Discussing effects. Suggesting solutions. Expressing your opinion. Opinion and solutions

Transcript

1 About this book 4 Το νέο σύστημα βαθμολόγησης του ECCE Writing Section 6 Επεξήγηση των βαθμολογικών κριτηρίων 7 Introduction to Letter Writing 8 Introduction to Writing 1 Descriptions 16 Useful linking words and phrases 17 CONTENTS LESSON GENERAL TOPIC AIM FURTHER PRACTICE PAGE STAGE 1 1a - Letter Better health & physical fitness Advice to young people Making suggestions 0 1b - Letter 4 a - Letter People & animals Opinion to the editor Expressing agreement/disagreement 6 b - Letter Justifying your opinion 30 3a - Letter Student life: share a flat or stay at home? Advantages/Disadvantages Describing pros & cons 3 3b - Letter 36 4a - Letter Describing people Description of a person Enriching your vocabulary / 38 4b - Letter Describing people 4 5a - Teenagers and trips Expressing your opinion Introductions / Thesis statements 44 5b a - Raising awareness about current issues Suggesting solutions Avoiding repetition / Conclusions 50 6b a - Means of transportation Advantages/Disadvantages Paragraph organization 56 7b a - Describing places Description of a place Enriching your vocabulary / 6 8b - Describing places 66 STAGE 9a - Letter Downloading from the Internet Opinion to the editor Paraphrasing topics 68 9b - Letter 7 10a - Letter Environmental issues Opinion & suggesting solutions Paraphrasing purposes 74 10b - Letter 78 11a - Educational issues Opinion & Describing effects Organizing your ideas 80 11b a - Children & technology Expressing your opinion Following references 86 1b - 90 STAGE Letter/ Suggesting solutions Saving the Environment Discussing effects Letter/ Opinion/discussing effects Attracting tourism Suggesting solutions Letter/ Causes and solutions Road safety Expressing your opinion Letter/ Suggesting solutions Catering for people with disabilities Opinion and solutions 104 Extra Double Topics (Letter / ) Advice column. Extended families 3. Animal rights activists 4. Animal testing 5. Environmental problems 6. Alcohol consumption 7. Student punishment 8. Vegetarianism 9. Athletes and doping 10. Volunteering 11. Original TV shows 1. Charities 13. School subjects 14. Student streaming 15. Being famous ORAL PRACTICE TEST SECTION 114 3

2 Introduction to LETTER Writing ΠΡΙΝ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕΙΣ Διάβασε το θέμα (stimulus - prompt) -3 φορές, μέχρι να το καταλάβεις απόλυτα. Απάντησε στις εξής ερωτήσεις: 1. Ποιος είσαι. Σε ποιον γράφεις / ποιος θα το διαβάσει 3. Γιατί γράφεις (ποιος είναι ο σκοπός σου) Εντόπισε ποια είναι τα ερωτήματα που πρέπει να απαντηθούν και υπογράμμισέ τα. Βρες και υπογράμμισε τις οδηγίες που σου δείχνουν τι πρέπει να περιέχει το γράμμα σου. (π.χ. give reasons / examples, make specific references to...) Αν ακολουθήσεις αυτά τα βήματα, έχεις κάνει μια πολύ καλή αρχή για ένα σωστό γράμμα. EXERCISE: Look at the letter prompt below and follow the steps discussed to analyze it. Your best friend wants to buy a new laptop but can t afford it. How can he/she raise extra money? Write him/ her a letter making suggestions and giving examples. Underline the relevant information. 1. You are: a friend. You are writing to: your best friend 3. You write in order to: advise him/her on how to raise the money he/she needs 4. The prompt asks you to: make suggestions and give examples ΤΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ ΕΝΑ ΣΩΣΤΟ ΓΡΑΜΜΑ; 1. ΠΡΟΣΦΩΝΗΣΗ: Είναι το στοιχείο που διαχωρίζει τα γράμματα από τα άλλα είδη γραπτού λόγου. Συνήθως δίνεται έτοιμη στο θέμα. Σημαντικό είναι όμως να καταλάβεις σε ποιον απευθύνεται το γράμμα σου, για να του δώσεις και το αντίστοιχο ύφος (φιλικό, επίσημο κ.