INTEROPERABILITY. Electronic Transactions. by Koussouris S., Lampathaki F., Askounis D.

Transcript

1 INTEROPERABILITY Electronic Transactions by Koussouris S., Lampathaki F., Askounis D.

2 What is Interoperability (Io)? IEEE glossary: the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged ISO/IEC , Information Technology Vocabulary: the capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units European Commission / EIF v2.0: Interoperability is the ability of disparate and diverse organizations to interact towards mutually beneficial and agreed common goals, involving the sharing of information and knowledge between the organizations via the business processes they support, by means of the exchange of data between their respective information and communication technology (ICT) systems European Commission / Enterprise Interoperability Research Roadmap: Interoperability is a utility-like capability that enterprises can invoke on the fly in support of their business activities

3 Where is it a necessity? Systems ebusiness Systems (between different organisations) egovernment Systems Inter-Enterprise Systems Sub-Systems (Modules) of an Enterprise System Between enterprises or organisations regardless of IT infrastructures Data Between Data or Documents People Between.. People

4 Why is there a Chaos? Organisation A Organisation B Processes P1, P2, P3 P4, P5, P6 Processes Data D1, D2, D3 D4, D5, D6 Data Systems S1, S2, S3 S4, S5, S6 Systems

5 What is NOT Interoperability Me Tax Office Processes VAT Payment Strike Processes Data FirstName, LastName Periodic Declaration Data Systems Credit Card Check Systems

6 What is Interoperability Me Tax Office Processes Entering the Internet VAT Declaration Processes Data Username, Password DB with VAT Numbers Data Systems My Computer GSIS Server Systems

7 From the press Interoperability is viewed as the most important factor for information systems Financial Times, February 6, 2009

8 Can we achieve interoperability as an one-toone connection problem? Number of systems to be interconnected Number of connections to be established there should be another way Look for standards!

9 Interoperability Levels (EIF v2.0)

10 Enterprise Interoperability Areas Source: Koussouris, S., Lampathaki, F., Mouzakitis, S., Charalabidis, Y., Psarras, J. (2011) Digging into the Real-Life Enterprise Interoperability Areas Definition and Overview of the Main Research Areas. In Proceedings of CENT 2011: Collaborative Enterprises 2011 Platforms, Processes, and Practices Advancing the Enterprise 2.0, Orlando / FL, USA, July 2011.

11 The elements of Interoperability Organisational Interoperability (processes) Business Processes alignment, targeting collaboration between organisations, units, systems Proper setting and training of organisational units, for collaboration Semantic Interoperability (definitions) Common definition of terms, across organisations, units and systems Common definition and standardisation of exchanged information (e-invoice, e-vat, etc) Technical Interoperability (systems) Standards for systems architecture (how the interoperable system is designed) Standards for systems interconnection (communication, web services, service discovery) Standards for information storage and retrieval (formats)

12 Steps towards Organisational Interoperability #1 Service Modelling #2 Definition of Roles within the Process Workflow #3 Service Homogenisation #6 Linking Services with Organisational Standards/Values #5 Development of One-Stop-Shop Service #4 Service Alignment (between different organisation) #7 Legislation Alignment #8 Rules for Information Flow/ Processing #9 Definition of Standards, Authentication Schemes, Communication Channels

13 Final and Intermediate Services Basic Service ID Issuing Entry in Municipal Records Final Service A Driving Licence (Category B) Intermediate Service A1 (level 1) Intermediate Service A2 (level 1) Health Certificate Intermediate Service A1.1 (level 2) Intermediate Service A2.1 (level 2) Fee Payment

14 Interoperability Application Areas A. Independent Services Interoperability is not an issue Their consumption by Services of B or C category (of this slide) is what matters B. Cross- Dependent Services Core Research Area for Interoperability C. Cross- Depended Services that include non electronic processes Cannot be made Interoperable without drastic change

