«..» :, 2015
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- ΣoφпїЅα Μητσοτάκης
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1 «..» :, 2015
2 ,5-0, ,
3 , «-»
4 4.,,, Д1Ж..,.,., - (. ι ).,,,.,,., : «-», ι ι; «- ( θ9.2014/ 18.0ι.2014);
5 5 1ι «180» ζ19 ι ι ,,,....,,.. щ :, ; ;. :, ;
6 6,,. (,. ) (,. )., (,.). : ; ; -, ;, ABAQUS, DEFORM, PAM-STAMP QFORM., щ :, ;
7 7, ; ; -., -.. : БIII :, 2012; - «- -»:, 2013; БIV :, 2013; - :, 2014; БV :, ,,. SМШЩЮЬ.
8 ,,.,, - -,,,., 1500 C 2100., [2] , , :,,.,, IЫ 191,,.., 250.., 10,0 0,02, 0,1, 2 θ 0,1 0,5,
9 9,,,,,, ,,. (.. ἶ ) Д3Ж. VIII ιι 192,2., -, ( ).,, Д4] , [5] [6] [7] /
10 10,, 1.1 [5]. 1.1 ( ), ( ) ( ),,., -, Д4].,.,
11 11, Д8, 9].,. ( ),., ,..,.,,,,., [4Ж.,,,, ι0-80 %., - Д10]. -,.
12 [6Ж. 1.2 Д11]. 1.3, 538,3 0,28 HV, , , , % ,2 (1), (2) (3)
13 13,. : - (,, ); - (, -, ); - (, ); - ( ); - (,,, ); - ( ;,, )..,..,., (20-25) %,,.,
14 14, [12]. «JШСЧЬШЧ εкээсов Company» ( ) [13Ж. 0,5% (.), 0,1%.,,,., ZGS- t (Zirconia Grain Stabilised),.,.,..,,,., Д14, 15Ж,,,.,, 0,0θ% Zr. 1.4 ZGS- t, t - 10% Rh. -
15 15 10%. 1.3,, -, Pt - 10% Rh. ( 1.3, ). 1.4, ZGS-Pt Pt - 10% Rh, / ,, *, %* HV* ZGS- t , , ,4 t - 10% Rh , * 1.3 ( ) ( ), ZGS-Pt ( =ln(1+ )): 1 Pt; 2 ZGS-Pt; 3 Pt - 10% Rh; 4 Pt - 20% Rh,
16 16 Д16Ж. -.,,,.., Д17]., «А. C. HОЫКОЮЬ» ( ) (., ) - - Pt DPH (DisPersion HКЫНОЧОН).,,,.., (, ),.,,, [18]. PЭ - 10% RС DPH , t - 10% Rh - «А. C. HОЫКОЮЬ» Д19, 20]. 1.4 PЭ - 10% Rh DPH, 1θ00 Д21].
17 , t - 10% Rh -, / 3, *, %* HV* t Pt DPH t - 10% Rh Pt - 10% Rh DPH *, 1.4 PЭ - 10% Rh DPH 1.5 PЭ-10% Rh DPH,..,.. - Д21].
18 PЭ-10% Rh DPH -. Д22Ж,, - 1,5% (.),., 10 3 /.,. Д23Ж , (0,05-0,5) % (.). (25-35) 10-5, ( ),.
19 19 - -,, -.,. -, ,, 1.5 [24] , 10 -, / 3, *, %* HV* 99, *, ( 1.6),.
20 20 1.θ :.,.,, [25]. : 1) ; 2).,...,,,,.,,. 1.ι.,
21 21, -.,,.,.,. 1.ι : 1 ; 2 ; 3,,, :,.,.,.. -. Д26Ж (, ).
22 22,.., Д27Ж, ( 1.8) ( 1.9). (S+Н)/2+(T-Э), S - ; Н - ; - ; Э -., (S+Н)/2+(T-Э) S. 1.8 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ( ),,
23 23,.,,,.,,, ( ),. - 1,2-1,5,. Д28Ж,,, : (
24 24 ),,..,,, , ,.,.,, Д28].,
25 , 1.13,.,,.,,, ( 1.14, ).,, ( 1.14, ). Д29]. 1.12
26 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; : ; [30Ж, θ10, θ ,0 1,3.
27 : ; ; ; ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; θ ; ι ; 8 ; 9 ( ),.,..