τ.λ.) π.χ. Dear Jane, Dear Editor, Dear Readers of the World Times, Writing Tips: Να θυμάσαι ότι στην έκθεση ΔΕΝ είναι απαραίτητο να λες πάντα την αλήθεια. Συχνά μπορεί να προσποιηθείς ότι είσαι κάποιος άλλος, ή να εκφράσεις απόψεις με τις οποίες δεν συμφωνείς. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ (INTRODUCTION): Για μια ολοκληρωμένη εισαγωγή πρέπει να κάνεις τα εξής: προκειμένου να αντιμετωπίσεις το θέμα πιο εύκολα. 1. ανάφερε ΠΟΙΟΣ είσαι και ΤΙ διάβασες στο απόσπασμα (stimulus) - αν θες πες και ΓΙΑΤΙ γράφεις. ανάφερε τη θέση που παίρνεις στο ερώτημα/ζήτημα του θέματος (prompt) (thesis statement) (MHN αναλύεις την άποψή σου με παραδείγματα ακόμη - απλά πες σύντομα και ξεκάθαρα τι πιστεύεις) Θυμήσου ότι πρέπει το thesis statement να απαντάει όλα τα ερωτήματα του θέματος για να είναι σωστό (μελέτησε την άσκηση που ακολουθεί) EXERCISE: Look at the letter prompt below and the appropriate introduction. Answer the questions, and write a similar introduction for the second prompt given. LETTER TOPIC: The editor of your local newspaper wants to know the readers views on the decision of the city council to build bicycle lanes and offer a free bike service for all members of the community. What will the benefits of such a project be? Write a letter to the editor expressing your views and giving examples. Start your letter, Dear Editor,... APPROPRIATE INTRODUCTION: Dear Editor, I am a high school student and have read your article about the city council s decision to construct bicycle lanes and provide bikes for everyone. I believe this decision is an excellent one. With the current problems our city faces, such a project will bring great improvement. 8

3 A. Look at the letter prompt, answer the questions and find the color for each answer. 1. Who will write the letter?. What is the article about? 3. What are the questions the prompt asks? B. Look at the introduction, answer the questions and find the color for each answer. 1. Who is writing the letter?. What was the article about? 3. What is the writer s thesis statement? C. Now write your own introduction for the following prompt. Be sure to include all the information asked for in the prompt. LETTER PROMPT: The editor of your local newspaper wants to know the readers views on the Mayor s decision to provide all neighborhoods in your town with recycling bins. What will the benefits of such a project be for your town? Write a letter to the editor expressing your views and giving examples. Start your letter Dear Editor,... YOUR INTRODUCTION: Dear Editor, I am a high school student and have read your article about the Mayor s decision to place recycling bins in all areas of the town. I believe this is a very practical decision. With the pollution levels and the garbage problem our city faces nowadays, such a project will bring great improvement. * 3. ΚΥΡΙΩΣ ΣΩΜΑ (MAIN BODY): Στο κυρίως σώμα αναπτύσσεται το θέμα. Όπως το λέει και το όνομά του είναι ο κορμός του γραπτού σου. Ωστόσο, δεν είναι ένα ενιαίο σώμα αλλά χωρίζεται σε -3 μικρότερα κομμάτια, τις παραγράφους. ΠΩΣ ΝΑ ΧΩΡΙΣΩ ΤΙΣ ΠΑΡΑΓΡΑΦΟΥΣ; ΟΤΑΝ ΤΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΜΕ ΚΑΘΟΔΗΓΕΙ Στα περισσότερα θέματα είναι ξεκάθαρο το πώς να χωρίσεις τις παραγράφους σου. Π.χ. αν το θέμα σου λέει discuss the problem and suggest solutions είναι φανερό ότι θα αφιερώσεις μία παράγραφο για να περιγράψεις το πρόβλημα και άλλη μία (ή δύο) για να προτείνεις λύσεις. (μελέτησε την άσκηση που ακολουθεί) ΟΤΑΝ ΤΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΔΕΝ ΜΕ ΚΑΘΟΔΗΓΕΙ Αν το θέμα είναι πιο ελεύθερο και δεν σε κατευθύνει, τότε πρέπει να αποφασίσεις μόνος/η σου πώς θα οργανώσεις την έκθεσή σου. Ακολούθησε τα εξής βήματα: σκέψου -3 ιδέες για να στηρίξεις το thesis statement ξεχώρισε ΚΑΘΕ ΙΔΕΑ ΣΕ ΜΙΑ ΞΕΧΩΡΙΣΤΗ ΠΑΡΑΓΡΑΦΟ αν ή παραπάνω ιδέες είναι παρόμοιες ομαδοποίησέ τες (μελέτησε την άσκηση στην επόμενη σελίδα) EXERCISE: Read the letter prompts below and decide how many each letter should contain. What should be included in each paragraph? 