15 egovernment Interoperability

16 Interoperability in egovernment: A key factor for the provision of true one-stop egovernment Services Enabling all the Public Administration stakeholders, enterprises and citizens Decomposing into organisational, semantic and technical aspects of systems and administrations

17 Interoperability in egovernment Parliament, Presidency Governmental Banks and G2C Services Other G2G Services Organisations Intermediaries Citizens Governments Ministries Prefectures Districts G2B Services International Organisations Municipalities Enterprises G2G Services

18 Interoperability Ingredients for Issuing an ID Card* Is there a process for quering=retrieving a Birth Certification between the Municipality and the Police Department? Are the data requested the same in the Birth Certificate and in the ID Issuing form? Are the IT systems ready to talk? Are there the same security/authentication mechanisms? * In Greece, issuing an ID Card requires the retrieval of a Birth Certificate for the Municipality a person was born Is data stored as needed?

19 Data and Information Modelling (Today) Syntactic Data Representation e.g. Address fields Semantic Data Representation e.g the same information can have synonyms and different meaning Semantic Data Mapping with Lists e.g. Codelists vs. Descriptions (ISO lists, NACE codes, etc )

20 Data and Information Modelling (Tomorrow) ü Standard Documents based on XML ü XML Schemas for Structuring ü Common, Reusable Data Units with common semantics ü Semantic Mapping with commonly agreed lists

21 Interoperability Interfaces

22 How do XML Web Services work? UDDI Service Registry Search WSDL WSDL Publication Service Consumer Consumption SOAP Service Provider

23 The Interoperability Registry in Redesign Source: Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Psarras J. (2009) Combination of Interoperability Registries with Process and Data Management Tools for Governmental Services Transformation, in IEEE Computer Society Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), pp. 1-10, Hawaii, January 2009

24 The application of an Interoperability Registry in egovernment Source: Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Psarras J. (2009) Combination of Interoperability Registries with Process and Data Management Tools for Governmental Services Transformation, in IEEE Computer Society Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), pp. 1-10, Hawaii, January 2009

25 Example: Service Patterns Citizens gathers all needed documents PA entities collaborate manually Some steps may be repeated by another PA entity

26 Redesigned service Citizen only inputs provides ID and application Web service / XML collaboration between PA entities Final service can be a pattern for other similar services

27 The 3 egov-interoperability Rules #1 Target organisational and semantic aspects first: technical standards exist already Follow the service: build your guidelines around the actual, most common services #2 #3 Enable all stakeholders (public administrations) and allow for constant evolution and change

28 Key Findings after many attempts To truly enable interoperability across government, a bottom-up approach starting with technology must be avoided. Articulating organizational and semantic interoperability issues deserves more priority and effort than the technical interoperability layer that has already mechanisms and standards in place. The adoption of a service-oriented approach is a crucial factor for implementing one-stop interoperable egovernment. The diffusion of needed basic infrastructure, such as electronic ID s, base registries and fundamental governmental web services has not reached the minimum needed threshold. A clearly defined Sustainable Interoperabiltiy Governance Model needs to be envisioned and put in place by determining observance mechanisms, measuring effectiveness and stimulating growth of successful projects. No matter how well prepared a government is, it is illusionary to believe that it can achieve interoperability at once in one big step. Although interoperability is well-sought for at a national context, cross-country collaboration issues remain an important barrier.

29 The Way Forward Designing and implementing appropriate infrastructures in the form of Base Registries accompanying the NIF specifications Supporting standardized transformation and re-engineering efforts that fully integrate front- and back-office systems Exploiting Web 2.0 tools in egovernment Strengthening organizational and semantic interoperability aspects Building a Science Base for Interoperability, including interoperability value assessment models Applying best practices from other domains, i.e. ebusiness, ebanking Coordinating efforts within the egovernment interoperability domain through Excellence Centres and appropriate initiatives

30 Expected Impact (1/3) For Public Administrations Openess of organisation Common Visibility and Presence over the Web Less Bureaucracy Transparency Quality of Service Utilisation of High Efficiency Systems/Channels Collaboration between other organisation Economies of Scale by re-utilisation of IT resources (hardware/software)

