RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

REN21 STEERING COMMITTEE

RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 02 03 04 05 4

TABLES FIGURES SIDEBARS REFERENCE TABLES RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 5

THE REN21 RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT AND RENEWABLES INTERACTIVE MAP 6

FOREWORD 7 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research Director and Lead Author Research Director/Lead Author Emeritus Section Authors REN21 Project Management REN21 Research Support and Supplementary Authorship Editing, Design, and Layout Production Lead Country and Regional Researchers

02 Lead Topical Researchers Other Contributors, Researchers, and Reviewers 9 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

3.5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PV MWh US$ 147.3 427,331 kw heating 8 120,000 billion US$ MW US$ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10

11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2010 Market and Industry Highlights and Ongoing Trends WIND POWER. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL POWER (CSP) 12 SOLAR HOT WATER/HEATING.

BIOMASS POWER AND HEAT BIOFUELS. GEOTHERMAL POWER AND HEAT. HYDROPOWER. OCEAN ENERGY. A Dynamic Policy Landscape RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rural Renewable Energy 14

SELECTED INDICATORS AND TOP FIVE COUNTRIES SELECTED INDICATORS 2008 R 2009 R 2010 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual additions in 2010 TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Existing capacity as of end-2010 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 15

GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 16

01 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW POWER GENERATION MARKETS Figure 1. Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption, 2009 16% RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 17

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW Figure 2. Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuels Production, 2005 2010 49% 72% 25% 27% 25% 60% 77% 7 81% 3% 4% 3% 3% 7% 16% 16% 17% 23% 38% Figure 3. Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production, 2010 18

01 Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacities*, Developing World, EU, and Top Five Countries, 2010 312 94 135 56 50 49 26 16 Wind Power RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 19

MARKET OVERVIEW 01GLOBAL Figure 5. Wind Power, Existing World Capacity, 1996 2010 198 6.1 7.6 10.0 13.5 17.4 24.2 31.3 39.4 47.6 59.3 74.6 94 121 159 20 Figure 6. Wind Power Capacity, Top 10 Countries, 2010 +0.9 +1.1 +0.9 +0.7 +0.3 +2.3 +1.8 +1.5 +5.1 + 8.9

01 Biomass Power RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 21

MARKET OVERVIEW 01GLOBAL Solar Photovoltaic Power 22

01 Figure 7. Solar PV, Existing World Capacity, 1995 2010 40 0.7 0.8 0.9 09 1.2 12 1.4 14 1.8 18 2.2 22 2.8 3.9 5.4 7 9.5 16 23 Figure 8. Solar PV Capacity, Top 10 Countries, 2010 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 23

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW Geothermal Power 24

01 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Hydropower RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 25

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW Ocean Energy 26

01 Sidebar 1. OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND COMMERCIALIZATION RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 27

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 28 HEATING AND COOLING MARKETS Biomass Heating

01 Solar Heating and Cooling Figure 9. Solar Heating Added Capacity, Top 12 Countries, 2009 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 29

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW Figure 10. Solar Heating Existing Capacity, Top 12 Countries, 2009 existing in capacity city Geothermal Direct Use 30

01 TRANSPORT FUEL MARKETS Ethanol RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 31

01GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW Figure 11. Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 2000 2010 86 66 73 17 0.8 08 19 1.0 10 21 1.4 14 24 1.9 29 2.4 24 31 3.7 39 6.6 50 11 16 17 Biodiesel 32

01 Table 1. Status of Renewable Energy Technologies: Characteristics and Costs Typical Energy Costs Technology Typical Characteristics (U.S. cents/kilowatt-hour) Power Generation Hot Water/Heating/Cooling Biofuels Rural Energy RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 33

02 INVESTMENT FLOWS 30 41 14 50 7 34

02 02 INVESTMENT FLOWS Figure 12. Global New Investment in Renewable Energy, 2004 2010 22 40.9 62.8 103.5 130 160 211 Investment by Region RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 35

Investment by Type 36 02INVESTMENT FLOWS

02 Development and National Bank Finance Sidebar 2. INVESTMENT TRENDS IN EARLY 2011 37 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

03 INDUSTRY TRENDS 38

03 03 INDUSTRY TRENDS Wind Power Industry Figure 13. Market Shares of Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufacturers, 2010 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 39

03INDUSTRY TRENDS Biomass Power and Heat Industry 40

03 Solar PV Industry Figure 14. Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers, 2010 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 41

03INDUSTRY TRENDS Sidebar 3. SUSTAINABILITY SPOTLIGHT: RARE-EARTH MINERALS AND PV RECYCLING 42

03 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Industry Geothermal Heat and Power Industry RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 43

03INDUSTRY TRENDS Hydropower Industry Ocean Energy Industry 44

03 Solar Heating and Cooling Industry Ethanol Industry RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 45

03INDUSTRY TRENDS Biodiesel Industry Advanced Biofuels Industry 46

03 Sidebar 4. JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Estimated jobs Industry worldwide Selected national estimates RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 47

04 POLICY LANDSCAPE 48

04 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY TARGETS RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 49

04POLICY LANDSCAPE Figure 15. EU Renewable Shares of Final Energy, 2005 and 2009, with Targets for 2020 20% 25% 25% 24% 23% 23% 20% 18% 18% 17% 16% 16% 15% 15% 14% 14% 3% 3% 13% 13% 11% 10% 34 % 31 % 30% 38 % 42% 50%* 50