28 28..,.,.,,,..,.,.,,, ,,, θ. ( ). ( ),,..,
29 29,.,,. 1.1θ : 1, 2, 3, 4 ( ), ,5 ( 1.1ι).,..,.,,.,, [31].,.
30 30 1.1ι,,,. ( 1.18).,,. ( ),.,.,,,.,. ( 1.19)., ( )...,.
31 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, θ, ι 1.19 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, θ ;, -,. ( 1.20)., ,,
32 32., 500., 900., [32] :, Д11Ж. ( 1.21).,, ,.,.,
33 33 D = 115 S = 2 V 10 = ,91 S/D = 0,0183, 11 %. : D = 104,θ : 1, 2,, ,.,
34 34 (,.), ( -,.),. -, -., QFORM QFORM. ( ), ( ) 1991 [33]. : - [34]; - ( ) [35]; - ; - ; - [36]; - ; -. QFORM, : - QFORM - АТЧНШаЬ ;
35 35 -. QFORM.,,, ; -, ; - QFORM -.,.,. ; - QFORM3D.,, (, ),.
36 DEFORM DEFORM,,. SМТОЧЭТПТМ FШЫЦТЧР TОМСЧШХШРТОЬ CШЫЩШЫКЭТШЧ (SFTC) ( ) ББ [37]. DEFORM, (, [38],,.), (,,.) (,.). DEFηRε,. : - DEFORM 3D, ; - DEFORM 2D, ( ); - DEFORM F3,, DEFORM 3D; - DEFORM F2, ( ), DEFηRε 2D; - DEFηRε HT3 DEFηRε HT2, ( ) ; - DEFORM TOOLS,. DEFORM :
37 37 - Ring Rolling (3D),., DEFηRε 3D; - Cogging (3D) - DEFηRε 3D. ; - Shape Rolling (3D) - DEFηRε 3D -,,..; - InverЬО PЫШЩОЫЭв EбЭЫКМЭТШЧ (2D 3D) - DEFηRε 3D DEFηRε 2D, ; - Simulation Queue -, ; - MicrostructЮЫО 3D εтмышьэыюмэюыо 2D DEFORM 3D DEFηRε 2D, ; - εкмстчтчр 3D εкмстчтчр 2D DEFηRε 3D DEFORM 2D, PAM-STAMP PAM-STAMP 2G ESI Group XX,, Д39]. PAM-STAMP [40]. -
38 38. PAε-STAMP: - AUTOSTAMP,. - ; - Die Compensation ; - PAM-DIEMAKER,,. -. ; - PAM-INVERSE,,. -, ; - QUIKSTAMP PLUS,,,. QUIKSTAεP PδUS - -.
39 ABAQUS ABAQUS -,. ABAQUS ABAQUS IЧМ. (USA) 19ι8. C 2005 ABAQUS IЧМ. DКЬЬКЮХЭ SвЬЭОЦОЬ, CAD- CATIA Pδε SЦКЫTОКЦ EЧШЯТК. ABAQUS SIεUδIA, DКЬЬКЮХЭ SвЬЭОЦОЬ ABAQUS IЧМ., [41]. ABAQUS ABAQUS Student Edition SIMULIA ABAQUS. SIMULIA ABAQUS, : - (BMW, Chrysler, Mercedes Benz, Porsche, Volvo); - (3M, Kodak, Gillette/Braun); - (Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, IBM, Digital); - (Alcoa, British Steel, Dow, Dupont, USX, ); - (ABB, AEA Technology, SIEMENS, EPRI, ); - / (General Dynamics, US Navy, Rolls Royce, Boeing); - (Brown & Root, DNV, Exxon, Shell); - (Geo Consult, ISMES, Sverdrup, T.Y. Lin).
40 40, SIMULIA ABAQUS -,,.,,,. SIMULIA ABAQUS, : - ( / ); - ; - ; - ( ); - ; -. SIMULIA ABAQUS,,,,,,,,. [42] , (, ). : ; ;
41 41 - ; ;,,.,,, ,.,,,.,,... :,,,,,. :,,,,.
42 42,,, : 1., -.., DEFORM, QFORM, PAM-STAMP, ABAQUS. 2., ( %).,,..,. 3., -,
43 43. 5.,.,.,. :, ; ;.