31 Expected Impact (2/3) For People/Enterprises Quality of Service Increase Response Times Information Access through multiple channels Ease of Searching and Discovering Information Improvement of Trust feeling

32 Expected Impact (3/3) IT Companies Products and Applications responding to a priori commonly agreed specifications Provision of ready made COTS (Components of the Shelf) for standardising processes and documents Faster response to Public Adminstration calls for implementation of systems Minimisation of Customised Solutions and multiple, parallel production lines

33 Conclusions Interoperability reaches all governmental organizations at national and international level and constitutes a thriving research domain from all aspects scientific, entrepreneurial, societal and political. Research on interoperability in digital public services provision will have, in the next years, to face the multi-disciplinary nature that interoperability problems present. Interoperability Standards for e-government is a dynamic space, with many directives, initiatives and standards evolving at the same time. Administrations and industry worldwide are trying hard to cope with the developments. Interoperability in digital public services cannot be achieved without process re-organisation, legal system re-structuring and data rework.

34 It s not like Parkour (run, jump, land)

35 it is more like crossing the desert in a Paris-Dakar rally So be prepared and have plenty of resources!

36 Interoperability Frameworks

37 What is an IF (Interoperability Framework)? set of recommendations which specify how Administrations, Businesses and Citizens communicate with each Wikipedia Defines rules, sets specifications and standards for the development and operation of IT systems that allow: Cross-Interoperability amongst Organisations Integrated systems Secure Communication

38 History of Interoperability Initiatives Source: EIF 2.0

39 European Interoperability Framework

40 EIF v2.0

41 National Standardization Initiatives Country National Interoperability Framework European Union European Interoperability Framework (Version 2.0) US Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) Australia Australian Government Interoperability Framework Belgium Belgian Interoperability Framework (BELGIF) Brazil Standards of Interoperability for Electronic Government (e-ping) Denmark Interoperability Framework Estonia Estonian IT interoperability framework France Référentiel Général d Interopérabilité (RGI) Germany Standards and Architectures for e-government Applications (SAGA) Greece Greek e-government Interoperability Framework Hong Kong HKSARG Interoperability Framework Ireland Reach Interoperability Guidelines (RIGS) Italy SPC sistema pubblico di connettività e Iceland Under investigation Cooperazione Malaysia Malaysian Government Interoperability Framework (MyGIF) Malta e-government Interoperability Framework Netherlands Dutch Government Reference Architecture (NORA) New Zealand New Zealand E-government Interoperability Framework (NZ e-gif) Poland Krajowe Ramy Interoperacyjności Spain Criterios de seguridad, normalización y conservación de las aplicaciones utilizadas para el ejercicio de potestades Switzerland Helvetic E-Government Reference Architecture (HERA) United Kingdom e-government Interoperability Framework (e-gif)

42 Current European Commission Initiatives EIF 2.0 European Interoperability Framework (EIF) v2.0: the new set of interoperability guidelines for European Member States ISA Programme: Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administration on cross-border electronic collaboration between European public administrations. NIFO A National Interoperability Frameworks Observatory, currently under development by Gartner, for IDABC

43 CEN/UN Interoperability Standardisation Initiatives The European Committee for Standardization - Information Society Standardization System (CEN/ISSS) has several Workshops for egov Standards on organisational and semantic issues (e.g. Metalex, egovshare) United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), TBG19-eGov delivers standards on Core Components and harmonisation processes for governments worldwide

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45 Interoperability Projects in European Union / CIP-PSP STORK: Secure Identity Across Borders Linked (Pilot-A project for interoperable eid in EU member states) PEPPOL: Pan-European Public eprocurement On-Line (Pilot A project to facilitate EU-wide interoperable public eprocurement). SPOCS: Simple Procedures Online for Cross-border Services (Pilot project for the EU-Service Directive)

