THE GENEALOGIES (MATT ; LUKE )

THE GENEALOGIES (MATT. 1.1-17; LUKE 2.23-28) The genealogies of Matthew and Luke provide an excellent starting point for learning the article, the genitive and accusative case, and the forms of names. Read the explanations below and use the vocabulary to read them. ID Matthew 1:1-17 Book of Origins Ματθαῖος α βίβλος γενέσεως 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 1 Βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ αυὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβραάµ. Ἀβραὰµ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαάκ, Ἰσαὰκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ, Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰούδαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ, Ἰούδας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Φάρες καὶ τὸν Ζάρα ἐκ τῆς Θαµάρ, Φάρες δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἑσρώµ, Ἑσρὼµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀράµ, Ἀρὰµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀµιναδάβ, Ἀµιναδὰβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ναασσών, Ναασσὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλµών, Σαλµὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Βόες ἐκ τῆς Ῥαχάβ, Βόες δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωβὴδ ἐκ τῆς Ῥούθ, Ἰωβὴδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεσσαί, Ἰεσσαὶ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν αυὶδ τὸν βασιλέα. αυὶδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σολοµῶνα ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Οὐρίου, Σολοµὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ῥοβοάµ, Ῥοβοὰµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιά, Ἀβιὰ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀσάφ, Ἀσὰφ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσαφάτ, Ἰωσαφὰτ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωράµ, Ἰωρὰµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ὀζίαν, Ὀζίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωαθάµ, Ἰωαθὰµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀχάζ, Ἀχὰζ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἑζεκίαν, Ἑζεκίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Μανασσῆ, Μανασσῆς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀµώς, Ἀµὼς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσίαν, 28. 11 Ἰωσίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεχονίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς µετοικεσίας 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Βαβυλῶνος. 12 Μετὰ δὲ τὴν µετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος Ἰεχονίας ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλαθιήλ, Σαλαθιὴλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ζοροβαβέλ, 13 Ζοροβαβὲλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιούδ, Ἀβιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιακίµ, Ἐλιακὶµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀζώρ, 14 Ἀζὼρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαδώκ, Σαδὼκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀχίµ, Ἀχὶµ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιούδ, 15 Ἐλιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλεάζαρ, Ἐλεάζαρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ματθάν, Ματθὰν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ, 16 Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας, ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόµενος Χριστός. 17 Πᾶσαι οὖν αἱ γενεαὶ ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰµ ἕως αυὶδ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες, καὶ ἀπὸ αυὶδ ἕως τῆς µετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς µετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος ἕως τοῦ Χριστοῦ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες. 10