1 LETTER PROMPTS: Your best friend is afraid of failing several subjects at school. Write a letter to your friend advising him/her on how to improve his/her grades and explain the main difficulties you think he/she might face. Your school principal has decided to cancel all the museum visits your school had planned for the year, arguing it is more important to have lessons instead. Write a letter for your school newspaper expressing your opinion on the issue and explaining the benefits of such visits. 3 After a recent unfortunate incident involving a student being bullied at a school in your city, the Ministry of Education has decided to appoint a counselor to each school in order to provide students with support. Write a letter to the Ministry expressing your views and pointing out how this action could benefit students all over the country. MAIN BODY PARAGRAPHS: para. 1 - give advice about how to... improve his/her grades para. - explain main... difficulties he/she might face * para. 1 - express your opinion on the cancelation of museum visits para. - explain the benefits of museum visits * para. 1 - express your views on the appointment of school counselors para. - show the benefits of this action for students * * indicative answers 9

4 EXERCISE: The prompt below does not guide you in the number of paragraphs you need and what each should contain. Look at the various brainstorming ideas and group them into paragraphs to form the main body of your letter. LETTER PROMPT: Is watching DVDs better than going to the cinema? Discuss the issue justifying your opinion with appropriate examples and/or reasons. Brainstorming ideas: 1. you can watch a DVD in the comfort of your own home or take it to a friend s house. DVDs are cheaper than going to the cinema- renting one costs euros whereas going to the cinema costs about 8 euros 3. you can watch a DVD on your PC or laptop wherever you are 4. you can watch your favorite movies on DVD over and over again - not just once, for less money 5. you can watch a DVD any time you like, unlike the cinema when shows start at fixed times Putting brainstorming ideas in categories: A. DVDs are more economical than going to the cinema B. DVDs are more convenient than going to the cinema Main body paragraphs: para. 1 - argue that DVDs are more economical than going to the cinema and explain why para. - argue that DVDs are more convenient and explain why ΤΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ Η ΚΑΘΕ ΠΑΡΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ; 1. TOPIC SENTENCE (Θεματική Πρόταση): Είναι η πρώτη πρόταση και διευκρινίζει το θέμα που θα αναπτυχθεί στην παράγραφο. Είναι δηλαδή σαν μια περίληψη της παραγράφου. Οι θεματικές προτάσεις της έκθεσής σου πρέπει να αποδεικνύουν αυτό που υποστηρίζεις στο thesis statement.. SUPPORTING SENTENCES Explanation (Επεξήγηση): Αποτελείται από 1- προτάσεις που εξηγούν καλύτερα τη θεματική πρόταση. Example / Result (Παράδειγμα / Αποτέλεσμα): Κάνει πιο παραστατικό το νόημα της παραγράφου. Study this sample paragraph. Using a bicycle to get around in a city has many advantages. For one thing, it is far cheaper compared to using a car. For instance, you save on the cost of gas and servicing. What is more, you contribute to making your city a healthier place to live in. By reducing gas emissions caused by motor-powered