P/E ratio. ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก (risk-free interest rate) ratio discount ก. Disclaimer.

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Issue 2/2007 http://www.set.or.th/setresearch/setresearch.html P/E ratio P/E ratio ก ก ก 2 30 ก 2550 (2007) P/E ratio 9.1 ก 18.3 15.0 P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก derived earning index ก ก ก ก ก กก ก ก P/E P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2543 2548 (2000-2005) ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก (Thailand P/E ratio discount) ก 2.54 ก 3.45 3 ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก (risk-free interest rate) (volatily in return) ก ก ก ก (shareholder rights) ก ก P/E ratio ก 10.1 8.6 กก ก ก 18 2549 ก discount ก ก P/E ratio ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก Email: research@set.or.th Disclaimer ก ก ก ก ก ก ก

P/E ratio ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก market capalization 2 ก P/E ratio ก 50 กก ก ก 1 P/E ratio ก ก ก ก (market capalization) ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก P/E ratio (2550) : 22.5 14.9 15.0 16.5 18.3 12.0 9.1 P/E ratio ก 9.1 ก ก ก Thailand Korea Hong Kong : Bloomberg 30 ก 2550 SingaporePhilippines Malaysia Indonesia P/E ratio ( 30 ก 2550) 9.1 ก ก P/E ratio ก กก P/E ratio ก 2547 (2004) ก ก P/E ratio 10.03 15.00 14.72 1 SET Note Issue 3/2006: ก (Market Capalization) P/E Ratio 2

P/E ratios 2546 - : 45 P/E ratio of selected countries (2003-January 2007) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Thailand Singapore Philippines Taiwan Malaysia Hong Kong Indonesia 45 P/E ratio 5-10 P/E ratio ก 30 32 0 Jan-03 Mar-03 May-03 Jul-03 ก ก PE ratio ก Thailand 45% Sep-03 22% Nov-03 Jan-04 Mar-04 May-04 Jul-04 Sep-04 Nov-04 ก ก ก P/E ratio ก P/E ratio ก ก 5-10 P/E ratio 10-15 Jan-05 : Bloomberg 30 ก 2550 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05 Nov-05 Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Nov-06 Jan-07 12% 5% 6% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 1% 2% 2% 0-5 '5-10 '10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-70 70-100 >100 Malaysia 32% 25% 13% 6% 7% 3% 2% 2% 2% 1% 3% 1% 4% 0-5 '5-10 '10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-70 70-100 >100 Singapore 30% 25% 15% 9% 4% 5% 3% 2% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 0-5 '5-10 '10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-70 70-100 >100 : Bloomberg 30 ก 2550 3

กก 45 P/E ratio 5-10 P/E ratio ก 32 30 ก ก P/E ratio 10-15 22 26 P/E ratio 2543-2548 (2000-2005) ก ก ก ก 2 ก ก P/E ratio ก ก กก ก P/E ratio ก ก กก ก ก ก P/E ratio 2543-2548 ก ก ก : Communication 11.0 12.9 15.4 Energy 8.7 9.7 9.3 Thailand Singapore Malaysia Thailand Singapore Malaysia Finance 9.8 11.9 11.3 Industrial 10.2 11.1 12.0 Thailand Singapore Malaysia Technology 11.8 10.1 Thailand Singapore Malaysia 13.3 : Bloomberg 2549 Thailand Singapore Malaysia (present value) ก ก ก ก ก Gordon Growth Model ก 2 กก ก Bloomberg ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1 4

ExpectedDividend per share nextyear Value per share today= Costof Equy ExpectedGrowthRate ก expected earnings per share P/E ratio P / E= Costof ExpectedPayoutRatio Equy ExpectedGrowthRate ก P/E ratio ก ก ก (expected growth rate) ก P/E ratio ก P/E ratio ก ก ก cost of equy P/E ratio ก ก ก (dividend payout ratio) ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratios ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก undervalued ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก / ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก P/E ratio? ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก derived earning index ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5

P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio Point 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 - Thailand: SET Index Price index Derived earning index P/E ratio (RHS) Times 80 0 Jan-01 Nov-01 Sep-02 Jul-03 May-04 Mar-05 Jan-06 Nov-06 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Point 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Singapore: SESALL Index Price index Derived earning index P/E ratio (RHS) Times 35 Jan-01 Nov-01 Sep-02 Jul-03 May-04 Mar-05 Jan-06 Nov-06 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Point 300 250 200 150 100 50 Malaysia: KLCI Index Price index Derived earning index P/E ratio (RHS) Times 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan-01 Nov-01 Sep-02 Jul-03 May-04 Mar-05 Jan-06 Nov-06 0 : Bloomberg ก 2549 ก earning index ก earning index 2544 (2001) ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก 6

ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio P/E ratio ก ก turnover ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก ก Turnover ratio ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ก 2) ก Panel data ก 2543-2548 (2000-2005) (dummy variables) ก ก ก ก ก ก qualy of earnings turnover ratio P/E ratio ก 2.54 ก 3.45 (Thailand discount) P/E ratio ก ก : Country premium P/E ratio 2.54 3.45 Thailand Singapore Malaysia : SET analysis controlling for company factors 7

ก ก ก P/E ratio 2543-2548 (2000-2005) 20.23 P/E ratio ก 15.93 ก Thailand discount ก ก ก ก Thailand discount 2000 ก P/E ratio (Thailand P/E ratio discount) 2543-2548 ก : 5.65 4.51 3.92 0.89 1.66 0.80 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 : SET analysis controlling for company factors ก ก ก P/E ratio ก 2.54 ก 3.45 ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ( Bloomberg) ก ก P/E ratio ก กก ก ก ก (Technology) ก (Energy) P/E ratio ก 3.7 ก ก (Financial) ก 2.35 ก ก (Communications) ก 3.69 ก ก (Industrial) ก 1.69 P/E ratio ก ก ก ก 2543-2548 : 3.69 3.70 1.69 2.35 Industrial Financial Communication Energy : SET analysis controlling for company factors 8

ก ก Thailand discount ก ก ก (dummy variables) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1) GDP 2) ก 1 (risk-free interest rate) 3) ก ก ก ก (shareholder value) IMD World Competiveness Yearbook 4) ก (volatily in return on investment) 5) turnover ratio ก ก ก ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก ก (risk-free interest rate) ก ก ( ก ก ก ) ก ก P/E ratio 3 ก 6 ก ก ก 1) risk-free interest rate 2) ก ก ก ก ก 3) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (shareholder rights) ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2003) 3 ก ก ก ก ก (emerging market) (shareholder rights) ก ก (legal framework) (accounting standards) กก ก ก กก (greater transparency and accounting disclosures) ก ก (visibily) ก 3 Aggarwal Reena, Leora Klapper, and Peter D. Wysocki (2003), Portfolio Preferences of Foreign Instutional Investors, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3101, The World Bank 9

ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก กก กก ก ก ก ก : % 90 90-day volatily of historical closing price (1995-Jan 2007) 80 70 60 50 Thailand Malaysia Singapore Hong Kong 40 30 20 10 0 Jan-95 Jul-95 Jan-96 Jul-96 Jan-97 Jul-97 Jan-98 Jul-98 Jan-99 Jul-99 Jan-00 Jul-00 Jan-01 Jul-01 : Bloomberg 30 ก 2550 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-06 Jan-07 ก (risk-free interest rate) risk-free interest rate P/E ratio ก ก risk-free interest rate discount rate ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก adjusted R-squared ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก 19 2549 ก 10

ก ก ก ก ก Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก P/E ratio ก 10.1 8.6 Thailand P/E ratio discount P/E ratio ก 10.1 8.6 Thailand P/E ratio discount ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Thailand P/E ratio discount 11

ก 1: ก กก ก Bloomberg ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก Bloomberg ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1. ก (Energy) 1.1. Coal 1.2. Energy-alternate sources 1.3. Oil and gas 1.4. Oil and gas service 1.5. Pipelines 2. ก (Technology) 2.1. Computers 2.2. Office / Business equipment 2.3. Semiconductors 2.4. Software 3. ก ก (Financial) 3.1. Banks 3.2. Closed-end funds 3.3. Country funds-closed-end 3.4. Diversified financial service 3.5. Insurance 3.6. Investment companies 3.7. REITs 3.8. Real estate 3.9. Savings and loans 3.10. Venture capal 4. ก ก (Communications) 4.1. Advertising 4.2. Internet 4.3. Media 4.4. Telecommunications 5. ก ก (Industrial) 5.1. Aerospace / Defense 5.2. Building materials 5.3. Electrical components and equipments 5.4. Electronics 5.5. Engineering and construction 5.6. Environmental control 5.7. Hand / Machine tools 5.8. Machinery construction and mining 5.9. Metal fabricate / Hardware 5.10. Miscellaneous manufacturing 5.11. Shipbuilding 5.12. Transportation 5.13. Trucking and leasing 6. ก (Others) 12

