INTEROPERABILITY. Electronic Transactions. by Koussouris S., Lampathaki F., Askounis D.

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1 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability INTEROPERABILITY Electronic Transactions by Koussouris S., Lampathaki F., Askounis D.

2 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability What is Interoperability (Io)? IEEE glossary: the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged ISO/IEC , Information Technology Vocabulary: the capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units European Commission / EIF v2.0: Interoperability is the ability of disparate and diverse organizations to interact towards mutually beneficial and agreed common goals, involving the sharing of information and knowledge between the organizations via the business processes they support, by means of the exchange of data between their respective information and communication technology (ICT) systems European Commission / Enterprise Interoperability Research Roadmap: Interoperability is a utility-like capability that enterprises can invoke on the fly in support of their business activities

3 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Where is it a necessity? Systems ebusiness Systems (between different organisations) egovernment Systems Inter-Enterprise Systems Sub-Systems (Modules) of an Enterprise System Between enterprises or organisations regardless of IT infrastructures Data Between Data or Documents People Between.. People

4 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Why is there a Chaos? Organisation A Organisation B Processes P1, P2, P3 P4, P5, P6 Processes Data D1, D2, D3 D4, D5, D6 Data Systems S1, S2, S3 S4, S5, S6 Systems

5 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability What is NOT Interoperability Me Tax Office Processes VAT Payment Strike Processes Data FirstName, LastName Periodic Declaration Data Systems Credit Card Check Systems

6 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability What is Interoperability Me Tax Office Processes Entering the Internet VAT Declaration Processes Data Username, Password DB with VAT Numbers Data Systems My Computer GSIS Server Systems

7 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Levels (EIF v2.0)

8 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Enterprise Interoperability Areas Source: Koussouris, S., Lampathaki, F., Mouzakitis, S., Charalabidis, Y., Psarras, J. (2011) Digging into the Real-Life Enterprise Interoperability Areas Definition and Overview of the Main Research Areas. In Proceedings of CENT 2011: Collaborative Enterprises 2011 Platforms, Processes, and Practices Advancing the Enterprise 2.0, Orlando / FL, USA, July 2011.

9 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Frameworks

10 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Puzzle Source: EC (2014) ISA: Interoperability Solutions for European public Administrations.

11 Electronic Transactions Interoperability What is an IF (Interoperability Framework)? set of recommendations which specify how Administrations, Businesses and Citizens communicate with each Wikipedia Defines rules, sets specifications and standards for the development and operation of IT systems that allow: Cross-Interoperability amongst Organisations Integrated systems Secure Communication

12 Electronic Transactions Interoperability History of Interoperability Initiatives Source: EIF 2.0

13 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability A holistic approach for Interoperability Source: EC (2014) ISA: Interoperability Solutions for European public Administrations.

14 Electronic Transactions Interoperability European Interoperability Framework

15 Electronic Transactions Interoperability EIF v2.0

16 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Current European Commission Initiatives EIF 2.0 European Interoperability Framework (EIF) v2.0: the new set of interoperability guidelines for European Member States ISA Programme: Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administration on cross-border electronic collaboration between European public administrations. NIFO A National Interoperability Frameworks Observatory, European Interoperability Cartography (EICart) of solutions

17 Electronic Transactions Interoperability National Standardization Initiatives Country National Interoperability Framework European Union European Interoperability Framework (Version 2.0) US Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) Australia Australian Government Interoperability Framework Belgium Belgian Interoperability Framework (BELGIF) Brazil Standards of Interoperability for Electronic Government (e-ping) Denmark Interoperability Framework Estonia Estonian IT interoperability framework France Référentiel Général d Interopérabilité (RGI) Germany Standards and Architectures for e-government Applications (SAGA) Greece Greek e-government Interoperability Framework Hong Kong HKSARG Interoperability Framework Ireland Reach Interoperability Guidelines (RIGS) Italy SPC sistema pubblico di connettività e Iceland Under investigation Cooperazione Malaysia Malaysian Government Interoperability Framework (MyGIF) Malta e-government Interoperability Framework Netherlands Dutch Government Reference Architecture (NORA) New Zealand New Zealand E-government Interoperability Framework (NZ e-gif) Poland Krajowe Ramy Interoperacyjności Spain Criterios de seguridad, normalización y conservación de las aplicaciones utilizadas para el ejercicio de potestades Switzerland Helvetic E-Government Reference Architecture (HERA) United Kingdom e-government Interoperability Framework (e-gif)