The above passage is from Matthew chapter 1 and describes the Genealogy of Christ. Luke 3:23ff contains a similar passage. But Luke only uses a chain of genitive from / of phrases. An adaptation of it is as follows: Luke: 3:23-28 23 Καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν Ἰησοῦς ὁ υἱός τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ἠλὶ 24 τοῦ Μαθθὰτ τοῦ Λευὶ τοῦ Μελχὶ τοῦ Ἰανναὶ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ 25 τοῦ Ματταθίου τοῦ Ἀµὼς τοῦ Ναοὺµ τοῦ 26 Ἑσλὶ τοῦ Ναγγαὶ τοῦ Μάαθ τοῦ Ματταθίου τοῦ Σεµεῒν τοῦ Ἰωσὴχ τοῦ Ἰωδὰ 27 τοῦ Ἰωανὰν τοῦ Ῥησὰ τοῦ Ζοροβαβὲλ τοῦ Σαλαθιὴλ τοῦ Νηρὶ 28 τοῦ Μελχὶ τοῦ Ἀδδὶ τοῦ Κωσὰµ τοῦ Ἐλµαδὰµ τοῦ Ἢρ 29 τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ἐλιέζερ τοῦ Ἰωρὶµ τοῦ Μαθθὰτ τοῦ Λευὶ 30 τοῦ Συµεὼν τοῦ Ἰούδα τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ἰωνὰµ τοῦ Ἐλιακὶµ 31 τοῦ Μελεὰ τοῦ Μεννὰ τοῦ Ματταθὰ τοῦ Ναθὰµ τοῦ αυὶδ 32 τοῦ Ἰεσσαὶ τοῦ Ἰωβὴδ τοῦ Βόος τοῦ Σαλὰ τοῦ Ναασσὼν 33 τοῦ Ἀµιναδὰβ τοῦ Ἀδµὶν τοῦ Ἀρνὶ τοῦ Ἑσρὼµ τοῦ Φάρες τοῦ Ἰούδα 34 τοῦ Ἰακὼβ τοῦ Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ Ἀβραὰµ τοῦ Θάρα τοῦ Ναχὼρ 35 τοῦ Σεροὺχ τοῦ Ῥαγαὺ τοῦ Φάλεκ τοῦ Ἔβερ τοῦ Σαλὰ 36 τοῦ Καϊνὰµ τοῦ Ἀρφαξὰδ τοῦ Σὴµ τοῦ Νῶε τοῦ Λάµεχ 37 τοῦ Μαθουσαλὰ τοῦ Ἑνὼχ τοῦ Ἰάρετ τοῦ Μαλελεὴλ τοῦ Καϊνὰµ 38 τοῦ Ἐνὼς τοῦ Σὴθ τοῦ Ἀδὰµ τοῦ θεοῦ. WHAT TO LOOK FOR. This passage will help you learn the articles and how Hebrew names appear in Greek. Declinable Hebrew names are highlighted in blue. These names are almost always singular and always either masculine or feminine. Sometimes, even when a name ends in Greek alpha (α), the α may represent a Hebrew consonant such הas (-ah) and may not be declined (cf. Mt. 1.7 Ἀβιά). There is no rule of thumb of when a Hebrew name will have the different case endings, and when it will not. Josephus declines many names where Matthew and other writers of the NT do not. Names of people are never neuter, unless the name is a nickname, such as the kid τὸ τέκνον. The two most common names you will see in the NT are that of Jesus and Christ. Ἰούδας Ἰούδαν. (blue) These names are declinable; If you look at the first occurrence, then the second, you will see that they change form. Ἀχάζ. (black) These names are indeclinable and never change form. τὸν βασιλέα. (orange) These phrases are appositives (e.g., David the king); they restate who the person is. ἐκ τῆς Ῥαχάβ. (green) These phrases are prepositional phrases and the article (e.g., τῆς) shows the case of the noun. 11

CASE: Every noun, adjective, pronoun, and participle, some numbers, and the article (the) change their for depending on how they are used in a sentence. Grammarians call this change of form case. In Greek case is marked by changing the ending of the word, and changing the end of a word, changes its meaning. There are five cases in Classical/Koine Greek: 1) Nominative (this is the way a word is presented in the Greek dictionary (called a lexicon). This form is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence. 2) Genitive: this has a. The idea of of (membership) Whose? Of whom? Of what? b. The idea from (separation) From whom? From when? 3) Dative: this case can represent a. The indirect object: To or for whom? b. Location: In what place? Where? When? c. Instrument: With what?, By what? 4) Accusative: this case a. Can represent the object of the action of the verb: Whom? What? (e.g. He saw whom?) b. Be used independently as an adverb answering When?, How?, How far? How fast? To what extent? NAMES: HOW NAMES APPEAR IN GREEK The following chart contains a summary of how most names in the New Testament are declined. Christ Jesus John Mary Adam ὁ Χριστός ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ἰωάννης ἡ Μαρία ἡ Μαριάµ ὁ Ἀδάµ Vocative Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Χριστέ* Χριστός Χριστοῦ Χριστῷ Χριστόν 5 forms *not used of Christ Ἰησοῦ Ἰωάννᾱ Μαρίᾱ Μαριάµ Ἀδάµ Ἰησοῦς Ἰωάννης Ἰησοῦ Ἰωάννου Μαρίᾱς Ἰωάννῃ Μαρίᾳ Ἰησοῦν Ἰωάννην Μαρίᾱν 3 forms 5 forms 4 forms 1 form 1 form Indeclinable (as are most Hebrew names) DECLINABLE OR INDECLINABLE? Greek names are declined they change their ending (case ending) depending on how they are used. However, most Hebrew names are indeclinable, meaning that no matter what the case the article preceding it will change, but the form of the name (i.e. the letter pattern) is the same no matter what the case. For indeclinable names,, the only aids which help a person determine what case the name is in is the article which, if any, precedes the name. Other words such as a preceding preposition or the context can also help you figure out which case the Hebrew indeclinable or partially declined name is in. Some names, such as Jesus, are declined, but the genitive and dative forms are identical. The best rule of thumb is that the forms of names are not predictable. My personal recommendation is not to spend a lot of time learning forms of names other than the patterns listed above. (There are some other name patterns you 12