46 egov Interoperability Standards Areas Legal & Organisational Interoperability CEN METALEX Semantic Interoperability UN/CEFACT-CEN egov CCTS Technical Interoperability Vertical egov Standards (ehealth, eid, epayments, edefense, etc) ISO 15000, 2X (ebxml, CCTS, edoc) CEN/ISSS egov WG s OASIS / W3C Industry-led Interoperability Strategies (IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SUN, other) National egovernment Interoperability Frameworks European Interoperability Framework (EIF) 2.0 Other areas & Initiatives (Citizen Engagement, Future Internet, etc) EC - EIRR IFIP WG 8.5 SEMIC CIP/PSP Pilots NESSI / igov

47 NIF Comparison Framework Sources: Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Kavalaki A., Askounis D. (2010) A Review of Interoperability Frameworks: Patterns and Challenges. International Journal of Electronic Governance (IJEG), 3 (2), pp Inderscience Publications Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Askounis D. (2009) A Comparative Analysis of National e-government Interoperability Frameworks, in Proceedings of the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), San Francisco, August 2009

48 Organizational Interoperability Standards- Comparison

49 Semantic Interoperability Standards- Comparison

50 Technical Interoperability Standards Comparison (an extract)

51 Web Services Technology Stack

52 The Greek egif (Greek Slides) Νόμος (.3979/2011 Α 138/ )

53 Το Πλαίσιο Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές Διαλειτουργικότητας Πολιτικές ΕΕ και Ελληνικής Κυβέρνησης egovernment eeurope i2010 Ψηφιακή Στρατηγική Δράσεις ΚτΠ IDABC MODINIS GENESIS / IST INTEROP / NoE ENSEMBLE / SA Ελληνικό Πλαίσιο Διαλειτουργικότητας Συστήµατα & Έργα ΣΥΖΕΥΞΙΣ, ΕΡΜΗΣ ΟΠΣ / Portals Υπουργείων ΟΠΣ / Portals Νοµαρχιών ΠΣ και Portals Δήµων Σύστηµα Ηλ-Προµηθειών ΠΣ ΚΕΠ / ΥΠΕΣΔΔΑ Πρότυπα και Κανονισµοί Δεδοµένα, Μεταδεδοµένα Επικοινωνία Ασφάλεια, Κρυπτογράφηση Αυθεντικοποίηση Θεσµικό Πλαίσιο GR-eGIF Διεθνείς Προσπάθειες Διαλειτουργικότητας UK egif German egif (SAGA) Danish egif US egov egif Μεθοδολογίες και Τεχνικές Enterprise Modelling Process / Data Modelling Εργαλεία ανάπτυξης XML Εργαλεία Οντολογιών

54 H Δοµή του Πλαισίου

55 Πλαίσιο Πιστοποίησης Δηµόσιων Διαδικτυακών Τόπων Γενικές Αρχές Δοµή και Οργάνωση ΔΔΤ Ηλεκτρονικές Υπηρεσίες και Διαλειτουργικότητα ΔΔΤ Ασφάλεια, Διαθεσιµότητα και Απόδοση ΔΔΤ Κατηγορίες Χρηστών Ονοµατοδοσία Παροχή Ηλ. Υπηρεσιών Προδιαγραφές Ασφάλειας Εικαστικά Υπηρεσίες Προστιθέµενης Αξίας Διαθεσιµότητα Νοµικά Ζητήµατα Περιεχόµενο Διαλειτουργικότητα µε Back Office Απόδοση Διάδοση ΔΔΤ Προσβασιµότητα Διαλειτουργικότητα µε άλλα Συστήµατα Φιλοξενία