18 Electronic Transactions Interoperability CEN/UN Interoperability Standardisation Initiatives The European Committee for Standardization - Information Society Standardization System (CEN/ISSS) has several Workshops for egov Standards on organisational and semantic issues (e.g. Metalex, egovshare) United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), TBG19-eGov delivers standards on Core Components and harmonisation processes for governments worldwide

19 Electronic Transactions Interoperability egov Interoperability Standards Areas Legal & Organisational Interoperability CEN METALEX Semantic Interoperability UN/CEFACT-CEN egov CCTS Technical Interoperability Vertical egov Standards (ehealth, eid, epayments, edefense, etc) ISO 15000, 2X (ebxml, CCTS, edoc) CEN/ISSS egov WG s OASIS / W3C Industry-led Interoperability Strategies (IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SUN, other) National egovernment Interoperability Frameworks European Interoperability Framework (EIF) 2.0 Other areas & Initiatives (Citizen Engagement, Future Internet, etc) EC - EIRR IFIP WG 8.5 SEMIC CIP/PSP Pilots NESSI / igov

20 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Is Standardization the key?

21 Electronic Transactions Interoperability NIF Comparison Framework Sources: Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Kavalaki A., Askounis D. (2010) A Review of Interoperability Frameworks: Patterns and Challenges. International Journal of Electronic Governance (IJEG), 3 (2), pp Inderscience Publications Charalabidis Y., Lampathaki F., Askounis D. (2009) A Comparative Analysis of National e-government Interoperability Frameworks, in Proceedings of the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), San Francisco, August 2009

22 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Organizational Interoperability Standards- Comparison

23 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Interoperability Application Areas A. Independent Services Interoperability is not an issue Their consumption by Services of B or C category (of this slide) is what matters B. Cross- Dependent Services Core Research Area for Interoperability C. Cross- Depended Services that include non electronic processes Cannot be made Interoperable without drastic change

24 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Semantic Interoperability Standards- Comparison

25 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Technical Interoperability Standards Comparison (an extract)

26 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Web Services Technology Stack

27 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability NIFO Implementation & Monitoring Based on the direct input from 19 Member States and on the 31 NIFO factsheets updated in 2014 (through 19 validated Analytical Models and/or desk research) and published on Joinup Source: EC (2014). State of Play of Interoperability in Europe - Report 2014

28 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability NIF-EIF alignment overview for each country assessed Source: EC (2014). State of Play of Interoperability in Europe - Report 2014

29 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Technology Trends Source: EC (2014). State of Play of Interoperability in Europe - Report 2014

30 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Key Findings after many attempts (1/2) To truly enable interoperability across government, a bottom-up approach starting with technology must be avoided. Articulating organizational and semantic interoperability issues deserves more priority and effort than the technical interoperability layer that has already mechanisms and standards in place. The adoption of a service-oriented approach is a crucial factor for implementing onestop interoperable egovernment. The diffusion of needed basic infrastructure, such as electronic ID s, base registries and fundamental governmental web services has not reached the minimum needed threshold.

31 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Key Findings after many attempts (2/2) A clearly defined NIF Governance Model needs to be envisioned and put in place by determining observance mechanisms, measuring effectiveness and stimulating growth of successful projects. No matter how well prepared a government is, it is illusionary to believe that it can achieve interoperability at once in one big step. Although interoperability is well-sought for at a national context, cross-country collaboration issues remain an important barrier.

32 Electronic Transactions Interoperability European Interoperability Reference Architecture (EIRA)

33 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Building Blocks in the European Interoperability Strategy

34 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability EIRA and EU Cartography

35 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Characteristics Common terminology to achieve a minimum level of coordination: It provides a set of well-defined architecture building blocks (ABBs) that provide a minimal common understanding of the most important building blocks needed to build interoperable public services. Reference architecture for delivering digital public services: It offers a framework to categorise (re)usable solution building blocks (SBBs) of an e-government solution. It allows portfolio managers to rationalise, manage and document their portfolio of solutions. Technology- and product-neutral and a service-oriented architecture (SOA) style: The EIRA adopts a service-oriented architecture style and promotes ArchiMate as a modelling notation. In fact, the EIRA ABBs can be seen as an extension of the model concepts in ArchiMate. Alignment with EIF and TOGAF: The EIRA is aligned with the European Interoperability Framework (EIF) and complies with the context given in the European Interoperability Strategy (EIS). The views of the EIRA correspond to the interoperability levels in the EIF: legal, organisational, semantic and technical interoperability. Within TOGAF and the Enterprise Architecture Continuum, EIRA focuses on the architecture continuum. It reuses terminology and paradigms from TOGAF such as architecture patterns, building blocks and views.

