένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. Some further help 1. ἀγαπητοι - from ἀγαπητος (beloved) 2. ἐντολην - from εντολη (commandment) 3. καινην - from καινος (new) 4. παλαιαν - from παλαιος (masculine 5. ἣν - form of ἣ 6. εἰχετε - imperfect form of ἐχω. Note that for the verb ἐχω, the imperfect form has lengthening of the ε to ει, not η 7. ἠκουσατε - from ἀκουω (I hear) 8. παλιν - again, once more (adverb) 9. ὃ - which (relative pronoun) 10. ἀληθες - neuter form of ἀληθης (see 3 rd declension nouns) 11. σκοτια - darkness 12. παραγεται - form of παραγω (I pass away) 13. φως - light (see 3 rd declension nouns) 14. ἀληθινον - form of ἀληθινος (true, real, genuine) 15. ἠδη - already 16. φαινει - form of φαινω (I shine) 17. φωτι - form of φως (3 rd declension noun) 18. εἰναι - infinitive form of verb to be, εἰµι. 19. ἀδελφον - form of ἀδελφος (brother) 20. µισων - form of µισεω, (I hate) 21. ἑως - until 22. ἀρτι - now 23. ἀγαπων - form of ἀγαπαω (I love) 24. µενει - form of µενω (I remain) 25. σκανδαλον - stumbling block, that which causes sin or gives occasion for sin 26. περιπατει - form of περιπατεω (I walk) 27. οἰδεν - 3 rd person singular of οἰδα, I know (perfect tense but present tense meaning) οἰδα οἰδαµεν, οἰδας οἰδατε, οἰδε[ν] οἰδασι[ν]) 28. ὑπαγει - from ὑπαγω (I go) 14

29. ἐτυφλωσεν - form of τυφλοω (I make blind). 30. ὀφθαλµους - form of ὀφθαλµος (eye) 31. ἀφεωνται - form of ἀφιηµι (I forgive) 32. ἁµαρτιαι - from ἁµαρια (sin) 33. ὀνοµα - name (3 rd declension noun) 34. πατερες - form of πατηρ (3 rd declension noun, father) 35. ἐγνωκατε - from γινωσκω (I know) 36. νεανισκοι - form of νεανισκος (young man) 37. νενικηκατε - form of νικαω (I overcome, conquer) 38. πονηρον - form of πονηρος (evil, wicked) 39. ἰσχυροι - from ἰσχυρος, α, ον (strong, mighty, powerful) 40. ἐστε - form of verb to be, εἰµι 41. ἀγαπᾳ - form of ἀγαπαω, I love) 42. πατρος - relate to πατερες (no. 36 above) 43. παν - form of πας (with anarthrous singular every, each, with anarthrous plural all, with articular singular the whole, all (collectively). Here we have παν το all the [things since it is neuter], seen collectively. 44. ἐπιθυµια - desire (neutral word, with context determining whether positive [zeal] or negative/bad [lust] 45. σαρκος - form of σαρξ (3 rd declension noun) 46. ὀφθαλµων - form of ὀφθαλµος () 47. ἀλαζονεια - pride 48. βιος - life 49. ἐκ - out of, proceeding from (takes genitive) 50. ποιων - form of ποιεω (I do) 51. θεληµα - will (3 rd declension) 52. αἰωνα - form of αιων (3 rd declension noun) age, world order, eternity masculine noun. It agrees with article τον Samuel M. Ngewa Africa International University 15