will learn later.) Some names even in the same book of the Bible may present different forms, e.g. Μαρία ~ Μαριαµ. Just remember that it is like reading Old English where there was no set form in print. THE ARTICLE THE Greek includes the article when using names. This is different than English usage. When first mentioning someone, the article may be omitted, but subsequent references will include the article. In Greek, the article changes (grammarians say it declines, cf. declination) for gender, case, and number. Here are the singular forms: TABLE OF THE ARTICLE (singular forms only) Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Case Vocative Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative - ὁ τοῦ τῷ τὸν - ἡ τῆς τῇ τὴν - τὸ τοῦ τῷ τὸν V N G D A The Personal Pronoun αὐτός* αὐτός αὐτής αὐτό N he she it *This pronoun is always accented on the last syllable. THE GENITIVE CASE The genitive case contains two basic meanings: source (of) or separation (from). Both meanings occur in the genealogies. It often follows prepositions such as ἀπό (from), ἐκ (out of, by), ἔως (up to, until). Note that both the article and noun (except indeclinable nouns.) change form at the same time. ὁ υἱός τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ the son of Joseph (=out of) ἐκ τῆς Ῥούθ by Ruth (=out of) Βίβλος γενέσεως book of beginnings ἀπὸ (τοῦ) Ἀβραὰµ from Abraham ἕως τῆς µετοικεσίας until the exile THE ACCUSATIVE CASE The accusative case is similar to how we use the word him in English. When an action verb does something, makes something, causes something, etc. that something is put in the accusative case (the direct object of the verb). The Greek word ἐγέννησεν fathered takes the accusative case. In Greek you have to say ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰούδαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς he begat Judah and the brothers ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ, τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας he begat Joseph, the man (=husband) of Mary 13

ΜΑΤΘΑΙΟΣ 1.1-17 VOCABULARY ΛέΞΕΙΣ The following words contain the vocabulary for all of Matthew 1.1-17 except for the names. Learn these 25 words and variations (forms). Lemma Forms Gender Note ἀδελφός -οῦ ὁ brother Gloss ἀνήρ ἀνδρός ὁ man; husband ἀπό prep. w. gen. from αὐτός -ή -ό he; she; it βασιλεύς -έως ὁ king βίβλος -ου ἡ book γενεά -ᾶς ἡ kin; generation γένεσις -εως ἡ beginning γενν-άω γενέσεως (gen.) of beginnings to beget; bear; produce ἐγέννησε(ν) 1 st aorist active he fathered, begat ἐγεννήθη 1 st aorist passive he was fathered (by) δέ conj. but; and δεκατέσσαρες (indeclinable) εἰµί fourteen ἦν (imperfect) he/she/it was I am ἐκ prep. w. gen. out of ἐπί prep. w. gen. up to ἕως prep. w. gen. until καί conj. and; but λέγω λεγόµενος, I say, speak tell, -η, ον participle of λέγω called µετά prep. w. acc. after µετοικεσία -ας ἡ exile, deportation ὁ ἡ τό the ὅς ἥ ὅ who, what οὖν πᾶς, πᾶν παντός, πᾶσα, πάσης, παντός m f n (gen.) therefore πρό prep. w. gen. before υἱός -οῦ ὁ son all, every, each; whole of all, of each TEACHER NOTES: The genealogies may be used to teach the forms of the word τίς who? When drilling students, say ἴδε στοῖχον (number) See line. The genealogy lines work in pairs, so any two lines can be chosen. You can navigate forward or backward. You can also use the active ἐγέννησεν or the passive ἐγεννήθη. The verb τίκτω could also be used (2nd aorist ἔτεκε(ν), 1st aorist passive ἐτέχθη). You will need to teach the forms of τίς, writing them on the board. The next page contains the table of τίς. 14