44 44 2.,,. Д43],. Д44, 45], Д46Ж.,,, [47, 48Ж.,,, ,5-0,5 1044θ-80 [49Ж IЧЬЭЫШЧ - 33θ5, [50Ж,. %: 80,3 81,ι, 14,5 15,5, 3,1 3,9, 0,2 0,8.,., ,5-0,5,.,.,
45 45 BХЮОСТХХ δтэо.,,... ( º ) d 0 = 1,21 l 0 = /, 0, , l i,. P. : ε = 2 ln(d 0 / d i ) (2.1). (2.2) 2.1.,, 300. ( 12%),,,,
46 46, % ,5-0, ,5-0,5 0,2,,, [51].
47 47 1,21-0,99-0,82-0,67-0,51 ( 2.3). (2.1), : 0; 0,401; 0,ιι8; 1,182; 1,ι28, 33%, 54%, 69%, 82 %.,,,. 5, ,5-0,5 2.4.,, 520,.,
48 48, ( ), -, Сопротивле ие дефор ации, МПа Степе ь дефор ации ,5-0,5 :, s (0 1,ι). 4,9% 1, У -10 [52]
49 49-10, , PGM (Platinum Group Metals) Database, Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company [53], 32 39%, 281,5 317,2. 24%, 322.
50 50 MatWeb [6] 310.., ,, % 22 % -10, ( 2θ%),.,, ( 2.ι) ( ) -10 ( ):,
51 51, ,., 0,1-10 s = 440, -10 s = 345, 28%. : -10, , -10,, -10,. 2.θ,. 2%, И99,9, ( 2.8). Д54].,, ( ), ( ),,,.
52 52. ( 2.9) 99, ,41 10,35 14,3 1θ,
53 53.,.,,, 30. GОЧТDAQ АТЧDAQ εтмышьшпэ EбМОХ. 2.10,,. 2.10,.
54 54 (2.3) P, F.,,,, Ф = Ф x U.,,.,., (2.4) Н 0, С 0, С 1. «( )». ( ). :,.,..,, Д55Ж : S = A K ξ Kξ exp (- K ), (2.5)
55 55 K, K ξ, K,,. K i. K i,, ( ), ( ). K i (2.5), Y = B 0 + B 1 Б 1 + B 2 Б 2 + B 3 Б 3, (2.6) B 0, B 1, B 2, B 3, Б i, В. σ s,мпа , ,3 0, ,6 0,7 0,8 е ,2-1
56 56 σs, МПа ,1 0,2 0, ,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 е σs, МПа ,1 0,2 0, ,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 е ln S = ln A + K ln + K ξ ln ξ K. (2.7) N B i (2.θ)., Б i В:
57 57 B i K, K ξ, K ; ;, ( ). εs ηпптмо EбМОХ,., (2.7) : S = 1446,87 0,2685 ξ 0,047 exp(-0,00072 ). (2.8), (2.8).., Δ = ( S - S ) / S 100, %., Δ max 1ι,04%, Δ 0,θ5%., (2.8). ( ) 0,2 0,θ ( = 0,25-0,45%) [56] ,5-0,5.
58 ,5-0,5 0,008 0, ,ι28., 12%. 82%.., ,, , , (0,2-1 ) = 0,8. 0,θ. (2-1 ) = 0,θ. (20-1 ) = 0,θ,, s ,..,
59 (, ),., 0,2 0,6.
60 ,. ( 3.1). 3.1,..,.,. 3.2., ( 3.4).,.
61 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ;, ;, ; ;
62 62
63 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( 1.θ). ( 3.3).,,...
64 64.,.,. 3.4,,., ( ),., ( 3.5),.,..,, 0,25,.,,
65 65. ( 3.1),,,,...,., [57]. 3.5 : ; ;. 4,0, 19 (9 10 ), , ,5, 3.1.
66 66,,, , θ 3.1,, 1 2,23 2,17 2,15 2,12 2,10 2,11 2,13 2,16 2,21-2 2,39 2,35 2,33 2,31 2,30 2,34 2,30 2,38 2,41-3 2,70 2,71 2,68 2,69 2,67 2,68 2,70 2,66 2,69 2,73 4 2,87 2,82 2,74 2,75 2,73 2,74 2,76 2,77 2,80 2,93, : 1) V (V1 V2), V1, V2 ; 2) ( 1 2), 1, 2.
67 67 : V1 = 0,19 ; V2 = 0,10 ; V = 0,09 ; 1 = 2,25 ; 2 = 2,ι4 ; = 0,49. V1 > V2,. 2 > 1,.,,.,, ,,,,,. ( 3.ι) x, y, z ( z ).. 2 ( ),.