04 POWER GENERATION POLICIES Sidebar 5. IPCC SPECIAL REPORT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 51

04POLICY LANDSCAPE Table 2. Renewable Energy Support Policies REGULATORY POLICIES FISCAL INCENTIVES PUBLIC FINANCING 52 HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES

04 Table 2. Renewable Energy Support Policies (continued) REGULATORY POLICIES FISCAL INCENTIVES PUBLIC FINANCING UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 53

04POLICY LANDSCAPE Table 2. Renewable Energy Support Policies (continued) REGULATORY POLICIES FISCAL INCENTIVES PUBLIC FINANCING LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES LOW INCOME COUNTRIES 54

04 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 55

04POLICY LANDSCAPE Sidebar 6. WHAT IS A FEED-IN TARIFF? 56

04 GREEN ENERGY PURCHASING AND LABELING RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 57

58 04POLICY LANDSCAPE Sidebar 7. GRID INTEGRATION AND COMPLEMENTARY INFRASTRUCTURE

04 HEATING AND COOLING POLICIES RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 59

04POLICY LANDSCAPE 60 TRANSPORT POLICIES

04 CITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 61

04POLICY LANDSCAPE 62

05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 64

05 05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Rural Transition to New and Renewable Energy Systems Household Lighting and Communications RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 65

05RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 3. Transition to Renewable Energy in Rural (Off-Grid) Areas Rural Energy Service Existing Off-Grid Rural Examples of New and Renewable Energy Sources Energy Technologies 66

05 Sidebar 8. LIGHTING AFRICA: LESSONS IN MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 67

05RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Cooking and Heating 68

05 Motive Power, Irrigation, and Village-Scale Systems RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 69

05RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 70 Trends in Financing Off-Grid Renewable Energy

REFERENCE TABLES Table R1. Renewable Energy Added and Existing Capacities, 2010 + + + + + + + + + + Table R2. Added and Existing Wind Power, Top 10 Countries, 2010 + + + + + + + + + + + RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 71

REFERENCE TABLES Table R3. Solar PV Additions and Existing Capacity, 2006 2010 72

Table R4. Renewable Electric Power Capacity, Existing at End of 2010 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 73

Table R5. Solar Hot Water Installed Capacity, Top 12 Countries/EU and World Total, 2009 Country/EU Additions 2009 Existing 2009 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 74

Table R6. Biofuels Production, Top 15 Countries and EU Total, 2010 Country Fuel ethanol Biodiesel Total RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 75

Table R7. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewables, Existing in 2008/2009 and Targets Country/Region Existing Share Future Target Existing Share Future Target 2 (2008/2009) 1 (2009) R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 76

Table R7. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewables, Existing in 2008/2009 and Targets (continued) Country/Region Existing Share Future Target Existing Share (2008/2009) 1 (2009) Future Target 2 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 77

Table R7 Annex. Primary Energy Shares of Countries without Primary or Final Energy Targets Country Existing Share (2009) 78

Table R8. Share of Electricity from Renewables, Existing in 2009, and Targets Existing Share Country/Region (end 2009) Future Target Country/Region Existing Share (end 2009) Future Target R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 79

Table R8 Annex. Existing Renewables Share of Electricity Production in Countries without Targets Country/ Region Existing Share Country/ Region Existing Share Country/ Region Existing Share (end 2009) (end 2009) (end 2009) 80

Table R9. Other Renewable Energy Targets Country/ Region Targets RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 81

Table R9. Other Renewable Energy Targets (continued) 82

Table R9. Other Renewable Energy Targets (continued) RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 83

Table R10. Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies Year Cumulative Number Countries/States/Provinces Added That Year 84

Table R11. Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS/Quota Policies Year Cumulative Number Countries/States/Provinces Added That Year RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 85

Table R12. Biofuels Blending Mandates Country Mandate 86

Table R13. City and Local Renewable Energy Policies: Selected Examples CO 2 Emissions Reductions Targets Targets for Share of Renewable Energy by All Consumers Targets for Share of Renewable Electricity by All Consumers RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 87

Table R13. City and Local Renewable Energy Policies: Selected Examples (continued) Targets for Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy Targets for Government Own-Use Purchases of Renewable Energy Targets for Share of Buildings with Renewable Energy Tax Credits and Exemptions 88

Table R13. City and Local Renewable Energy Policies: Selected Examples (continued) Urban Planning Building Codes and Permitting Transport Infrastructure and Fuels Mandates, Operation, Investment, and Subsidies RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 89

Table R13. City and Local Renewable Energy Policies: Selected Examples (continued) Municipal Electric Utility Policies Subsidies, Grants, and Loans Government Funds and Investments 90

G 91 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT GLOSSARY GLOSSARY

G 92 GLOSSARY

NNOTES NOTE ON ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING OF INSTALLED CAPACITIES 1. Capacity vs. energy data. 2. Constructed capacity vs. connected capacity and operational capacity. 3. Complexities of biomass energy. 4. Total PV vs. grid-connected and off-grid PV. RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 93

NNOTES 5. Total hydro vs. small- and large-scale hydro. NOTE ON FURTHER INFORMATION AND SOURCES OF DATA 94

01ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 1-9 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 95

01ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 10-57 96

01 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 58-104 01ENDNOTES 98

03ENDNOTES 03 INDUSTRY TRENDS 1-82 108 INDUSTRY TRENDS

04ENDNOTES 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE 1 63 110 POLICY LANDSCAPE

04ENDNOTES 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE 64-131 112

05 05ENDNOTES 05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 45 114 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS COPYRIGHT & IMPRINT PHOTO CREDITS RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 115

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