56 Πλαίσιο Διαλειτουργικότητας & Υπηρεσιών Ηλεκτρονικών Συναλλαγών Γενικές Αρχές Οργανωσιακή Διαλ/τητα Σηµασιολογική Διαλ/τητα Τεχνολογικά Πρότυπα Ειδικές Προδιαγραφές & Προεκτάσεις Κατηγορίες & Κύκλος Ζωής Προτύπων Πεδίο εφαρµογής Στοιχεία Σηµασιολογικής Διαλειτουργικότητας Μοντελοποίηση Υπηρεσιών - Δεδοµένων Ηλεκτρονικές Πληρωµές Πρότυπες Αρχιτεκτονικές Συστηµάτων ΗΔ Χαρακτηριστικά Υπηρεσιών Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές και Διαδικασίες Παρουσίαση Πληροφορίας Διασύνδεση & Επικοινωνία (WS Stack Standards) Τοµεακά Πρότυπα Διακυβερνητικές Υπηρεσίες Οδηγίες για Δηµόσιους Φορείς (Διαγωνισµοί) Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές Ανάπτυξης Συστηµάτων ΗΔ Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές και Διαδικασίες Μεταδοµένα (Μ.Τεκµηρίωσης) Μέσα Πρόσβασης Οδηγίες για Επιχειρήσεις & Πολίτες

57 Πλαίσιο Ψηφιακής Αυθεντικοποίησης Γενικές Αρχές Ταυτοποίηση Οντοτήτων Αυθεντικοποίηση Οντοτήτων Διαδικασίες Εγγραφής Οντοτήτων Οδηγίες Εφαρµογής και Συµµόρφωση Θεσµικό και Κανονιστικό Πλαίσιο Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 0 Μηχανισµοί Αυθεντικοποίησης - Κλειδιά Κατηγορίες Οντοτήτων Επίπεδα Υπηηρεσιών Οδηγίες προς Δηµόσιους Φορείς Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 1 Τρόποι Εγγραφής Φυσικών Προσώπων Οδηγίες προς Φυσικά & Νοµικά Πρόσωπα Ιδιωτικότητα στις Υπηρεσίες ΗΔ Διακριτικά Αυθεντικοποίησης Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 2 Τρόποι Εγγραφής Νοµικών Προσώπων Συµµόρφωση Φορέων, Υπηρεσιών και ΚΔΠ Επίπεδα Εµπιστοσύνης Υπηρεσιών ΗΔ (0-3) Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 3 Διαδικασίες Αυθεντικοποίησης ανά Επίπεδο Διαδικαστικά Ζητήµατα, Διαγραφή Παραδείγµατα Εφαρµογής ΠΨΑ

58 Μοντέλο Τεκµηρίωσης Τεκµηρίωση Διαδικασιών Τεκµηρίωση Εγγράφων και Δεδοµένων Τεκµηρίωση Διαδικτυακών Υπηρεσιών Πρότυπα Μεταδεδοµένων Πρότυπο BPMN & Σηµειογραφία Πρότυπα XML & Σηµειογραφία Πρότυπα Τεκµηρίωσης Web Services Κεντρικό Σχήµα Μεταδεδοµένων (egms) Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας Μεταδεδοµένα Υπηρεσιών Μεταδεδοµένα Εγγράφων Μεθοδολογία Ανάπτυξης WS Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας

59 Ληξιαρχείο Διαλειτουργικότητας Web Site ΠΗΔ (public) Ληξιαρχείο Υπηρεσιών & Δεδοµένων (restricted) Εργαλεία Μοντελοποίησης Υπηρεσιών (restricted) Εργαλεία Μοντελοποίησης Δεδοµένων (restricted) Τρέχουσες Εκδόσεις Πλαισίου (PDF) Υπηρεσίες (Συµβατικές και Ηλεκτρονικές) Σύστηµα Enterprise Modelling Σύστηµα XML Authoring Επιπλέον Υλικό Πλαισίου (XML, Πρότυπα) Έγγραφα Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης CCTS Επιπλέον Υλικό Τεκµηρίωσης - Διάδοσης Πεδία Εγγράφων Φόρµες Σχολίων Κωδικολόγια Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης Εκδόσεων αρχείων BPMN Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης Εκδόσεων Αρχείων XML

60 QUESTIONS Dr. Koussouris S. - skous@mail.ntua.gr Dr. Lampathaki F. - flamp@epu.ntua.gr