68 68 3.ι : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ; 4 z,, v z = 0..,,,...,..,,., -,.
69 69 ( 3.8): l ; L ( ; h H 0 H 1, h 0 H. : L H0 B L H1 B l h B, (3.1) B = const z., h L l H 0 H 1, (3.2)..,. 3.8 : С ; С ;, ; ;
70 u y ( 3.9). u y (, ). 3.9.,., :, ( ), ( ).
71 71 ( ) ( 3.10) v i (i=x, y). v y y=h = -v; v x x=0 = 0. (3.3) v y y=h * B * L = v y y=0 * B * l (3.4), v y y=0 = -v * L/l, (3.5). v y :
72 72 L v y v l y h. (3.6) y: v y v L yy 1 y h l. (3.7) v L xx yy 1 h l, (3.8) : v L v xx dx x f y 1 x h l f y, (3.9) v x x=0 = 0 f(y)=0 v L v x 1 x h l, (3.10), v x x.,,., : v x x l / 2 v x x l / 2. (3.11),, v x x L / 2 0, (3.12)
73 73. v L v x x h 2. (3.13),,. v x v x yy v h v h. (3.14), (3.15) : y. v y : v yy dx y f x v h y : v y 0 0 y f x, (3.16), (3.17) : f(x)=0, v y v h y. (3.18)
74 74, : y.,, [58].,,..,,.. u i (i = x,y),. (3.19)... (3.20) y=h.,..
75 75 y=0 ( ).,,, y.. (3.21),,,..,,,. :. (3.22),.,.,, V N T H dv, V N T H dv (3.23) T H -,. H V
76 i, j x y ij, xx yy yy xx xy xx xy, (3.24) xy 2 2 v xx xy. (3.25) h 2 2 : v L 2 1. (3.26) h l N в N N V T H dv V T H dv (3.27) N, в s v L 2 s [ V ( 1) V ]. (3.28) h l,, B z, 1 1 V ( L l) hb, V lhb. (3.29) 2 2 N в v s hb[( L l) l] svbl. (3.30) h
77 77,.,,,,.,, p L p Bv svbl, p 2 s. 2,,. s, s, 3 H 0 ln , 4,0, 2,5., = 0,4ι. -10, 2.2. S θθ2, S = 382,2. P = p S = 2 382,2 830 = θ4,ι. 2 ( ),. H К 3.3. ABAQUS, -... :
78 78 ( ),. :,, ABAQUS, :.,,, ιι00 / 3,, , / 3, = 1ι0000, = 0,3ι [6]., C S a b, S -, -, a, b, c. : а = 100, b = 148, = 0,573 [59]..
79 79. -,.,., -,.,... 0, , ,5,. 0,2,.,
80 80 100, 9θ, θ, ( ) ( ) : 1 ; 2 ; ,,., ( = 0,698).,,,..
81 81 : ( - ) ,., ( ( ) )
82 ( ( ) - ), [60] И.,,,.,., Д61, 62Ж,,, Д63Ж,,,.,,.
83 83 ABAQUS DEFORM. ( 1000), ABAQUS. DEFORM ( - 10 ),. 2.2,,.,.. ( 3.1ι), :.,.,,. -.,, ,,.,.
84 84 3.1ι ( ) ( ) ( ) DEFηRε-3D, -.. 3,. 12,. (, ) CAD-.,. :,,, , :
85 85,. 3.19, , :,
86 86.,,, ,
87 87.,. 3.1,, 3 12,, 250.,. 3.1, ,, 1 3,53 3,51 3,50 3,49 3,49 3,50 3,53 3,51 3,52-2 3,55 3,53 3,51 3,52 3,50 3,51 3,53 3,52 3,53-3 3,58 3,57 3,55 3,56 3,55 3,56 3,58 3,57 3,59 3,60 4 3,85 3,81 3,78 3,76 3,75 3,77 3,78 3,82 3,83 3,86, ( 3.3),, V1 0,19 0,01 V2 0,10 0,23 V 0,09-0,22 1 2,25 3,52 2 2,74 3,67 0,49 0,15
88 88 V1 0,19 0,01,, 19. V2 0,10 0,23, ,25 3,52 2,ι4 3,θι,..,..,,, ,,,.,.,.,,.,,.
89 89. 2.,,. 3..,., ( 1).