means of transport, air pollution decreases as well. topic sentence explanation 1 example 1 explanation example EXERCISE: Match the following topic sentences to the paragraphs. There is one topic sentence you will not need to use. a. Another major advantage of using mobile phones is their directness. b. There are many disadvantages to using the Internet. c. There are many advantages to shopping on the Internet. d. There are many advantages to using the Internet. d. Firstly, you have easy access to all kinds of information. For example, you can do research on the Internet for school projects. Moreover, you can keep in touch with friends from all over the world. For instance, you can use s to communicate with them cheaply and quickly. a. To begin with, you can call anyone c. First of all, you can buy things you like whenever you like. For example, if you run out of gas in the middle of the highway, you can call for help. What is more, people can contact you anytime, no matter where you are. For instance, if there is an emergency you must know about, they can reach you and notify you. whenever it is convenient for you. That is to say, you can shop even late at night or on Sundays when conventional stores are closed. What is more, you get everything delivered at home. This way you avoid waiting at queues and carrying large shopping bags home. 10

5 4. ΕΠΙΛΟΓΟΣ (CONCLUSION): Ο επίλογος είναι συνήθως μία περίληψη των όσων προηγήθηκαν. Συχνά μπορεί να είναι πιο δημιουργικός και πρωτότυπος αν εκφράζει μια ανησυχία ή μία ελπίδα για το μέλλον (με μια ρητορική ερώτηση, μια προτροπή για δράση ή μια προειδοποίηση). Διαφορετικά μπορεί να εκφράζει το αποτέλεσμα που αναμένουμε σύμφωνα με αυτά που προτείναμε στο γράμμα μας (με έναν υποθετικό λόγο). Writing Tips: Στον επίλογο ΔΕΝ αντιγράφουμε το θέμα και ΔΕΝ αναφέρουμε παραδείγματα. Απλά ξαναναφέρουμε σύντομα όσα έχουμε πει χωρίς να επαναλαμβάνουμε συνεχώς τα ίδια λόγια. Θα ήταν καλό πριν γράψεις τον επίλογο να ξαναρίξεις μια ματιά στην εισαγωγή σου. EXERCISE: Match the introductions to the conclusions and underline the similarities in each pair. INTRODUCTIONS: 1. Dear Editor, I am a high school student and have recently read your article on the new factory the city council is planning to build in our area. I disagree with this decision and I believe it will have negative effects on our town. CONCLUSIONS: a. To sum up, I believe that going to college is the right decision, as a college degree will prove invaluable in your life and career. Take care, Jimmy. Dear Sally, How are you? I was happy to read in your last that you are considering applying to college, and I would like to point out to you why a college education is important. b. I think that if we all take action and implement these simple ideas, our children will spend less time in front of the TV set, and they will watch more suitable and educational programs. Yours sincerely, Peter Hughes 3. Dear Readers of The Observer, I am the parent of a seven-year-old boy and I have recently read the article about violence on TV and its effect on children. I believe that this is a problem most parents are faced with nowadays, and that there are specific measures we should take to make watching TV a positive experience for our children. c. All in all, I am against the city council s decision, as I believe it will be disastrous for our area. In the light of my arguments, I hope that the city council will reconsider its decision. Yours sincerely, Alice Brown ΧΑΙΡΕΤΙΣΜΟΣ / ΑΠΟΦΩΝΗΣΗ Αν το γράμμα είναι φιλικό και ανεπίσημο, χαιρετάμε με Dear και το όνομα του αναγνώστη, και κλείνουμε με μια φιλική αποφώνηση (Take care / Best wishes) και ένα ΨΕΥΔΩΝΥΜΟ, δηλαδή ένα φανταστικό όνομα από κάτω. π.χ. Dear Barbara, και Take care, Jane Αν το γράμμα είναι επίσημο, χαιρετάμε με Dear και τον τίτλο που μας δίνει το θέμα μας (Editor, Readers etc.) και κλείνουμε με μια πιο επίσημη αποφώνηση (Sincerely / Yours sincerely) και ένα ΨΕΥΔΩΝΥΜΟ, δηλαδή ένα φανταστικό ονοματεπώνυμο από κάτω. π.χ. Dear Editor, και Sincerely, Anne Jones EXPRESSIONS FOR CONCLUDING A LETTER / ESSAY To conclude, All in all, In conclusion, To sum up, On the whole, Taking everything into account, Taking all the above into consideration, 11