36 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability High-level Overview

37 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Legal View

38 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Organizational View

39 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Semantic View

40 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Technical-Application View

41 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Technical-Infrastructure View

42 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Specification

43 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Results of Pilot Application

44 Electronic Transactions Interoperability The Greek egif (Greek Slides) Νόμος (Ν.3979/2011 ΦΕΚ Α 138/ )

45 Electronic Transactions Interoperability H Δοµή του Πλαισίου

46 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Πλαίσιο Πιστοποίησης Δηµόσιων Διαδικτυακών Τόπων Γενικές Αρχές Δοµή και Οργάνωση ΔΔΤ Ηλεκτρονικές Υπηρεσίες και Διαλειτουργικότητα ΔΔΤ Ασφάλεια, Διαθεσιµότητα και Απόδοση ΔΔΤ Κατηγορίες Χρηστών Ονοµατοδοσία Παροχή Ηλ. Υπηρεσιών Προδιαγραφές Ασφάλειας Εικαστικά Υπηρεσίες Προστιθέµενης Αξίας Διαθεσιµότητα Νοµικά Ζητήµατα Περιεχόµενο Διαλειτουργικότητα µε Back Office Απόδοση Διάδοση ΔΔΤ Προσβασιµότητα Διαλειτουργικότητα µε άλλα Συστήµατα Φιλοξενία

47 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Πλαίσιο Διαλειτουργικότητας & Υπηρεσιών Ηλεκτρονικών Συναλλαγών Γενικές Αρχές Οργανωσιακή Διαλ/τητα Σηµασιολογική Διαλ/τητα Τεχνολογικά Πρότυπα Ειδικές Προδιαγραφές & Προεκτάσεις Κατηγορίες & Κύκλος Ζωής Προτύπων Πεδίο εφαρµογής Στοιχεία Σηµασιολογικής Διαλειτουργικότητας Μοντελοποίηση Υπηρεσιών - Δεδοµένων Ηλεκτρονικές Πληρωµές Πρότυπες Αρχιτεκτονικές Συστηµάτων ΗΔ Χαρακτηριστικά Υπηρεσιών Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές και Διαδικασίες Παρουσίαση Πληροφορίας Διασύνδεση & Επικοινωνία (WS Stack Standards) Τοµεακά Πρότυπα Διακυβερνητικές Υπηρεσίες Οδηγίες για Δηµόσιους Φορείς (Διαγωνισµοί) Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές Ανάπτυξης Συστηµάτων ΗΔ Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές και Διαδικασίες Μεταδοµένα (Μ.Τεκµηρίωσης) Μέσα Πρόσβασης Οδηγίες για Επιχειρήσεις & Πολίτες

48 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Πλαίσιο Ψηφιακής Αυθεντικοποίησης Γενικές Αρχές Ταυτοποίηση Οντοτήτων Αυθεντικοποίηση Οντοτήτων Διαδικασίες Εγγραφής Οντοτήτων Οδηγίες Εφαρµογής και Συµµόρφωση Θεσµικό και Κανονιστικό Πλαίσιο Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 0 Μηχανισµοί Αυθεντικοποίησης - Κλειδιά Κατηγορίες Οντοτήτων Επίπεδα Υπηηρεσιών Οδηγίες προς Δηµόσιους Φορείς Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 1 Τρόποι Εγγραφής Φυσικών Προσώπων Οδηγίες προς Φυσικά & Νοµικά Πρόσωπα Ιδιωτικότητα στις Υπηρεσίες ΗΔ Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 2 Διακριτικά Αυθεντικοποίησης Τρόποι Εγγραφής Νοµικών Προσώπων Συµµόρφωση Φορέων, Υπηρεσιών και ΚΔΠ Επίπεδα Εµπιστοσύνης Υπηρεσιών ΗΔ (0-3) Υπηρεσίες Επιπέδου 3 Διαδικασίες Αυθεντικοποίησης ανά Επίπεδο Διαδικαστικά Ζητήµατα, Διαγραφή Παραδείγµατα Εφαρµογής ΠΨΑ

49 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Μοντέλο Τεκµηρίωσης Τεκµηρίωση Διαδικασιών Τεκµηρίωση Εγγράφων και Δεδοµένων Τεκµηρίωση Διαδικτυακών Υπηρεσιών Πρότυπα Μεταδεδοµένων Πρότυπο BPMN & Σηµειογραφία Πρότυπα XML & Σηµειογραφία Πρότυπα Τεκµηρίωσης Web Services Κεντρικό Σχήµα Μεταδεδοµένων (egms) Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας Μεταδεδοµένα Υπηρεσιών Μεταδεδοµένα Εγγράφων Μεθοδολογία Ανάπτυξης WS Συµβάσεις Ονοµατολογίας