90 ,,.. : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4). PAM-STAεP 2G QFORM 7. 3D. - PAε-STAMP QFORM,,,. PAε-STAMP - DeltaMesh QFORM - QShape...
91 91.,. ; :,, QFORM ,50 100,00,, 128,25 9ι,ι5,,. 3D., *.dxf *.igs, *.stp. QFORM ι QShape. :,, ( ) ( 4.3).
92 : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 4.2
93 QShape. :, : 2D ( 4.4). ( 4.5)...., 1.1,, 2.3, QFORM ( 4.θ). :,,,,,,,,,.
94 ( 4.7). 4.4 QFORM 4.5
95 95 4.6, QFORM 4.7. ( ) 400. ( 4.8). :. : 5.
96 96 ι00. ( 4.9) :, ι8,ι3.
97 97, :, : 40, 0,15 10 / 2 ( 4.10). 4.10,, : 0,2 ; 2 0,2 ( 4.11)...,.
98 PAM-STAMP, CAD-. : Meshing 2, 5 ( 4.12).
99 PAM-STAMP.,,, : 1 4 ( 4.13). 4.13
100 100 PAM-STAMP ( 4.14):, 1150 ( QFORM). 4.14, PAM-STAMP,.. Surface Tool,, 0,8 ( ) PAM-STAMP ( 4.15).
101 101 Volume Blank ( 4.15).. Rigid Body. Cartesian Kinematics ;, ( 4.1θ). Contact,, : 0,2, Automatic ( 4.17). 4.15
102 :
103 103 ( 4.18), : 80 ( ). :,. DMP θ ( 4.19) :
104 ,.., , ι21. -,.
105 , 4.21.,.. 5θ-5ι% ( 4.22),,,.
106 ,
107 , : 229,10, 400, ,,,, ;,.,.
108 , , :
109 , ( 4.25)., : 40% ( 4.26).
110
111 111 :, ( )., ( 4.28). 4.28, 4.29, ( 4.30)
112 112.,. 4.29, PAM-STAMP ( ) QFORM ( ) 4.30 ( ) ( )
113 113, 1ι-18% , 100 ( 4.32). 4.32,,,,
114 , , ( 4.33),,
115 , : 4.35.,. ( 4.3θ, ). 4.35, PAM-STAMP ( ) QFORM ( )
116 ( ) ( ) 10%., 15% ( ), PAM-STAMP, QFORM. : ; ( 20%) ; 2.,,.
117 117 3.,, ; 4.,,., ( 2).
118 118, : 1.. ; ,5-0,5, , , ,2 20-1, (, ),.. 3.,,,,.,,, -.
119 119,., ( 1) ,,, ( 2). : 1.,. 2.,,.
120 Weiland, R. High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of the Platinum Group Metals / R. Weiland, D. F. Lupton // Platinum Metals Review V.50, N4. P Cockayne, B. Czochralslri Growth of Oxide Single Crystals / B. Cockayne // Platinum Metals Review V.18, N3. P Hunt, L.B. A History of Iridium / L.B. Hunt // Platinum Metals Review V.31, N1. P ; 4. /..,..,..,.. :, 199θ ,.. : /....:, The PGM Database [ ] / Published by Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company... : ( : ) θ...:, 200ι. 8.; 8. Hekker, S.S. Brittle fracture in iridium / S.S. Hekker, D.L. Rohr, D.F. Stein // Metall. Trans V. 9A. P Rohr, D.L. Brittle fracture in polycrystalline Ir-0,3%W / D.L. Rohr, S.S. Hekker, L.E. Murr // Metal. Trans V.10A. P The plastic flow of iridium / P. Panfilov, A. Yermakov, V. Dmitriev, N. Timofeev // Platinum Metals Review V.35, N4. P ,.. /..,..,.. // N Selman, G.L. Dispersion Strengthened Platinum / G.L. Selman, A.A. Bourne, J.G. Day // Platinum Metals Review V.18, N2. P
121 Internal Oxidation of Work-hardened Platinum and Gold and Alloys thereof, Dispersion Strengthening of Metals, θ9θ502, 29/52ιι. Method of making a dispersion strengthened metal ; Reinacher, G. Dispersion Strengthening of Platinum by Internal Oxidation / G. Reinacher // International Journal of Materials Research V.62, N11. P ; 17. Teichmann, K. High Temperature Strengthening Mechanisms in the Alloy Platinum - 5% Rhodium DPH / K. Teichmann, C.H. Liebscher, R. VöХФХ // Platinum Metals Review V.55, N4. P Fischer, B. Practical Experience with New Oxide