SUBJECT QUESTIONS WHO? Q 1 τίς ἐγέννησεν τὸν ; Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγέννησεν τὸν. Q2 τίς ἐγέννησεν τὴν ; Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγέννησεν τὴν. Q3 τίς ἐγέννησεν τοὺς ; Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγέννησεν τοὺς. Q4 τίς ἐγέννησεν τὰς ; Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγέννησεν τὰς. OBJECT QUESTIONS WHOM? Q5 τίνα ἐγέννησεν ὁ ; Α ὁ ἐγέννησεν τὸν/τὴν. Q6 τίνα ἐγέννησεν ἡ ; Α ἡ ἐγέννησεν τὸν/τὴν. Q7 τίνας ἐγέννησεν ὁ ; Α ὁ ἐγέννησεν τοὺς/τὰς. Q8 τίνας ἐγέννησεν ἡ ; Α ἡ ἐγέννησεν τοὺς/τὰς. GENITIVE QUESTIONS FROM WHOM OF WHOM? Q9 ἐκ τίνος ἐγεννέθη ὁ ; Α ὁ ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τῆς. Q10 ἐκ τίνος ἐγεννήθη ἡ ; Α ἡ ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τῆς. DATIVE QUESTIONS TO WHOM? Q11 τίνι ἐγεννήθη ὁ ; Α ὁ ἐγέννήθη τῷ/τῇ. Q12 τίνι ἐγεννήθη ἡ ; Α ὁ ἐγέννήθη τῷ/τῇ. Q13 τίσιν ἐγεννήθη ὁ / ἡ. Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγεννήθη τῷ καὶ τῇ. OTHER QUESTIONS Where? Q14 ποῦ ἐγεννήθη ὁ / ἡ. A. ὁ / ἡ ἐγεννήθη ἐν χωρᾷ ὀνόµατι _(dative). Q15 ποῦ ἐγέννησεν ὁ / ἡ Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγέννησεν τὸν/τὴν ἐν χώρᾳ τὸν/τὴν ; ὀνόµατι (dative). WHEN? Q16 πότε ἐγεννήθη ὁ/ἡ. A ὁ / ἡ ἐγεννήθη ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τοῦ (gen). Q17 ἐγεννήθη ὁ/ἡ πρὸ τῆς µετοικεσίας Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγεννήθη πρὸ τοῦ / τῆς. ἢ µετὰ τὴν µετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος; Q18 ἐγέννηθη ὁ / ἡ πρὸ τοῦ/τῆς Α ὁ / ἡ ἐγεννήθη µετὰ τὸν / τὴν. ἢ µετὰ τὸν/τὴν ; 15

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN The Greek word τίς is used when using who as a question. (The English word who represents two different Greek words.) Examples of the English interrogative pronoun are as follows: Who did it? (Subject / Nominative) Whose is it? (Genitive) You gave it to whom? (Dative) Whom did you see? (Accusative) The English interrogative pronoun does not distinguish between singular or plural. Greek has separate singulars and plurals and has a separate case for each. Greek uses the same form for both the masculine and feminine and different forms (in the nominative and accusative) for the neuter case. The accent of the interrogative is always present on the first syllable; it never disappears or shifts to another syllable. The dative plural τίσιν can appear as τίσι; τίσι, however, does not occur in the New Testament. SINGULAR M / F N Nom. τίς τί Gen. Dat. τίνος τίνι Acc. τίνα τί PLURAL Nom. τίνες τίνα Gen. Dat. τίνων τίσιν Acc. τίνας τίνα These words are questions used in the askeseis above. 16