ก 2: ก ก ก panel data ก ก ก P/E ratio panel data (cross-section data) ก (time series data) ก ก 2543-2548 (2000-2005) ก Bloomberg outliers ก ก ก ก ก กก outliers ก Table 1: Descriptive statistics of each variables Variables P/E ratio (times) Mkt Cap. (Mln. USD) Dividend payout ratio (%) Qualy of earning (times) Turnover ratio (%) Thailand (750 obs.) Mean 9.91 186.30 53.18 1.72 26.22 Maximum 29.34 3,442.23 99.90 13.81 483.70 Minimum 1.26 1.89 1.76 0.01 0.0009 Std. Dev. 5.12 449.35 21.91 1.31 51.94 Malaysia (1,153 obs.) Mean 12.38 253.63 35.19 1.76 18.93 Maximum 29.83 3,775.21 99.27 24.02 444.09 Minimum 0.92 1.99 0.05 0.01 0.09 Std. Dev. 5.53 542.39 20.94 1.81 38.67 Singapore (751 obs.) Mean 11.64 232.05 39.96 1.65 24.75 Maximum 29.46 3,959.511 99.75 21.09 359.54 Minimum 1.54 5.64 0.03 0.01 0.07 Std. Dev. 5.53 490.60 23.68 1.66 43.06 ก ก ก 6 ก ก ก ก Bloomberg (observations) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (dummy variables) ก ก ก P/E ratio ก PE = α + βthai _ dum + β TURN 5 1 + β EPS _ gr 6 + β Malay _ dum 2 + e + β DVD 3 + β QEARN 4 + β MCAP 4 PE price-earnings ratio i t 13

Thai _ dum ก ก 1 i Malay _ dum ก ก 1 i DVD dividend payout ratio i t QEARN qualy of earning i t Cash Qualy of earning = flow from operation Netincome MCAP market capalization i t TURN turnover ratio i t gr EPS _ ก earning per share i t ก ก ก ก ก ก ( กก ก ) ก ก ก ก ก ก Table 2: Estimation results Dependent variables: Price-earnings ratio Explanatory variables All Energy Technology Financial Communication Industrial Thai _ dum -2.54* (0.231) -3.66* (1.318) - -2.09* (0.613) -3.69* (1.289) -1.69* (0.523) Malay _ dum 0.91* (0.206) - 2.57* (0.976) 1.30* (0.572) 2.66** (1.584) 1.14* (0.346) DVD 0.05* (0.003) 0.10* (0.027) 0.05* (0.022) 0.09* (0.010) 0.04* (0.016) 0.05* (0.006) QEARN 0.78* (0.049) - 1.15* (0.349) 0.49* (0.111) 1.91* (0.429) 1.00* (0.108) MCAP 0.001* (0.000) 0.001* (0.0003) - 0.002** (0.001) - 0.001* (0.0004) TURN 0.013* (0.002) - - - 0.09* (0.026) 0.03* (0.008) EPS _ gr - - - - - - Adjusted R-squared (%) 0.17 0.42 0.27 0.21 0.32 0.16 Observations 3,724 27 95 421 129 1,081 : standard deviations * 0.05 ** 0.10 ก ก ก ก earning per share ก P/E ratio ก ก Gordon Growth 14

Model ก กก ก ก ก trailing P/E ratios Jacob and Huai (2004) 4 EPS growth ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก forecasted earnings กก (forward P/E ratios) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ก P/E ratio ก ก ก P/E ratio ก ( Thailand discount) ก ก ก (dummy variables) GDP ก (risk-free interest rate) ก ก ก ก PE = α + βgdp + β DVD 7 1 + β RF _ RATE + β QEARN 8 2 + β RANK + β MCAP + β TURN 9 4 10 + βv _ RETURN 5 + β EPS _ gr 11 + βvol 6 + e GDP GDP growth rate i t RF _ RATE risk-free interest rate i t RANK ก ก (shareholder value) i t IMD World Competiveness Yearbook V _ RETURN (volatily in return) i t VOL ก ก i t ก ก กก ก ก ก ก Thailand discount ก กก ก ก ก ก PE = 10.78 0.36RF _ RATE (0.521) (0.169) 0.09RANK (0.012) 0.12V _ RETURN (0.023) + 0.06DVD (0.004) + 0.77QEARN (0.057) + 0.0004MCAP (0.0002) + 0.01TURN (0.002) Adj. R 2 = 0.1414 standard deviations 4 Jacob K. Thomas and Zhang, Huai (2004), Another Look at P/E Ratios, Working papers, Yale School of Managerment, April 2004 15