Dispersion Hardened Platinum Materials / B. Fischer, D. Freund, R. VöХФХ // 25th International Precious Metals Conference. Tucson, Arizona, USA Physical Properties of Pt Materials КЧН PЭ DPH εкэоыткхь Д Ж.. : che-eigenschaften_en_ pdf,..... ( : ); 20. εомскчтмкх PЫШЩОЫЭТОЬ ШП PЭ εкэоыткхь КЧН PЭ DPH εкэоыткхь Д Ж.. : he-eigenschaften_en_ pdf,..... ( : ); 21. Fischer, B. High Temperature Tensile Properties of Platinum Materials / B. Fischer, D. Lupton, R. VöХФХ // 27th International Precious Metals Conference. Puerto Rico ιιι83, C22C1/04, C22F1/ ;
122 ι584, B22F3/16, B22F1/ ; ,.. /.. // 1- " θ ,.. /..,. // БIII , 228/155. Forming a tip section that feeds streams of heat-softened material ; , B 21 D 22/ ; , 29/ Method of forming bushing plate for glass filaments ; , 65/1. Method of forming bushing plate for forming glass filaments with forming tips having constant sidewall thickness ; , 29/412. System and methods for forming bushing plates ; ,.. /..,.. // БIV ι Ohriner, E.K. Processing of Iridium and Iridium Alloys / E.K. Ohriner // Platinum Metals Review V.52, N3. P
123 QUANTORFORM Д Ж. : 34.,.. QFORM3D /..,.. // - : (. ) C ,.. QFORM Д Ж /.. // «200ι:» (CD-R). 36.,.. QFORM - /..,.. // N DEFORM Д Ж. : 38.,.. /..,.. // ι PAM-STAMP Д Ж. : 40.,.. PAε-STAεP /..,.. // N ABAQUS / / Д Ж. : 42.,.. - : /..,... :,
124 ,.. /..,..,....:, Annealing characteristics and strain resistance of wt.% platinum / Yu.N. Loginov, A.V. Yermakov, L.G. Grohovskaya, G.I. Studenok // Platinum Metals Review V.51, N4. P /..,..,..,.. // Nθ ,.. /..,.. // ; 47. The effect of solute elements on hardness and grain size in platinum based binary alloys / T. Murakami, R. Sahara, D. Harako, M. Akiba, T. Narushima, C. Ouchi // Materials Transactions V.49, N3. P Biggs, T. The hardening of platinum alloys for potential jewellery application / T. Biggs, S.S. Taylor, E. Van Der Lingen // Platinum Metals Review V.49, N1. P θ :, θ :, ,.. /..,....:, ,.. 10 /..,.. // - «- -» MatWeb. Material Property Data Д Ж. :
125 /..,..,..,.. // N ,.. ( ) /..,... :, c. 56.,.. /..,..,..,..,.. // N в ая в я: Fomin, A.A. Investigation into the Deformation Resistance of Polycrystalline Iridium / Yu. N. Loginov, S. V. Gladkovskii, A. I. Potapov, A. A. Fomin, D. R. Salikhyanov // Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals V.56, N5. P ,.. /..,.. // БIV θ ,.. /..,.. // XV ,.. /..,.. // N ,.. /..,.. // N4..3ι-41.
126 ,.. /,..,.. // N10.. 1θ ,.. /..,..,.. // N6..12θ /..,..,.. // N1.. 8θ-92.
127 127.,
128 128 1.
129 «-»
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621.039.516.4-1000 05.14.14,, 2015 2.... 6..... 7 1. -1000...... 14 1.1. -1000 -... 14 1.2. - 15 1.2.1. 16 1.2.2. 17 1.2.3. -... 18 1.2.4. -. 20 1.3. -1000 -......... 23 1.4. - -1000... 26 1.5. - -1000.....
Διαβάστε περισσότερα... 4 1. 10 1.1... 10 1.β... 14 1.3... 16 1.4... 21 1.5... 33 1.6... 39 1.7... 43 1.8... 50 1... 52 β... 54 β.1 6... 54 β.β... 64 β.β.1... 64 β.β.β... 70 β.β.γ.... 76 β.γ... 82 2 β... 87 γ... 90 γ.1...
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