6 Introduction to ESSAY Writing ΠΡΙΝ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕΙΣ EXERCISE: Look at the essay prompt below and follow the steps discussed to analyze it. Διάβασε το θέμα -3 φορές, μέχρι να το καταλάβεις απόλυτα. Εντόπισε ποια είναι τα ερωτήματα που πρέπει να απαντηθούν και υπογράμμισέ τα. Βρες και υπογράμμισε τις οδηγίες που σου δείχνουν τι πρέπει να περιέχει η έκθεσή σου. (π.χ. give reasons / examples, make specific references to...) Αν ακολουθήσεις αυτά τα βήματα, έχεις κάνει μια πολύ καλή αρχή για μια σωστή έκθεση. Many cosmetics companies advertise their against animal testing policy. Should animal testing be allowed? Discuss this issue using specific examples to illustrate and support your view. Underline the relevant information. 1. What is/are the main question(s) that need(s) to be answered? whether animal testing should be allowed. The prompt asks you to: discuss the issue and support your opinion with examples ΤΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΙ ΜΙΑ ΣΩΣΤΗ ΕΚΘΕΣΗ; 1. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ (INTRODUCTION): Σκοπό έχει να καταλάβει ο αναγνώστης ποιο θα είναι το περιεχόμενο της έκθεσης. Μια καλή εισαγωγή αποτελείται από δύο μέρη: 1. κάποιο γενικό σχόλιο για το θέμα που θα προσελκύσει το ενδιαφέρον του αναγνώστη (paraphrase the issue described in the topic). τη θέση που παίρνεις στο ερώτημα / ζήτημα του θέματος (prompt) (thesis statement) (MHN αναλύεις την άποψή σου με παραδείγματα ακόμη - απλά πες σύντομα και ξεκάθαρα τι πιστεύεις) Writing Tips: MHN αντιγράφεις το θέμα στην εισαγωγή. Προσπάθησε να χρησιμοποιήσεις όσο το δυνατόν δικά σου λόγια. Θυμήσου ότι πρέπει η εισαγωγή να απαντάει όλα τα ερωτήματα του θέματος για να είναι σωστή (μελέτησε την άσκηση που ακολουθεί) EXERCISE: Look at the essay prompt below and the appropriate introduction. Answer the questions, and write a similar introduction for the second prompt given. ESSAY PROMPT: Consumer organizations frequently warn the public against misleading advertisements. It seems that unsuspecting consumers often fall prey to promises advertisements fail to deliver. Do you think advertising should be controlled? What measures can be taken to protect consumers? Discuss your opinions supporting them with examples. APPROPRIATE INTRODUCTION: Advertisements are a great way to be informed about new products on the market. In their attempt to convince customers to buy the product, however, advertisements often exaggerate their claims, tricking consumers into buying miracle items which will change their lives. I believe that false advertising should be stopped and that there are several things which can be done to control it. 1 A. Look at the essay topic, answer the questions and find the color for each answer. 1. What is the situation described?. What is/are the question(s) that need to be answered? 3. What does the topic specifically ask you to do? B. Look at the introduction, answer the questions and find the color for each answer. 1. Which part paraphrases the situation (describes it using different words)?. What is your thesis statement (your answer to the questions)?