50 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Ληξιαρχείο Διαλειτουργικότητας Web Site ΠΗΔ (public) Ληξιαρχείο Υπηρεσιών & Δεδοµένων (restricted) Εργαλεία Μοντελοποίησης Υπηρεσιών (restricted) Εργαλεία Μοντελοποίησης Δεδοµένων (restricted) Τρέχουσες Εκδόσεις Πλαισίου (PDF) Υπηρεσίες (Συµβατικές και Ηλεκτρονικές) Σύστηµα Enterprise Modelling Σύστηµα XML Authoring Επιπλέον Υλικό Πλαισίου (XML, Πρότυπα) Έγγραφα Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης CCTS Επιπλέον Υλικό Τεκµηρίωσης - Διάδοσης Πεδία Εγγράφων Φόρµες Σχολίων Κωδικολόγια Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης Εκδόσεων αρχείων BPMN Σύστηµα Διαχείρισης Εκδόσεων Αρχείων XML

51 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Interoperability Impact Assessment

52 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Impact 0,30% Impact on GDP: In Belgium: 1,408 billion a year In Estonia: 58 billion a year In Germany: 9,842 billion a year In Greece: 903 Billion a year In Italy: 6,154 billion a year In UK: 6,746 billion a year In US: 43,760 billion a year Source: Microsoft (2012) The Economic Impact of Interoperability

53 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Expected Impact (1/3) For Public Administrations Openess of organisation Common Visibility and Presence over the Web Less Bureaucracy Transparency Quality of Service Utilisation of High Efficiency Systems/Channels Collaboration between other organisation Economies of Scale by re-utilisation of IT resources (hardware/software)

54 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Expected Impact (2/3) For Citizens/Enterprises Quality of Service Increase Response Times -> Time Savings Information Access through multiple channels Reduction of Service Access Costs Ease of Searching and Discovering Information Improvement of Trust feeling Improved Productivity for Enterprises

55 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Expected Impact (3/3) IT Companies Products and Applications responding to a priori commonly agreed specifications Provision of ready made COTS (Components of the Shelf) for standardising processes and documents Faster response to Public Adminstration calls for implementation of systems Minimisation of Customised Solutions and multiple, parallel production lines

56 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability EC/ISA Interoperability Maturity Model (IMM) IMM IoP Maturity Levels Level 1 Ad Hoc: Poor IoP the service has almost no IoP in place Level 2 Opportunistic: Fair IoP the service implements some elements of IoP best practices Level 3 Essential: Essential IoP the service implements the essential best practices for IoP Level 4 Sustainable: Good IoP all relevant IoP best practices are implemented by the public service Measurement Areas Service Choreography Service Delivery Service Provisioning Service Consumption Level 5 Seamless: IoP leading practice the service is a leading example for others

57 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Interoperability Assessment Methodology (IAM)

58 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Levels of Information Systems Interoperability Model (LISI)

59 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Value Assessment Tool (VAST)

60 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Standard Cost Model (SCM) For example, an administrative activity takes 3 hours to complete (time) and the hourly cost of the member of staff in the business completing it is 10 Euros (tariff). The price is therefore 3 x 10 = 30 Euros. If this requirement applied to 100,000 businesses (population) who each had to comply 2 times per year (frequency), the Quantity would be 200,000. Hence the total cost of the activity would be 200,000 x 30 = 6,000,000 Euros.

61 Electronic Transactions 2015 Interoperability Which model is appropriate for interoperability?

62 Electronic Transactions Interoperability It s not like Parkour (run, jump, land)

63 Electronic Transactions Interoperability it is more like crossing the desert So be prepared and have plenty of resources!

64 Electronic Transactions Interoperability Conclusions Interoperability reaches all governmental organizations at national and international level and constitutes a thriving research domain from all aspects scientific, entrepreneurial, societal and political. Research on interoperability in digital public services provision will have, in the next years, to face the multi-disciplinary nature that interoperability problems present. Interoperability Standards for e-government is a dynamic space, with many directives, initiatives and standards evolving at the same time. Administrations and industry worldwide are trying hard to cope with the developments. Interoperability in digital public services cannot be achieved without process re-organisation, legal system re-structuring and data rework.

65 Electronic Transactions Interoperability The 3 egov-interoperability Rules #1 Target organisational and semantic aspects first: technical standards exist already Follow the service: build your guidelines around the actual, most common services #2 #3 Enable all stakeholders (public administrations) and allow for constant evolution and change

66 Electronic Transactions Interoperability QUESTIONS etransactions@epu.ntua.gr Dr. Koussouris S. - skous@mail.ntua.gr Dr. Lampathaki F. - flamp@epu.ntua.gr